• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.85-87
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• 1991

Prochloraz of fungicide was applied on Mycogone perniciosa causing wet bubble in cultivated mushroom, Agaricus bisporus. In vitro, Prochloraz was an excellent fungicide on two strains of Mycogone, tolerant and non-tolerant to Benomyl, respectively. At the low dosage, Prochloraz more inhibited mycelial growth of mushrooms than Benomyl. At the higher dosage, Benomyl more inhibited the mycelial growth than prochloraz. The higher yield of sporophore of the mushroom with low inferction rate was abtained from several trial of Prochloraz. Prochloroz was concluded to be effective fungicide on Mycogone perniciosa on Agaricus cultivation.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.682-688
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• 1998

Fungicide resistance of 48 isolates of Botrytis cinerea collected from citrus in Cheju was investigated and genetic diversity was analyzed with random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD). High levels of resistance to benzimidazole fungicides benomyl and thiophanate-methyl and N-phenylcarbamate fungicide diethofencarb were observed. Negative cross resistance was clear between benzimidazole and N-phenylcarbamate fungicides, and multiple resistance to the fungicides was also observed. There was cross resistance among the dicarboximide fungicides procymidione, vinclozolin and iprodione as it was observed between the benzimidazole fungicides benomyl and thiophanate-methyl. The lowest levels of resistance were to the dicarboximide fungicides, but no sensitive isolate to polyoxin B was observed. The isolates showed genetically diverse RAPD profiles according to the geographic origin collected, but there was no significant correaltion between RAPD profiles of genomic DNA and the levels of fungicide resistance of the isolates. The isolates showed genetically diverse RAPD profiles, indicating that genetic differentiation had already occurred in the populations of B. cinerea distributed in Cheju.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.340-344
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• 1999

Fungicide-resistant isolates of Monilinia fructicola grew readily on media amended with 0.1, 1.0, 10, 100 and $1,000\mu\textrm{g}$ a.i./ml of carendazim, benomyl, or thiophanate-methyl. However, sensitive isolates did not grow on media amended even with $0.1\mu\textrm{g}$ a.i./ml of carbendazim, $1.0\mu\textrm{g}$ a.i./ml of benomyl or thiophanate-methyl. The fitness compositions including mycelial growth on fungicide-free medium, sporulation on fungicide-free medium and pear, and virulence on pear were not different between resistant and sensitive isolates. The resistant isolates persisted carbendazim resistance during multiple subdulturing and long term storage. The competitive ability of resistant isolates obtained from peach orchards in Korea was similar to those of sensitive isolates.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1984

The mycelial growth of some mushrooms was inhibited by benomyl treatment. The $ED_{50}$ of benomyl to that of Pleurotus spp., Agaricus bisporus and Flammulina velutipes was 25ppm, 50ppm and 200ppm, respectively, which indicates the former was the most sensitive to the fungicide. The mycelial growth of mushrooms growing on artificial media amended by benomyl was increased when they were cultured successively 5 times and 10 times on the media. The increasing rate of that of each mushroom was the highest at the concentration of $ED_{50}$ of benomyl. The mycelial growth of P. ostreatus was increased progressively as the number of successive culturing increased, while that of P. florida and A. bisporus was increased until they were cultured successively up to 5 times and 7 times, respectively, but they were decreased after that. Mutant sectors of mycelia were induced by successive treatment of benomyl. Mutant sectors of P. ostreatus appeared earlier than those of P. florida and all of them were induced earlier on the media of low contration of benomyl than on that of high concentration. The mycelia of mutant sectors induced by benomyl treatment grow faster than those of mother colony treated with benomyl successively, but there was no difference in resistance against the fungicide between them. The increase of mycelial growth of the mushrooms culturing successively on media containing benomyl indicated that they might obtain the resistance against benomyl.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.629-636
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• 2022

Colletotrichum species is known as the major causal pathogen of red pepper anthracnose in Korea and various groups of fungicides are registered for the management of the disease. However, the consistent use of fungicides has resulted in the development of resistance in many red pepper-growing areas of Korea. Effective management of the occurrence of fungicide resistance depends on constant monitoring and early detection. Thus, in this study, various methods such as agar dilution method (ADM), gene sequencing, allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) were applied for the detection of benzimidazole resistance among 24 isolates of Colletotrichum acutatum s. lat. and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides s. lat. The result of the ADM showed that C. gloeosporioides s. lat. was classified into sensitive and resistant isolates to benomyl while C. acutatum s. lat. was insensitive at ≥1 ㎍/ml of benomyl. The sequence analysis of the β-tubulin gene showed the presence of a single nucleotide mutation at the 198th amino acid position of five isolates (16CACY14, 16CAYY19, 15HN5, 15KJ1, and 16CAYY7) of C. gloeosporioides s. lat. Allele-specific PCR and PCR-RFLP were used to detect point mutation at 198th amino acid position and this was done within a day unlike ADM which usually takes more than one week and thus saving time and resources that are essential in the fungicide resistance management in the field. Therefore, the molecular techniques established in this study can warrant early detection of benzimidazole fungicide resistance for the adoption of management strategies that can prevent yield losses among farmers.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.259-265
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• 2006

Effect of the fungicide mepanipyrim on the resistant and sensitive isolates of Botrytis cinerea was studied in vitro and also tested to control Botrytis rot of strawberry, cucumber and grape in the field. These isolates were selected by relative mycelial growth and spore germination on potato dextrose agar(PDA) incorporated with $100{\mu}g\;a.i./ml$ of benomyl and procymidone, respectively, compared to the unamended PDA. Mycelial growth of the selected resistant isolates was significantly inhibited by mepanipyrim but the inhibition rate was similar to other fungicides belong to benzimidazole or dicarboximide, although spore germination was not inhibited even by the higher concentration of mepanipyrim. When the benomyl and procymidone resistant isolates were inoculated to cucumber leaves, lesion development was significantly inhibited with application of $250{\mu}g\;a.i./ml$ of mepanipyrim but not with that of benomyl and procymidone. In addition, when $250{\mu}g\;a.i./ml$ of mepanipyrim was applied to strawberry, cucumber, and grape in the field, the control of Botrytis rot was significantly different from that of the untreated control(Duncan's multiple range test, p<0.05). The results suggested that mepanipyrim might be an alternative fungicide for the control of benomyl- and procymidone-resistant pathogens of Botrytis rot.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.295-298
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• 2014

Oak wilt caused by Raffaelea quercus-mongolicae was first noticed in South Korea in 2004 and, ever since, its distribution and damage have been increasing. To screen a fungicide effective for oak wilt control by tree injection, laboratory and field experiments were conducted. Ten fungicides and one antibiotic were examined in vivo for their effectiveness in restricting the growth of R. quercus-mongolicae and R. quercivora (Japanese oak wilt pathogen) isolates. To the Korean isolates of R. quercus-mongolicae, chlorothalonil showed the highest fungicidal effects, followed by benomyl and propiconazole. To the Japanese one, propiconazole was highest in the fungicidal effectiveness, followed by benomyl and bitertanol. Propiconazole was selected for field-testing of its control efficacy because it showed good fungicidal effects in vitro and systemic activity. The control efficacy in the field was 87.5% in the first year of injection and 66.7% in the second year, indicating the fungicidal effects last at least over one year.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.166-173
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• 2007

In a trial to select suitable fungicides for developing a spray program that can control apple white rot effectively, after-infection activities in some protective fungicides were detected. Six fungicides, mancozeb, propineb, benomyl, folpet, azoxystrobin and iminoctadine-triacetate, which had been extensively used in apple orchards, were sprayed on 12-year-old apple trees (cv. Fuji) at 15-day intervals from late May to late July. Disease incidences and infection frequencies of the fruit bagged just before and soon after each spray were examined. When the infection frequency or disease incidence of the fruit bagged after each spraying of fungicide was significantly lower than those of the fruit bagged before spraying, the fungicides appeared to confer after-infection activity. The six fungicides showed diverse activities on white rot: folpet showed after-infection activity on disease development, iminoctadine-triacetate showed after-infection activity on infection, azoxystrobin showed after-infection activity on disease development and infection, and mancozeb, propineb and benomyl showed no distinct activity. The activity of a fungicide became much higher when it was sprayed alternately with other fungicide rather than successive spraying of the same fungicide. Analysis of the properties of these protective fungicides could lead to the development of a highly effective spray program against white rot.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.164-171
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• 2021

In August 2020, 377 anthracnose strains were isolated from anthracnose-infected peppers collected from 25 farms in Sunchang-gun, Jeollabuk-do. Inhibition rate of mycelial growth of 11 pepper anthracnose fungicides registered in Korea was investigated for 62 strains selected by region and the degree of susceptibility to each fungicide was investigated. As a result of the fungicide susceptibility test of anthracnose to the fungicide, no resistant strains were observed in fluazinam, prochloraz manganese, and benomyl, but resistant strains appeared in at least three areas for other fungicides, and all strains in all regions were resistant to dithianon. Through this, it was confirmed that the fungicide resistance was expressed in the strain group due to the continuous treatment of the fungicide in some areas. By region, resistant strains to seven pesticides appeared in Sunchang-eup and Paldeok-myeon, and resistant strains to six pesticides appeared in Geumgwa-myeon, Bokheung-myeon, Ssangchi-myeon, Yudeung-myeon, and Pungsan-myeon. There was no significant correlation between fungicide registration time and emergence of resistant strains.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.509-514
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• 1993

Benomyl, topsin-M and thiram been known as one of the seed disinfectant. For these studies benomyl, topsin-M and thiram simultaneously had been analyzed by high performance liquid chromatographic method using ODS cartridge, benomyl, topsin-M and thiram was chromatographed using an ODS column and eluent 40% Acetonitrile at a flow rate of 1ml/min. The UV Detector responses at 276nm.