• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.681-697
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• 1994

The enzymatic hydrolysate of gelatin extracted from fish skin was fractionated and recycled through the membrane reactor according to the molecular weight for the purpose of using as functional material. In addition, the enzymatic hydrolysis conditions of gelatin, enzyme stability by membrane and mechanical shear, and effect on the long-term operational stability of the recycle membrane reactor were investigated. Using the pH-drop technique, Alcalase, pronase E and collagenase were identified as the most suitable enzymes for the hydrolysis of fish skin gelatin. The optimum hydrolysis conditions in the 1st-step membrane reactor(1st-SMR) by Alcalase were enzyme concentration 0.2mg/ml, substrate-to-enzyme ratio(S/E) 50(w/w), $50^{\circ}C$, pH 8.0, reaction volume 600ml and flow rate 6.14ml/min. In the 2nd-SMR by pronase E were enzyme concentration 0.3mg/ml, S/E 33(w/w), $50^{\circ}C$, pH 8.0, reaction volume 600ml and flow rate 6.14ml/min. In the case of 3rd-SMR, enzyme concentration 0.1mg/ml, S/E 100(w/w), $37^{\circ}C$, pH 7.5, reaction volume 600ml and flow rate 10ml/min. Decreased enzyme activities by mechanical shear and membrane were 30% and 15% in the 1st-SMR, were 14% and 5% in the 2nd-SMR, and 18% and 8% in the 3rd-SMR, respectively. Under the optimum conditions, the degree of hydrolysis in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd-SMR were 3.5%(Kjeldahl method, 87%), 3.1%(77%) and 2.7%(70%), respectively. The productivity of hydrolysate in the continuous three-step membrane reactor was 430mg per enzyme(mg) for 10 times of volume replacements.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.34-41
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• 2016

Black chokeberries (scientific name Aronia melanocarpa) have been reported to have major effects due to anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer capabilities. In this study, we investigated the anti- wrinkle effects of A. melanocarpa, including collagenase inhibition effects and their molecular biological mechanisms, such as oxidative stress-induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase, and activator protein (AP)-1 expression and/or phosphorylation. In collagenase inhibition activity, the ethyl acetate fraction of black chokeberry (AE) was 77.2% at a concentration of 500 μg/ml, which was a significant result compared to that of Epigallocatechin gallate (positive control, 83.9% in 500 μg/ml). In the reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, the AE produced 78% of ROS in 10 μg/ml and 70% of ROS in 75 μg/ml, which was a much lower percentage than the ROS production of H₂O₂-induced CCRF S-180II cells. In the MTT assay, cell viability was increased dose-dependently with AE in H₂O₂-induced cells. In protein expression by western blot assay, the AE suppressed the expression and phosphorylation of MMPs (MMP-1, -3, -9), MAPK (ERK, JNK, and p38), and AP-1 (c-Fos and c-Jun), and expressed the pro-collagen type I in H₂O₂-induced cells. These results suggest that black chokeberries have anti-wrinkle and collagen-production effects, and they may be used in applications for material development in the functional food and cosmetic industries.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.796-804
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• 2017

This study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant effect of methanolic extract of Houttuynia cordata (HCME) and to identify a compound having antioxidant effect. The ethyl acetate fraction of HCME showed the highest antioxidant effect in organic solvent fractions. The fraction was then separated into 12 fractions by open column chromatography. Among these fractions, the fraction 10 (Fr. 10) with the highest antioxidant activity was isolated, and its antioxidant effect was evaluated by DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power, TBARS, cell viability, DNA oxidation and DCF fluorescence. The Fr. 10 at a $64{\mu}g/ml$ showed 60% of inhibitory effect similar to that of vitamin C at $10{\mu}g/ml$, compared with blank group. The Fr. 10 at $64{\mu}g/ml$ showed 264% of reducing power, compared with blank group. TBARS assay showed that the Fr. 10 at $64{\mu}g/ml$ had 35.5% of inhibitory effect similar to that of vitamin E at $1,000{\mu}g/ml$, compared with blank group. The Fr. 10 above $32{\mu}g/ml$ displayed cytotoxicity. However, it was observed that the Fr. 10, above $1{\mu}g/ml$ reduced DNA damage. DCF fluorescence assay showed that the Fr. 10 inhibited oxidative stress by $H_2O_2$ in a dose dependent manner. The compound of Fr. 10 was identified to be rutin whose molecular weight is 610 by the IR and LC-MS analyses. Therefore, these results suggest that the rutin of Fr. 10 could use as a natural antioxidant for development of cosmetics and functional foods.

• Fiber Technology and Industry
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.490-508
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• 1998

One of the latest fields of research in the area of output devices is tactual display devices [13,31]. These tactual or haptic devices allow the user to receive haptic feedback output from a variety of sources. This allows the user to actually feel virtual objects and manipulate them by touch. This is an emerging technology and will be instrumental in enhancing the realism of wearable augmented environments for certain applications. Tactual displays have previously been used for scientific visualization in virtual environments by chemists and engineers to improve perception and understanding of force fields and of world models populated with the impenetrable. In addition to tactual displays, the use of wearable audio displays that allow sound to be spatialized are being developed. With wearable computers, designers will soon be able to pair spatialized sound to virtual representations of objects when appropriate to make the wearable computer experience even more realistic to the user. Furthermore, as the number and complexity of wearable computing applications continues to grow, there will be increasing needs for systems that are faster, lighter, and have higher resolution displays. Better networking technology will also need to be developed to allow all users of wearable computers to have high bandwidth connections for real time information gathering and collaboration. In addition to the technology advances that make users need to wear computers in everyday life, there is also the desire to have users want to wear their computers. In order to do this, wearable computing needs to be unobtrusive and socially acceptable. By making wearables smaller and lighter, or actually embedding them in clothing, users can conceal them easily and wear them comfortably. The military is currently working on the development of the Personal Information Carrier (PIC) or digital dog tag. The PIC is a small electronic storage device containing medical information about the wearer. While old military dog tags contained only 5 lines of information, the digital tags may contain volumes of multi-media information including medical history, X-rays, and cardiograms. Using hand held devices in the field, medics would be able to call this information up in real time for better treatment. A fully functional transmittable device is still years off, but this technology once developed in the military, could be adapted tp civilian users and provide ant information, medical or otherwise, in a portable, not obstructive, and fashionable way. Another future device that could increase safety and well being of its users is the nose on-a-chip developed by the Oak Ridge National Lab in Tennessee. This tiny digital silicon chip about the size of a dime, is capable of 'smelling' natural gas leaks in stoves, heaters, and other appliances. It can also detect dangerous levels of carbon monoxide. This device can also be configured to notify the fire department when a leak is detected. This nose chip should be commercially available within 2 years, and is inexpensive, requires low power, and is very sensitive. Along with gas detection capabilities, this device may someday also be configured to detect smoke and other harmful gases. By embedding this chip into workers uniforms, name tags, etc., this could be a lifesaving computational accessory. In addition to the future safety technology soon to be available as accessories are devices that are for entertainment and security. The LCI computer group is developing a Smartpen, that electronically verifies a user's signature. With the increase in credit card use and the rise in forgeries, is the need for commercial industries to constantly verify signatures. This Smartpen writes like a normal pen but uses sensors to detect the motion of the pen as the user signs their name to authenticate the signature. This computational accessory should be available in 1999, and would bring increased peace of mind to consumers and vendors alike. In the entertainment domain, Panasonic is creating the first portable hand-held DVD player. This device weight less than 3 pounds and has a screen about 6' across. The color LCD has the same 16:9 aspect ratio of a cinema screen and supports a high resolution of 280,000 pixels and stereo sound. The player can play standard DVD movies and has a hour battery life for mobile use. To summarize, in this paper we presented concepts related to the design and use of wearable computers with extensions to smart spaces. For some time, researchers in telerobotics have used computer graphics to enhance remote scenes. Recent advances in augmented reality displays make it possible to enhance the user's local environment with 'information'. As shown in this paper, there are many application areas for this technology such as medicine, manufacturing, training, and recreation. Wearable computers allow a much closer association of information with the user. By embedding sensors in the wearable to allow it to see what the user sees, hear what the user hears, sense the user's physical state, and analyze what the user is typing, an intelligent agent may be able to analyze what the user is doing and try to predict the resources he will need next or in the near future. Using this information, the agent may download files, reserve communications bandwidth, post reminders, or automatically send updates to colleagues to help facilitate the user's daily interactions. This intelligent wearable computer would be able to act as a personal assistant, who is always around, knows the user's personal preferences and tastes, and tries to streamline interactions with the rest of the world.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.781-800
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• 2002

The major goals of periodontal therapy are the functional regeneration of periodontal supporting structures already destructed by periodontal disease. There have been many efforts to develop materials and therapeutic methods to promote periodontal wound healing. With the development of non-resorbable membrane, GTR has proved to be the representive technique of periodontal regeneration. However, due to various clinical problems of non-resorbable membrane, resorbable membrane was developed and it showed to be clinically effective. The newly developed Para-Dioxanone membrane has a characteristic of non-woven fabric structures which is different from the generally used membranes with structure of mesh form. In addition, Chitosan membrane has been developed to apply its adventage maximally in GTR. Although a number of different types of membranes had been clinically used, researches on absorption rate of membranes were inadequate and limited to subjective opinions. However, since long term period of resorption and space maintenance are required in implant or ridge augmentation, accurate verification of resorption rate is clinically important. In this study, we had implanted Resolut(R), Biomesh(R), Para-Dioxanone membrane and Chitosan membrane (Size : 4mm ${\times}$ 4mm) on dorsal side of Sprague Dawley rat, and sacrified them after 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks respectively. Histologic observation was carried out, and the following results were obtained by calculating the objective resorption rate. 1. In case of Resolut(R), external resorption took place initially, followed by internal resorption. Surface area are 5.76${\pm}$2.37$mm^2$, 4.90${\pm}$l.06$mm^2$, 4.90${\pm}$0.98$mm^2$ at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks respectively, and invasion rate of connective tissue to membrane are 31.6${\pm}$4.5%, 52.8${\pm}$9.4%, 56.4${\pm}$5.1% respectively. 2. Biomesh(R) showed a pattern of folding, relatively slow resorption rate with small size of membrane. Surface area are 3.62${\pm}$0.82$mm^2$, 3.63${\pm}$0.76$mm^2$, 4.07${\pm}$1.14$mm^2$ at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks respectively, and invasion rate of connective tissue to membrane are 26.1${\pm}$5.8%, 30.9${\pm}$3.4%, 29.2${\pm}$3.6%, respectively. 3. Para-Dioxanone membrane was surrounded by fibrous conncetive tissue externally, and resorption took place internally and externally. Surface area are 5.96${\pm}$1.05$mm^2$, 4.77${\pm}$10.76$mm^2$, 3.86${\pm}$0.84$mm^2$ at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks respectively, and invasion rate of connective tissue to membrane are 30.7${\pm}$5.1%, 53.3${\pm}$4.4%, 69.5${\pm}$3.1%, respectively. 4. Each fiber of Chitosan membrane was surrounded by connective tissue and showed external resorption pattern. It showed little invasion of inflammatory cells and excellent biocompatability. The resorption rate was relatively slow. Surface area are 6.01${\pm}$2.01$mm^2$, 5.49${\pm}$1.3$mm^2$, 5.06${\pm}$1.38$mm^2$ at 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks respectively, and invasion rate of connective tissue to membrane are 31.3${\pm}$3.6%, 38.4${\pm}$3.80%, 39.7${\pm}$5.6%, respectively. Consequently, Para-Dioxanone membrane and Chitosan membrane are found to be clinically effective for their excellent tissue reaction and biocompatibility. Futhermore, the advantage of bone regenerating ability as well as the relatively long resorption period of Chitosan membrane, it might be widely used in implant or ridge augmentation.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.783-791
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• 2012

The purpose of the study was to provide baseline information that could encourage consumers and establish the direction of development for sprouts and leafy vegetables. A survey on the consumption and preference for sprouts and leafy vegetables of 823 people over 20 years of age in Seoul and Gyeonggi province was conducted. The preference for sprouts was higher in men ($3.75{\pm}0.96$) than in women ($3.64{\pm}0.84$), whereas the preference for leafy vegetables was higher in women ($4.06{\pm}0.74$) than in men ($3.88{\pm}0.90$). Based on age, the respondents in their 40s or above had high preferences for sprouts and leaf vegetables due to the importance that they accorded to health and nutrition (p<0.01). The sprouts and leafy vegetables were purchased mainly for their high nutritional value. The purchase frequency of once a month or more for leafy vegetables (82.7%) was higher than that for sprouts (57.1%). The consumers purchased sprouts and leafy vegetables mainly from a large discount store. The respondents in their 20s showed the highest percentage of purchasing from a local store whereas the older ones showed a high preference for traditional markets. The reason for the choice of the place of purchase was convenience. The freshness and price were important factors in the consumption of sprouts and leafy vegetables. In the case of leafy vegetables, the consumers preferred to buy them using the conventional weight measurement system rather than in small packages. On the other hand, mixed small packages were preferred for sprouts. The purchase frequency was correlated with the preferences, need for improvement and purchase intent for sprouts and leafy vegetables. The aspects that require improvement for producing high-quality sprouts and leafy vegetables were the nutritional and functional properties. To increase the consumption of sprouts and leafy vegetables, there is need for variations and improvement of the quality and safety of the products.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.121-128
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• 2014

This study was conducted in order to investigate the change of isoflavone composition (glycoside and bio-active aglycone), and to evaluate the quality characteristics of Cheonggukjang, which was prepared by different bacillus strains. After the 48-hour fermentation, the contents of daidzein, genistein, and glycitein in the Bacillus subtilis HJ18-3 have significantly increased up to approximately $89.06{\pm}3.59$, $10.36{\pm}0.28$, and $101.37{\pm}3.67ug/g$, respectively. The contents of daidzein, genistein, and glycitein in the Bacillus subtilis KACC 15935 were $38.88{\pm}5.39$, $12.58{\pm}2.14$, and $80.13{\pm}0.71ug/g$, respectively. The original content of daidzein was 3.96 ug/g, while genistein and glycitein were not measured. However, the contents of daidzen and genistein in HJ18-3 and in KACC 15935 were decreased. The ${\alpha}$-Amylase and cellulase activities of Chungkookjang in HJ18-3 were higher than in the KACC 15935. The contents of Chungkookjang in HJ18-3 were $29.70{\pm}11.66$ and $4861.3{\pm}388.07unit/g$, respectively. The amino type nitrogen contents and ammonia type nitrogen contents of Chungkookjang in KACC 15935 were higher than in the HJ18-3. These results suggested that it could be used to increase the bioactivity via fermentation with the Bacillus subtilis possessing a ${\beta}$-glucosidase activity with a view towards the development of functional foods.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2014

This study was performed in order to investigate the antioxidant properties of hot water extract from the root and aerial part of the Syneilesis palmata in respect to its potential use as food, cosmetics material, or medicinal resource. The results showed that the S. palmata root hot water extract (RHW) possessed a higher content of total flavonoid compounds (4.58 mg/g) and total polyphenol compounds (59.11 mg/g). The SOD-like activities of the RHW and APHW were 23.74% and 21.61%, respectively, at a concentration $2,000{\mu}g/mL$. In the nitrite scavenging ability of a $2,000{\mu}g/mL$ concentration, the RHW showed 63.06% (pH 1.2) and 47.16% (pH 3.0). The $IC_{50}$ values of the nitrite scavenging abilities were $99.93{\mu}g/mL$ (ascorbic acid), $1,150.85{\mu}g/mL$ (RHW), and $1,610.25{\mu}g/mL$ (APHW). The $IC_{50}$ values of DPPH free radical scavenging abilities were $99.87{\mu}g/mL$ (RHW) and $118.29{\mu}g/mL$ (APHW). The inhibition values ($IC_{50}$) of xanthine oxidase were $139.62{\mu}g/mL$ (RHW) and $111.11{\mu}g/mL$ (APHW). In all of the experiments, the S. palmata root hot water extracts have higher activities than the aerial hot water extract, except for the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity. These results suggest that the S. palmata is a potentially useful antioxidant source for the development of functional nutraceuticals, cosmetics and medicine.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.983-991
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• 2017

This study was performed to update the National Standard Food Composition Table (NSFCT) published by Korea Rural Development Administration, especially focusing on vitamin $B_{12}$ for Korean pork. Total 7 primal and 22 retail fresh cuts of Korean pork were analyzed for vitamin $B_{12}$ and the applied immunoaffinity-HPLC was validated. Vitamin $B_{12}$ assay by immunoaffinity-HPLC obtained recoveries over 95% and coefficient variations of precision below about 10%, which met the limits required for validation acceptance. Limits of detection and quantification of immunoaffinity-HPLC were 0.01 and $0.33{\mu}g/100g$, respectively. Quality control chart showed that analysis performance was excellent during the entire of study. Vitamin $B_{12}$ contents of pork cuts significantly varied depending the types of primal and its retail cuts (p<0.05). Belly, Boston butt, rib cuts showed relatively high vitamin $B_{12}$ contents compared to other primal cuts. Vitamin $B_{12}$ content of pork retail cuts were also significantly different within the same primal cuts (p<0.05). Among 22 retail cuts, the highest vitamin $B_{12}$ was observed in Tosisal in belly primal part ($0.98{\mu}g/100g$) while both Aldeungsimsal in loin and Hongdukkaesal in hide leg were the lowest by $0.33{\mu}g/100g$. This study provides reliable vitamin $B_{12}$ data for the Korean pork fresh cuts through standard sampling, method validation and analytical quality control, which would be used for update of Korean NSFCT.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.533-538
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• 2013

Potatoes were first introduced outside the Andes region four centuries ago, and have become an integral part of much of the world's food. Potatoes were first introduced into Europe in the 16th century and Korea in the early 19th century. In the nutritional aspects, potatoes contain abundant vitamins and minerals, as well as an assortment of phytochemicals such as carotenoids and natural phenols. Chlorogenic acid constitutes up to 90% of potato natural phenols. Due to the high content of potato functional compounds, it has known that potatoes are effective in the prevention of various human diseases. Recently, color-fleshed potatoes 'Hongyoung' and 'Jayoung' were developed by RDA, and it has reported that they have high content of anthocyanin. Additionally they show higher radical scavenging activity compared to white or yellow fleshed potatoes. So it will be expected that the consumption of color-fleshed potatoes grandually increase by pre-peeled potatoes and color potato chips. This study was conducted to enhance the peel of color-fleshed potatoes utilization and to determine the biological activity of peel of color-fleshed potatoes extract. The anti-inflammatory effects on ethanol extract and its solvent fraction were also evaluated. The anti-inflammatory activities of $CHCl_3$ fraction was evaluated for inhibitory activities against lipopolysacchride(LPS) induced nitric oxide(NO) and prostaglandin $E_2(PGE_2)$ production as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) and cyclo oxygenase-2(COX-2) protein expressions in RAW264.7 cell lines. The fraction inhibitory activity for both tests with $IC_{50}$ values showed in the ranges of $25{\sim}50{\mu}g/ml$. This result revealed that $CHCl_3$ fraction of Jayoung's peel is expected to be good candidate for development into source of anti-inflammatory agent.