• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.712-719
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• 2010

This study was carries out to analyzed the antioxidant activities and xanthine oxidase inhibitory effects of extracts from jujube to provide basic data for the development of functional materials. Antioxidative activities of extracts from jujube were analyzed by electron donating ability (EDA) using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity by pyrogallol and nitrite scavenging ability. Extract yields from jujube fruits were 11.55% for unripe fruits, and about twice that value when ripe fruit extracts were prepared. The yields of hot-water and ethanol extracts was 55.67 and 65.95% in dried fruits, respectively. Total phenol contents were higher in unripe fruit extracts. The EDA values of hot-water and ethanol extracts from jujube fruits were increased by increase of extract concentration, and were about 90% in 10.0 mg/mL of extract concentration. The SOD-like activity was increased by the increase of extract concentrations. The SOD-like activity of the hot-water extract from unripe fruits was higher than that of other extracts. The SOD-like activity of ethanol extracts was 39.92% at 10 mg/ml of extract concentration from unripe fruits. The nitrite scavenging ability was about 50% in 1.0 mg/ml of extract concentration at pH 1.2, and that of extracts from unripe fruits was higher than that of other extracts. The xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of hot-water and ethanol extracts from unripe fruits were higher than those of other extracts, were increased by concentration of extracts.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.275-281
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• 2010

To evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of a water extract (KMF-WE) of Korean mistletoe (Viscum album var. coloratum) fruit, we examined its ability to induce humoral and cellular immune response against keyhole limpet hemocyanine (KLH). Immunized mice with KLH admixed with KMF-WE (KLH/KMF-WE) showed significant induction of KLH-specific antibodies compared to mice immunized with KLH alone. The assay for determining isotypes of antibodies revealed that KMFWE augmented KLH-specific-IgG1 and -IgG2a production. In vitro T lymphocyte proliferation analysis against KLH revealed that the splenocytes of mice immunized with KLH/KMF-WE showed a significantly higher proliferative ability than those from mice immunized with KLH alone. The culture supernatants of splenocytes, which were harvested from mice immunized with KLH/KMF-WE, showed higher levels of both Th-1 type (IL-2, IFN-${\gamma}$) and Th-2 type (IL-4) cytokines in response to KLH stimulation compared to those from mice immunized with KLH alone. Also, in delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) assay, mice immunized with KLH/KMF-WE showed a significantly higher reaction to KLH than mice treated with KLH alone. These results suggest that KMF-WE possess immunoadjuvant activity to enhance both antigen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses against protein antigens (KLH).

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.195-201
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• 2009

The antioxidative activities of two varieties of egg plant (Chunyang No 2: Dangaji, Jinju Janggaji: Janggaji) extracts were investigated. The total polyphenol contents of Dangaji peel hot water extract and the Janggaji flesh and fruit hot water extracts were higher than those of the other samples. However, the DPPH radical scavenging activities(electron donating activity) of Dangaji flesh-ethanol, peel-cold water, and fruit- ethanol extracts, as well as the Janggaji peel cold water extract, were higher than those of the other samples. Furthermore, the in vitro inhibitory effects of the Dangaji peel cold water and hot water extracts on rat hepatic xanthine oxidase were highest among the samples, and were exhibited in a dose dependant manners. Although there were marked changes in the xanthine oxidase Km values for xanthine as a substrate, the Vmax value changes by the addition of the Dangaji water extracts were minor compared with the control. This result suggests that Dangaji water extracts may regulate the activity of xanthine oxidase-via the inhibition of binding affinity between the enzyme and substrate. The present study provides experimental evidence that constituents of egg plant extracts may ameliorate reactive oxygen species(ROS)-induced oxidative stress via hepatic hepatic xanthine oxidase activity, but further studies to identify the active antioxidants and compounds and inhibitors of xanthine oxidase are required.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.207-213
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• 2010

Hovenia dulcis Thunb fruits were successively extracted with hot water, water, methanol, ethyl acetate, and chloroform. The crude extracts were investigated for potential antioxidant by measuring scavenging against DPPH free radicals, reducing power, superoxide radicals, and protection of protein damage and cultured cells from a lethal dose of hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$). In all chemical assays used, the hot water extract of H. dulcis fruits, which contained $61.14{\pm}2.57$ (Tannic acid mg/g extract, n=3) of total phenolic compounds contents exhibited highest activity in in vitro models of DPPH free radical scavenging activity, reducing power assay, superoxide radical scavenging activity and protection of protein damage. In addition, the hot water extract protected cultured RAW 264.7 macrophages from a lethal dose of $H_2O_2$ and reduced reactive oxygen species level in RAW 264.7 cells.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.612-619
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• 1999

The effects of anti-stress rose fruit (ASRF) extract drink (ASRF-0.1% and ASRF-0.5% concentrations) were tested for the anti-stress action. ICR male mice (20$\pm$2 g) were fed with basic experimental diets and given free access to water containing these ingredients for 18 days. Psychological stress/sociopsychological stress exposed by foot-shock for 1 hour for 3 days. Both ASRF-0.1 and ASRF-0.5 groups in the sociopsychological stress resulted in a significant decrease of 24.3% and 38.0% in plasma corticosterone (CS) secretion compared with psychological stress (control group). Noradrenaline (NA) secretion in the brain were significantly increased 35.9% in ASRF-0.5 group, but NA secretion in ASRF-0.1 group could not be obtained significant result compared with control group. MHPG-SO4 (3-Methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylethy leneglycol sulfate) levels in the brain resulted in a marked decreases of 16.5% and 18.9% respectively in ASRF-0.1 and ASRF-0.5 groups. NA/MHPG-SO4 ratios in the brain of ASRF-0.1 and ASRF-0.5 groups resulted in a significantly increase of 16.5% and 67.0%, respectively, compared with control group. These results suggest that anti-stress rose fruit (ASRF) drink also can effectively ridded the sociopsychological stress.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 2007

The water-soluble materials extracted from fruit bodies and mycelium of H. erinaceum were prepared. In-vitro anticancer activities on cancer cells and In-vivo proliferation effect on mouse peritoneal exudate cell and spleen cell of samples were investigated. Also, nitric oxide (NO) generation of peritoneal exudate cell, IL-2 production capacity of spleen cells and phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages were examined. The water extracts of H. erinaceum suppressed the proliferation of cancer cell (HeLa, Raw264.7, Jurkat, KATO3, EL4, LyD9) with concentration-dependent. The water extract from fruit body showed better suppression effect than that from mycelium in most of cancer cells used. The anticancer effect of water extract of fruits body in the range of 0.01 and 10 mg/ml for Raw 264.7 and EL4 cell lines were the same as the Taxol with one thousandth equivalent of fruit body concentration. Water extracts of fruit body and liquid-cultured products of H. erinaceum induced nitric oxide (NO) generation of peritoneal exudate cell and increased NO generation by stimulus of lipopolysaccharide. Water extracts alone did not induce the proliferation and IL-2 production capacity of spleen cells. However, spleen's proliferation and IL-2 production were induced significantly by the addition of lipopolysaccharide and Con A (concanavalin A) or Con A alone, and the effectiveness of mycelium extract with water were more active than those from fruit body.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 2010

Hawthorn fruit is a conventional medicine used in treating cardiovascular diseases. Its therapeutic effects may relate to its antioxidant compounds. In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant activity of $CH_2Cl_2$, EtOAc, n-butanol and water fractions from 70% methanolic hawthorn fruit extract by total phenolic and flavonoid contents, total antioxidant activity, DPPH free radical scavenging activity, superoxide radical scavenging activity, reducing power assay, lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity and protective effect against hydroxyl-radical-induced DNA damage. Results showed that the EtOAc fraction contained significantly greater antioxidant activities than other fractions, which suggests that the potent EtOAc fraction should be used for further studies to identify the antioxidant compounds.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.995-1000
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• 2004

Nutritional composition and antioxidative capacity of mulberry fruit (Ficus-4x) were investigated for evaluation as new red-colored fruit. Contents of moisture, crude fat, crude protein, and vitamin C were similar, whereas that of crude ash was higher, to those of other berry fruits. Contents of minerals (Ca, 14.33 mg/100 g; P, 39.98 mg/100 g; Fe, 6.01 mg/100 g; Zn, 4.04 mg/100 g; Mn, 2.26 mg/100 g), particularly Fe, were higher than those of other berry fruits. Hardness, springness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness of mulberry fruit were higher, and color values (L, 36.03; a, 1.80; b, 1.54) were lower than those of strawberry. Relative scavenging activities of mulberry fruit methanol extract and its cyanidine 3-glucoside on 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy radical (DPPH) were 35.7 and 78.2%, respectively, using butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) as standard. Antioxidant activities in corn oil (peroxide values and conjugated dienoic acid) were tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) > mulberry fruit ethanol extract > mulberry fruit water extract > butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) > tocopherol. Results show mulberry fruit can be very useful red-colored fruit for development of functional foods with beneficial effects on radical scavenging and antioxidative capacities.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.269-273
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• 2008

In this study, we investigated changes of general components and biological activity of the fruit of Prunus mume. The average moisture content of the fruit ranged from 88.34-90.04%. Crude protein and crude fat contents were not significantly different among samples. During ripening, crude protein decreased and crude fat increased. The level of polyphenols in the fruit gradually increased during ripening. An antimicrobial activity test indicated that methanol extracts had the highest activity and that the antimicrobial activity increased gradually with harvest time. Antimicrobial substances in methanol extracts of the fruit maintained their activity after heating at $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 minutes and were unaffected by changes in pH. The antioxidant activities of extracts isolated with different solvents were: methanol> ethylacetate > water> ether> hexane. Antioxidant activity was not significantly different for different harvest times. The antioxidant index of the methanol extract was also the highest in electron donating activity.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 2004

Hovenia dulcis which is distributed in Korea, China and Japan is known to show hepatoprotctive effect and reduce the acute alcohol toxicity. In this study, the hepatoprotective effect against the chemically induced experimental liver injury models and lowering effect of blood alcohol level in animal models acutely administered alcohol by the peduncle extracts of Hovenia dulcis var. koreana were investigated. HdfHW-1, and HdfM-1 which are the extracts of fruit peduncles and young branches with hot water or 70％ methanol and followed with 100％ methanol, were significantly reduced the $CCl_4$ or D-galactosamine/LPS induced damage in sliced liver. The hot water or methanol extracts of fruit peduncle protected dose-dependently against $CCl_4$ induced toxicity in primary hepatocyte culture and particularly, the amount of LDH release was reduced to the control level at 500 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml of hot water extracts. HdfHW-1 also decreased the hepatotoxicity induced by $CCl_4$ in rats. The active components of HdfHW-1 seemed to be high molecular weights because 0.2 M NaCl HdfHW-1 fraction was the most effective among NaCl fractions of HdfHW-1 eluted with various concentrations of NaCl on DEAE 650C column chromatography. HdfM and HdfHW were significantly reduced the levels of blood alcohol in rats and mice administered 40％ alcohol. These results indicated that the hot water or methanol extracts of fruit peduncle of Hovenia dulcis var. koreana have hepatoprotective effect and may be reduce alcohol toxicity.