• KSBB Journal
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.30-36
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• 2007

The water-soluble or ethanol-soluble materials extracted from fruit bodies and cultured products (mycelium and broth) of H. erinaceum were prepared, and their inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity from Electrophorous electricus was investigated. Inhibition of 75-85% for AChE activity at concentration of 10 mg/ml was obtained and the mechanism was due to general non-competitive inhibition. Especially, the supernatant of culture broth by ethanol treatment, exhibited a strong inhibition activity of 94% at 10 mg/ml. The samples from fruit body, mycelium and broth (supernatant and precipitate by ethanol treatment) which were extracted from H. erinaceum, were very effective to inhibit the initial stage oxidation of a linoleic acid at concentration of 0.1 mg/ml. The antioxidative activity of these samples were superior than rutin, vitamin C and tocopherol as antioxidative standards by FTC (ferric thiocyanate) method, and also showed the very strong antioxidative activity of 95% without significant difference of the samples by TBA-RS (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance) method.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.158-162
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• 2000

Histochemical distribution and varietal variation of schizandrin and oil compounds, and the changes of their extraction yield were investigated in fruits of collected Schizandra chinensis including Inje cultivar. In histochemical analysis on the distribution of schizandrin and oil in fruits of Inje cultivar, higher concentrations of them were found in the seed (1.01% and 27.6%, respectively) than in the epicarp and mesocarp of the whole fruit. Average contents of schizandrin in fruits and oil in seeds of collected lines were 0.84% and 27.9%, respectively. The mean composition of fatty acids in seeds oil was 3.6% of palmitic acid, 0.6% of stearic acid, 19.7% of oleic acid, 73.0% of linoleic acid, and 3.1% of linolenic acid, showing high composition(95.8%) of total unsaturated fatty acid. Oil extracted from seeds of Inje cultivar contained 4.29% of schizandrin, indicating that seed oil contained much schizandrin, a bioactive lipid-soluble compound. Compared with 80% methanol extraction in fruits and seeds, yields of schizandrin and oil were lower showing 23.8% and 17.3%, respectively in boiling water extraction of the fruits and seeds without grinding. The seeds soaked with water during four months contained 1.18% of schizandrin and 25.2% of oil, whose contents were similar to those of the seeds stored at room temperature. These results demonstrated that the seed in the whole fruit could be utilized as a source to extract its functional oil and bioactive lipid-soluble compounds like schizandrin, especially after using Schizandra fruits for the beverage manufacture.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.700-705
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• 2012

$Prunus$ $mume$ was steamed for easier removal of the pulp. The steamed fruit pulp was vacuum dried and powdered. The steamed $Prunus$ $mume$ powder (SPP) was passed through a 250 ${\mu}m$ sieve, fluidized in a fluid-bed granulator, and then granulated by top-spraying with water (SPPGW) or the extract obtained from steam (SPPGE). Then the physicochemical and sensory properties of SPP, SPPGW, and SPPGE were evaluated. The flowability of powder (angle of repose $^{\circ}$) of SPP, SPPGW and SPPGE was $23.59^{\circ}$, $11.07^{\circ}$, and $13.94^{\circ}$, respectively. The water dispersibility of SPP, SPPGW, and SPPGE was 18.69, 10.04 and 6.00 sec, respectively. Also, the overall acceptance of SPP, SPPGW and SPPGE was 3.00, 3.44 and 6.56, respectively. In conclusion, SPPGE can be used as granular steamed whole fruit pulp with good powder flowability and dispersibility, and therefore consumer acceptance.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.138-146
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• 2009

The crude polysaccharide fraction from fruit body of Auricularia auricula were obtained by using hot water extraction and ethanol precipitation. As the crude polysaccharide fraction contained the brownish dark colored compounds, the adsorption study of pigments from the crude polysaccharide using activated carbon was carried out. The pigment compounds showed an absorption characteristic with $\lambda_{max}$ of 230 nm and the absorbance at 230 nm was taken as color intensity. Adsorption capacity of pigment depended on increase of the activated carbon to sample loading ratio. The adsorption capacity increased with increase of pH and temperature in the pH range of 3.0-7.0 and temperature range of 25-40$^{\circ}C$, but decreased in the temperature range of 40-70$^{\circ}C$. The optimum capacity was obtained at addition of 16.7 mg activated carbon per mL sample solution (concentration = 3 mg/mL) at pH of 7.0 and temperature of 40$^{\circ}C$. Treatment for 10 min was sufficient to achieve the 80% decolorization and 1.25 fold purification of polysaccharide. Langmuir isotherm and pseudo second-order kinetic model provided the best fitting for adsorption of the brownish dark colored compounds onto powdered active carbon. The activation energies of adsorption from the Langmuir isotherm parameter in the ranges of 25-40$^{\circ}C$ and 40-70$^{\circ}C$ was -2.54 and 4.38 kcal/g, respectively. The results of low activation energy also indicated that the adsorption process was a physical adsorption which was controlled by diffnsion.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.282-287
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• 2008

Gardeniae Fructus (GF) is a fruit of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis (Rubiaceae) which has been used in traditional medicine. It contains not only geniposide but also resveratrol, a kind of stilbene as a natural antioxidant. In this study, we investigated physiological activities of GF extracts by measuring electron donating ability (EDA), nitrite scavenging ability (NSA), super oxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity and inhibitory effect of tyrosinase activity (ITA). As a solvent, it was extracted with water, 50 and 100% ethanol using microwave. At the concentration of 6 mg/mL, EDA was the highest at 50% ethanol extract but the lowest at 100% ethanol extract, $96.43{\pm}0.25%\;and\;77.06{\pm}0.22%$ respectively. NSA showed the strongest activity at 50% ethanol extract like EDA (6 mg/mL: $75.26{\pm}0.28%$). ITAs were below 20% in all samples and their activities reduced according to increasing concentration. Likewise, SOD-like activities decreased with increasing concentration of extracts in all samples. In conclusion, GF extracts showed low SOD-like activities and ITAs but EDAs and NSAs were fairly high; especially EDA of 50% ethanol extract (6 mg/mL) was high as those of 0.1 and 1% L-ascorbic acid. Therefore the results suggest that GF extracts may be useful as potential sources of natural antioxidants.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.247-259
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• 2010

In order to apply oriental medicine materials, which are applicable to the LOHAS concept demanded recently in society, to sauces, this study added different amounts of Omija, which has been proved to have various efficacies, effects and functions, to Bulgogi sauce with soy sauce as its main ingredient and analyzed the functionality of the prepared sauce through physical and sensory tests. General component analysis showed that, with increase in the Omija content, water content, crude ash and crude protein decreased, and crude fat was not detected As to color, L-value gradually increased with Omija content increased, and a-value indicating redness also increased as Omija extract added increased The higher the Omija content was, the lower pH and salinity were and the higher viscosity was. In the quantitative descriptive analysis of Omija Bulgogi sauce, with increase in the Omija content, color, flavor, taste and aftertaste grew stronger, and in the results of palatability test, the sauce containing Omija 5% was preferred most in all the evaluated items. In the quantitative descriptive analysis of Omija Bulgogi, with increase in the amount of Onija extract added, the strength of color, the flavor of sauce, and the taste of Omija grew stronger and the unpleasant smell, saltiness, sweetness and unpleasant taste grew weaker. Summing up the result of this study, when we tested five specimens of different Omija contents including a control, the specimen of 5% content was preferred most This result suggests that other kinds of fruit juice may be usable in soy sauce Bulgogi sauce and continuous efforts should be made to develop new types of Bulgogi sauce.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.141-145
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• 1981

Germination of the single-basidiospore of Agaricus bisporus, mycelial characteristics of the single spore culture and its fruit body formation were studied. Germination of the single basidiospore was the best on water agar. Of 6372 spores isolated, 1622 spore were germinated and the germination rate was 26 percent. Cultures from single basidiospores showed two distinct mycelial types on the compost extract sucrose agar: one was the strandy type and the other was the fluffy. The strandy type culture produced more sporophores than the fluffy. Of 778 strandy isolates screened, nine cultures yielded 5 percent higher than the origine. No. 1567 and 1708 were selected for the commercial cultivation.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.406-416
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• 2011

In this study, we have verified the memory and cognitive enhancing effect of Longanae Arillus, the fruit of Euphoria longana Lamarck, which has been used as a tonic and for the treatment of amnesia, insomnia, and palpitations in oriental medicine. To investigate the effect of Longanae Arillus water extract(LAE) on the memory and cognitive dysfunction, scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected in C57BL/6 mice and several behavior tests including Y-maze, Morris water-maze, passive avoidance and fear conditioning tests were conducted. Administration of LAE (100 or 200 mg/kg/day, p.o.) effectively improved scopolamine-induced memory impairment and dysfunction. To further determine the possible molecule mechanism of LAE, we have examined the activity and/or mRNA expression of diverse proteins involved in the acetylcholine metabolism. LAE particularly increased the amount of acetylcholine in the cortex which was mediated by suppression of acetylcholine esterase (AchE) activity. In addition, LAE elevated the mRNA expression of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAchRs) without affecting the mRNA levels of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and acetylcholine esterase (AchE). In another experiment, LAE effectively inhibited mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) and interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL1-${\beta}$), which seemed to be mediated by inhibition of upstream transcription factor NF-${\kappa}B$ and extracellular-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). These results demonstrate that Longanae Arillus can increase acetylcholine amount the cortex via regulation of AchE activity as well as mAchRs expression and decrease pro-inflammatory responses via inhibition of NF-${\kappa}B$ signaling pathway, thereby having therapeutic potential to improve memory and cognitive deficit in amnesia.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.49-53
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• 2012

Hot-water extracted natural media were made from raw materials for mycelial culture of Pleurotus eryngii. Poplar sawdust, wheat bran and rice bran were used as substrates for hot water extraction. The mixed substrates of poplar sawdust, wheat bran, and rice bran with 50 : 20 : 30 (v/v/v, PWR523) and 50 : 30 : 20 (v/v/v, PWR532) were optimal for mycelial growth of P. eryngii, respectively. The hot-water extracted natural media from PWR523 and PWR532 showed a rapid mycelial growth and spawn running compared to PDA. There was no significant difference in mushroom yield when the mycelium grown on the hot-water extracted natural media was used as the inoculum source for producing fruit body.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.242-247
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• 2013

Currently, methods for controlling weeds in organically produced crops have not been as effective as conventional methods. This research was carried out to determine the herbicidal effects of leaf, stem, fruit, root extracts of Trichosanthes kirilowii. The extraction methods used were water, boiling water and ethanol. The characteristics of potential herbicidal components among extraction methods were investigated by using the following solvent fractions: hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water. Generally, water extracts provided the best on inhibition of germination rate, plant height, and root length in cucumber and barley. Specifically, extractions made from fruit parts of T. kirilowii provided the greatest inhibition effect on plant growth in cucumber and barely. Inhibition of germination rate, plant height, and root length in cucumber and barley in solvent fractions was the best in water fractions, but there were no significant differences among the other fractions. Digitaria siliaris and Solanum nigrum were controlled 80-100% by 5% extractions of water fraction. However, there were no herbicidal effects from foliar treatment in cucumber, barley, black nightshade, and henry crabgrass by 5% extractions of the water fraction. These results show that extractions of T. kirilowii can be used for controlling some weeds in organically produced crops.