• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.38-43
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• 1980

The spectrophotometric determination oi reducing sugar in the tobacco leaves was carried out by employing blue tetrazolium chloride as a color developing reagent. The absorption maximum of formazan dye which is the product of the reaction between blue tetrazolium chloride and fructose was shown to be $530^{nm}$. In the fructose concentration range of 0.02mg/ml-0.14mg/ml the calibration curve was well coincided to the law of Beer-Lambert. In order to take a look at the accuracy and/or recovery rate of fructose determination, the standard fructose was added to the tobacco leaves and the concentration of this standard fructose was estimated. A tittle lower concentration of the standard fructose compared with the pure one in solution was observed. However, an excellent analytical recovery was revealed under the -2% of relative error limit. When we carried out the quantitative determination of this reducing sugar by the method of visual read-out (without using the spectrophotometer), the relative error was obtained to be $\pm$10%.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.261-273
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• 2007

We investigated the antihypertensive effect of Pet ether extract (PE) of ginger rhizome; its toluene fraction (TF) and Korean ginseng extract (KGE) in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) - salt induced and fructose induced hypertensive rats. In DOCA model, DOCA (25 mg/kg, once a week; s.c) was administered in uninephrectomised animals for 4 w. PE (50 mg/kg/day; p.o), TF (10 mg/kg/day; p.o) and KGE (30 mg/kg/day; p.o) were evaluated for their antihypertensive effect. In the fructose model, drinking water was replaced with fructose (10%) for five weeks to induce hypertension. PE (50 mg/kg/day; p.o) and KGE (30 mg/kg/day; p.o) were assessed for its antihypertensive effect in fructose model. After completion of the treatment schedule, vascular reactivity to various agonists like 5-HT, noradrenaline, adrenaline, phenylbiguanide and acetylcholine were recorded in rats of both the models. A cumulative dose response curve (CDRC) of 5-HT was carried out in isolated rat fundus strip of the fructose induced hypertensive rats. Chronic administration of PE (50 mg/kg/day; p.o), TF (10 mg/kg/day; p.o), and KGE (30 mg/kg/day; p.o) significantly reduced the blood pressure in DOCA salt whereas PE (50 mg/kg/day; p.o) and KGE (30 mg/kg/day; p.o) reduced the blood pressure in fructose induced hypertensive rats. Treatment with PE (50 mg/kg/day; p.o) and KGE (30 mg/kg/day; p.o) in fructose model for five weeks shifted the CDRC towards the right on rat fundus. The mechanism of action may partly involve the serotonergic antagonistic property.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2013

Quantitative analysis of 5-hydroxymethylfufural (5-HMF) conversion from fructose by dehydration and rearrangement was investigated by $^1H$-NMR spectroscopic method. Fructose was converted to 5-HMF in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)-$d^6$ or acidic deuterium hydroxide at controlled reaction temperature and time. With addition of internal standards (biphenyl for DMSO-$d^6$ solvent, and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid for deuterium oxide solvent), conversion from fructose to 5-HMF was analyzed by $^1H$-NMR spectroscopy. Quantitative analysis was run by comparison with peak area integration between of 5-HMF and internal standard. In DMSO solvent, 5-HMF was stable end product but part of 5-HMF was converted to formic and levulinic acid at acidic aqueous medium.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.79-82
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• 2000

Tuberous root of yacon (Polymnia sonchifolia Poeppig ＆ Endlicher) has not starch, and its brix degree changes during the curing. Therefore its chemical composition changes were investigated according to different curing conditions. Tuberous root contained 87.1% moisture at harvesting, that was decreased to 84.1-86.0% at 30 days after curing in different curing conditions. Brix degree was increased from 5.7 to 14.2-15.8% at 30 days after curing in comparison to at harvesting. Free sugars were detected from tuberous root in yacon by HPLC; that were fructose, glucose and sucrose. Fructose contents were increased from 0.09 to 1.04-1.79% during 30 days in five curing conditions. Glucose contents were shown to increase from 0.03 to 1.04-1.37 %. Sucrose contents were shown to increase from 0.04 to 0.13-0.43%. Tuberous root contained fructose, glucose and sucrose in order of amount that were highest in single-polyethylene film covered green house. Sucrose was little as comparison with fructose and glucose. Fructose and glucose were increased to 16.7 and 40.7 times, respectively, but sucrose was increased little about 6.8 times.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.10
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• pp.1576-1584
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• 2013

This study is carried out to assess the relative effects of different doses of dietary glucose or fructose on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and hepatic metaflammation in a rodent model of type 2 diabetes. KK/HlJ male mice were fed experimental diets as follows: 1) control (CON), 2) moderate glucose (MG, 30% of total calories as glucose), 3) high glucose (HG, 60% of total calories as glucose), 4) moderate fructose (MF, 30% of total calories as fructose), and 5) high fructose (HF, 60% of total calories as fructose) for three weeks. Food intake was not affected by treatments. Compared with HF, HG not only increased serum fasting glucose and area under the curve during oral glucose tolerance test, but also decreased the levels of serum insulin and adiponectin. It indicated that glucose control was complicated via high glucose intake. High fructose treatment led to increased triglyceride in the serum and liver. In comparison to HG, high fructose diet activated NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome consisting of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), NLRP3 and caspase 1, which increases interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ maturation and secretion. The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome was accompanied by increased levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$) and IL-6. However, the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome components and pro-inflammatory cytokines did not differ between CON and HG. These data suggested that dietary fructose triggers hepatic metaflammation accompanied by NLRP3 inflammasome activation and has deleterious effects on NAFLD.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.419-424
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• 2018

In this work, effect of the culture medium composition on the fermentation process of Clostridium ljungdahlii, which is acetogenic bacteria to product ethanol from synthesis gas, was examined to improve the microbial growth and ethanol production. Components of the culture medium such as yeast extract, fructose, $NH_4Cl$, and $K_2HPO_4$ were selected as influence factors for the cell growth and ethanol production. As the concentration of yeast extract increased, both of the cell growth and ethanol production increased. And the ethanol productivity was the highest at an yeast extract of 0.05 g/L, which is lower than that of base medium. As the concentration of fructose increased, the cell growth increased, but the ethanol production decreased when the concentration of fructose was higher than that of base medium (5 g/L). In an experiment with the yeast extract of 5 g/L, produced ethanol concentration was the highest (0.297 g/L) when fructose concentration was 5 g/L, however, the specific ethanol productivity was higher (0.281 g/g DCW) when the fructose was not added due to very low cell mass. The cell growth and ethanol production were not significantly influenced by $NH_4Cl$ concentration, however the growth inhibition was observed at a 30 g/L of $NH_4Cl$. When the concentration of $K_2HPO_4$ increased, both of the cell growth and ethanol production increased. In experiments with $NH_4Cl$ and $K_2HPO_4$, specific ethanol productivities were higher when the low concentration of yeast extract was used.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.374-379
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• 1996

The production of extracellular mannitot by an efficient mannitol-producing bacterium, Lactobacillus sp. KY-107 was studied in shake flask culture using the modified MRS medium. Maximum mannitol production was obtained with fructose as the sole carbon source. Within 95 hours of incubation, a final concentration of 70g/L of mannitol from 100g/L fructose was obtained with an indicated yield of 86% based on fructose consumed. However, higher concentrations of fructose could not effectively be transformed to mannitol due to a lack of osmotolerance. The strain produced no other polyols such as glycerol and sorbitol as by-products. Yeast extract was best nitrogen source and high levels of inorganic phosphate up to 10g/L did not show any detrimental effect for mannitol formation. Manganese ion played important role in both cell growth and mannitol production. The optimum culture temperature and initial pH were $35^{\circ}C$ and 6-8, respectively.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.362-369
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• 1997

Chemometric technique was applied to the sugar composition in five honeys of known botanical or geographical origin following HPLC. Fructose and glucose were predominant carbohydrates in honeys, and small amount of sucrose was also detected in one sample. Sugar contents in honeys samples were compared by the geographical or botanical origin. Fructose/glucose ratio ranged from 0.99 to 1.55 was obtained and these results are in good agreement with the ratio of literature. The plot of principal components analysis(PCA) showed that different honey samples grouped into distinct cluster by the geographical or botanical origin. Increasing the first or second principal component score, higher amount of sugar or less fructose/glucose ratio was observed in PCA plot. Chemometric approach was very useful to provide pattern recognition of sugar profile or quality indices of honey sample and to detect adulteration.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.263-268
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the quality characteristics of various honeys originating from different sources, and to identify factors potentially useful for distinguishing the honey sources. The sugar composition, moisture content and total acidity of twenty six honey samples were analyzed. The moisture contents were lowest in honeys from Acacia and were not greatly different with regard to honey sources. Fructose content was highest, followed by glucose, sucrose and maltose in all kinds of honey. Sugar composition did not show any reliable criterion useful for identifying the sources of honey samples. The fructose/glucose ratio did not differ among samples, however the ratios in honeys from Acacia and Chestnut were higher than honey from poly floral sources. The total acidity of honeys ranged 10.30-12.45 meq/kg regard-less of the source, thus acidity is not a useful criterion for identifying the honey source.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.160-172
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Nutritional status and food intake during pregnancy and lactation can affect fetal programming. In the current metabolic syndrome epidemic, high-fructose diets have been strongly implicated. This study investigated the effect of maternal high-fructose intake during pregnancy and lactation on the development of metabolic syndrome in adult offspring. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Drinking water with or without 20% fructose was administered to female C57BL/6J mice over the course of their pregnancy and lactation periods. After weaning, pups ate regular chow. Accu-Chek Performa was used to measure glucose levels, and a tail-cuff method was used to examine systolic blood pressure. Animals were sacrificed at 7 months, their livers were excised, and sections were stained with Oil Red O and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. Kidneys were collected for gene expression analysis using quantitative real-time Polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Adult offspring exposed to maternal high-fructose intake during pregnancy and lactation presented with heavier body weights, fattier livers, and broader areas under the curve in glucose tolerance test values than control offspring. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, glucose, triglycerides, and total cholesterol and systolic blood pressure in the maternal high-fructose group were higher than that in controls. However, there were no significant differences in mRNA expressions of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system genes and sodium transporter genes. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that maternal high-fructose intake during pregnancy and lactation induces metabolic syndrome with hyperglycemia, hypertension, and dyslipidemia in adult offspring.