• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.131-139
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• 2015

This study investigated the quality properties of smoked breast meats produced by fresh and frozen-thawed duck meat. Each thirty breast meats from fresh and frozen-thawed duck carcass was used for this study. The yield of smoked breast meat was measured right after curing and smoking of raw duck breast meat. And, the number of total aerobic bacteria, color, texture, and sensory property of vacuum-packaged smoked breast meats were evaluated during storage at $4^{\circ}C$ for 28 days. No significant difference was found in yield between smoked breast meats produced by fresh and thawed duck meats (p>0.05). The number of total aerobic bacteria and color of smoked breast meat produced by thawed duck meat were not significantly different compared with those by fresh one throughout storage period (p>0.05). The all texture properties were not significantly different between smoked breast meats produced by fresh and thawed duck meats by 14 days of storage (p>0.05). However, on day 21 and 28, the hardness and gumminess of smoked breast meat produced by fresh duck meat were significantly higher than those by thawed one (p<0.05). In sensorial property, smoked breast meat produced by thawed duck meat received significantly high scores in color, juiciness, and tenderness on days 0, 14, and 28 and in flavor and overall acceptance on days 0 and 14 compared with those by fresh one (p<0.05). Therefore, we concluded that the use of thawed duck meat for producing smoked duck meat product may be not worse than the use of fresh duck meat in quality of smoked duck meat product. In addition, the use of thawed duck meat may be better in sensorial quality of smoked duck meat product than that of fresh one.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 1984

This cepseiment was carried out to cerify the effect of thawing methods and preservative temperature on the sperm motility and fertility after thawing semen with plastic straws in fresh and warm water. Sperm motility in vitro stored at room temperature after thawing were conducted by the various storage hours. A field trial after thawing semen with warmed water in straws from Cheju native cows involving 4 technicians and 800 cows first (or second) services gave the following results. The thawing methods of warmed water for one minute in semen motility were considerably higher than that in iced water during 12 hours after thawing semen, however, the sperm survival index of ice-water shwed a better results according as the time passed away, but not significant differences. Preservative temperaure at 5$^{\circ}C$ (iced water) after thawing gave significantly better results than that of thawed at 3$0^{\circ}C$ (warmed water). The N R rate to 175 inseminations with semen thawed at 15-2$0^{\circ}C$ (fresh water) was 82.8%, 80.9% for 610 inseminations thawed in warm water. Conception rate ofthe semen thawed in warm water for 10-60 secs gave no significant difference among storage hours, because the semen used to be inseminated within one hour almost, but in decreased when semen thawed at the period of one minute over.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.597-603
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• 2014

In this study, the physicochemical and sensory quality characteristics due to the influence of various thawing methods on electro-magnetic and air blast frozen pork were examined. The packaged pork samples, which were frozen by air blast freezing at $-45^{\circ}C$ or electro-magnetic freezing at $-55^{\circ}C$, were thawed using 4 different methods: refrigeration ($4{\pm}1^{\circ}C$), room temperature (RT, $25^{\circ}C$), cold water ($15^{\circ}C$), and microwave (2450 MHz). Analyses were carried out to determine the drip and cooking loss, water holding capacity (WHC), moisture content and sensory evaluation. Frozen pork thawed in a microwave indicated relatively less thawing loss (0.63-1.24%) than the other thawing methods (0.68-1.38%). The cooking loss after electro-magnetic freezing indicated 37.4% by microwave thawing, compared with 32.9% by refrigeration, 36.5% by RT, and 37.2% by cold water in ham. The thawing of samples frozen by electro-magnetic freezing showed no significant differences between the methods used, while the moisture content was higher in belly thawed by microwave (62.0%) after electro-magnetic freezing than refrigeration (54.8%), RT (61.3%), and cold water (61.1%). The highest overall acceptability was shown for microwave thawing after electro-magnetic freezing but there were no significant differences compared to that of the other samples.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.79-84
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of spring (March~May) and summer (June~August) influencing semen characteristics, frozen-thawed sperm viability and serum testosterone concentration in Duroc boars. Results of this study were as follows: 1. There were no significant differences in the semen volume, pH and sperm concentration of Duroc boars between spring and summer. 2. Sperm motility and normal acrosome of raw semen in Duroc boars did not differ significantly between spring and summer. However, motility and normal acrosome of frozen-thawed sperm were higher in spring season than in summer season(P＜0.05). 3. Serum testosterone concentrations in Duroc boars were 2.15 ng/$m\ell$ in spring and 0.65 ng/$m\ell$ in summer. Serum testosterone concentrations in spring were higher thin those in summer (P＜0.05). 4. In conclusion, when serum testosterone concentrations in Duroc boars were higher, frozen-thawed sperm viability were higher.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.239-243
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of type of the sugar supplemented to the extender on the vigor, viability and intact acrosomal rates of frozen-thawed dog spermatozoa. The ejaculated semen was diluted with TRIS-citric acid extender containing 200mM TRIS, 73mM citric acid, 6% (v/v) glycerol, 20% (v/v) egg yolk, 1% (v/v) antibiotics (streptomycin/penicillin), 44 mM sugar, which was either glucose, fructose or glucose-fructose combination, and distilled water to make the final volume of 100ml. Extended semen samples were cooled at $4^{\circ}C$ for an hour, packaged in 0.25ml straws, equilibrated for 10 minutes in liquid nitrogen vapor, and frozen in liquid nitrogen. Samples were thawed by placing straws into $37^{\circ}C$ water for 120 seconds. After thawing, vigor, viability and intact acrosomal rates of frozen-thawed semen were compared according to type of sugar. No significant differences were observed between glucose and fructose groups. In addition, combination of the 2 sugars also did not show any significant differences in the vigor, viability and intact acrosomal rates. In conclusion, glucose and fructose were equally efficient as sugar supplements for freezing extender.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.141-144
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• 2005

This experiment was to investigate whether the mitochondria function assessment can be used for the prediction of sperm fertility through examining the correlation between mitochondria fluoromicroscopic frequency of frozen-thawed eight Hanwoo bull semen using rhodamine123 (R123) and in vitro embryo development following fertilization. Individual sperm were stained in 5 ${\mu}g/mL$ R123-added calcium-free Sp-TALP for 30 min at 0 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h after thawing and examined their mid-piece under an epifluorescence microscope using 495 nm excitation filter (x1,000). Three replications were taken, and at least 300 sperm per individual were examined. When semen samples were separated into two groups (good and poor) by sperm motility and fluorescent frequencies at just after thawing, average fluorescent frequencies were remarkably reduced as time going (0 h; $53.29{\~}72.94\%$, 6 h; $21.40{\~}58.90\%$, 12 h; $8.26{\~}25.93\%$, 24 h; $1.00{\~}13.78\%$, irrespective of selected group, and there were no differences at 6 h or 12 h after thawing between selected groups but indicated significant difference at 24 h after thawing (p<0.05). In vitro fertilization rates in good and poor groups ranging $70.8{\~}77.8\%$ and $52.1{\~}84.5\%$, respectively, were not significantly different. However, in vitro development rates of the same groups ranging $25.7{\~}40.0\%$ and $12.9{\~}1.8\%$, respectively, were significant different (p<0.05). These results demonstrate that mitochondria fluoromicroscopic assessment of frozen-thawed bovine sperm may be used as a criterion to select more fertile sperm.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.219-230
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• 2000

This study was carried out to determine the factors on achieving good viability of embryos biopsied fur sexing, to investigate pregnancy rate following embryo transfer(ET) with sexed embryos, and to confirm the accuracy for the calves bort following ET with sexed embryos by polymerase chain reaction(PCR). To investigate viability of Hanwoo embryos after biopsy for sexing, fresh and frozen/thawed embryos were biopsied according to different developmental day of blastocysts, different stage of blastocysts, and different biopsy grade and the embryos themselves were incubated for 2 hours in TCM199 after microsection to be evaluated morphologically for recovery as blastocyst. The results obtained were as follows : 1. The rate of oocytes cleaved in vitro and the rate of blastocyst of the cleaved oocytes were 52.5% and 21.6%, respectively. The rate of blastocyst on day 8 was 11.2%, denoting the highest rate during whole culture period posterior to in vitro fertilization(IVF) 2. After biopsy for sexing, the viability rate of blastocyst on day 7, 8 and 9 was 75.0%, 88.4%, and 100.0%, respectively and the viability of early, mid, and expanded blastocyst after biopsy was 75.0%, 88.9%, and 91.1%, respectively The viability rate of fresh and frozen/thawed embryos was 89.9%, 71.4%, respectively. And the viability of expanded, hatching, and hatched blastocyst of frozen/thawed embryos was : 75.0%, 75.0%, and 50.0%, respectively. The viability of embryos according to biopsy grade of 10∼20%, 21∼30%, and 31∼40% was 85.7%, 91.5%, and 71.4%, respectively. 3. Pregnancy rate after transfer with biopsied embryo between flesh and frozen/thawed embryos was 22.6% and 20.0%, respectively. 4. In comparison between sex by PCR method and sex of calves born after embryo transfer, the accuracy of sex deterimination was 92.3% (12/13).

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.201-206
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of spring (March~May) and summer (June~August) influencing semen characteristics, frozen-thawed sperm viability and serum testosterone concentration in Yorkshire boars. Results of this study were as follows: 1. There were no significant differences in the semen volume, pH and sperm concentration of sperm-poor fraction of Yorkshire boars between spring and summer. However, sperm concentrations of sperm-rich fractions in spring were higher than those in summer (P＜0.05). 2. Sperm motility and normal acrosome of raw semen in Yorkshire boars did not differ significantly between spring and summer, However, motility and normal acrosome of frozen-thawed sperm were higher in spring season than in summer season (P＜0.05). 3. Serum testosterone concentrations in Yorkshire boars were 4.04 ng/$m\ell$ in spring and 2.85 ng/$m\ell$ in summer. Serum testosterone concentrations in spring were higher than those in summer (P＜0.05). 4. In conclusion, when serum testosterone concentrations in Yorkshire boars were higher, frozen-thawed sperm viability was higher.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.85-94
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• 2000

These experiments were conducted to examine the effects of theophylline, pentoxifylline and heparin on frozen-thawed Hanwoo sperm for enhancing motility and viability of sperm. Frozen-thawed semen collected from one bull was treated in TALP(tyrode-albuminlactate-pyruvate) containing varous concentrations of theophylline and pentoxifylline. After incubated at 5% CO2 in air atmosphere for 6 hours, the motility of sperm after the treatments was characterized by CASA(computer aided semen analysis) system. When monitored notility(MOT) and curvilinear velocity(VCL), theophylline and pentoxifylline exerted their optimal action at the concentration of 30 mM and 3 mM, respectively. No difference of sperm motility was observed when the sperm was treated with both substances compared with a single treatment of each substance. Comparison was then made for evaluating the effect of theophylline and / or pentoxiophylline on the motility and viability of significant treatment effects of each substance, high MOT and VCL values were detected in sperm treated with theophylline. In the case of sperm viability examined by an eosin-nigrosin staining, however, a significant decrease was found after the combined treatment of theophylline+pentoxyphilline than after the treatment with heparin alone or no treatment(P<0.05). In conclusion, theophylline, pentoxiphylline or heparin can be used for enhancing the motional characteristics and viability of frozen thawed Hanwoo semen. Considering characteristics of these substances, theophyline may be useful in the artificial insemination system, which requires vigorous sperm motility. While, heparin supporting sperm viability in vitro can be effectively used for improving in vitro-fertilization system.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.115-118
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• 2008

Glycerol is the cryoprotectant most frequently used to freeze semen in several of species. The objective of the present study was to compare the effect of three different glycerol concentrations (4, 6 or 8%, v/v) on frozen-thawed dog sperm survival rate. Ejaculates from 9 dogs collected by digital manipulation were pooled and assessed by macroscopic and microscopic criteria. Semen was divided into 3 aliquots, which were centrifuged and the sperm pellets rediluted with first Tris-glucose-citric acid extender. After 1 h cooling at $4^{\circ}C$, second extender containing 4, 6 or 8% glycerol was added, respectively. The semen was loaded into 0.25 ml straws and frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen and thawed. Sperm vigor, live:dead spermatozoa ratio using HOS test, and sperm morphology using $Spermac^{(R)}$ stain were evaluated. After thawing, there were no significant differences among groups in vigor, viability and morphology. In conclusion, the three glycerol concentrations (4, 6 or 8%) can be used successfully in cryopreservation of canine semen. Therefore the use of 4% glycerol in the extender has less toxic effect and reduces of freezing injuries.