• ALGAE
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.129-134
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• 2003

In order to examine the effects of deep seawater (mesopelagic water in the broad sense) on the growth of macroalgae, the growth and nutrient uptake (nitrate and phosphate) of Ulva sp. (Ulvophyceae, Chlorophyta) were investigated by cultivation in deep seawater (taken from 687 m depth at Yaizu, central Japan, in August 2001), surface seawater (taken from 24 m depth), and a combination of the two. Culture experiments were carried out in a continuous water supply system and an intermittent water supply system, in which aerated 500-mL flasks with 4 discs of Ulva sp. (cut sections of ca. 2 $cm_2$) were cultured at 20$^{\circ}C$ water temperature, 100 $\mu$mol photons $m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$ light intensity, and a 14:10 light:dark cycle. Nutrient uptake by Ulva sp. was high in all seawater media in both culture systems. The frond area, dry weight, chlorophyll a content, dry weight per unit area, and chlorophyll a content per unit area of Ulva sp. at the end of the experimental period were the highest in deep seawater and the lowest in surface seawater in both culture systems. These values, except for dry weight per unit area and chlorophyll a content per unit area, for each seawater media in the intermittent water supply system were higher than those in the continuous water supply system. We conclude that not only deep seawater as the culture medium but also the seawater supply system is important for effective cultivation of macroalgae.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.73-76
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the growth responses of Polystichum lepidocaulon as influenced by 4 different shadings(Control, 50%, 70%, 90%). Under 50 or 70% shading, plant height, stipe length, blade length, blade width, and number of spores increased compared with the other shadings, except the number of frond and shoots. The plants grown under control was shown as smaller with more yellowish green leaf color, and under 90% shading the growth was slightly inferior to those under the 50 or 70% shading. Fresh weight and segment area of frond was better in increased shade levels, but they decreased in under 90% shading. Dry weight and segment thickness decreased as shading increased. Chlorophyll contents increased in proportion to lowered light intensity. Thus, 50 or 70% shading of Polystichum lepidocaulon seemed to maintain the highest growth.

• ALGAE
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2015

The growth and hole formation of Ulva australis were examined at seven coastal areas of Korea between July and August, 2013. Animal species and weight growing on the Ulva fronds were estimated at Haseom, Pohang, and Woedo. The effects of wave exposure on the morphological features and residential animals of Ulva fronds were investigated at wave-exposed and sheltered sites of Seongsan on October 19, 2013. U. australis had different frond areas ($82-665cm^2$), hole areas ($2.5-6.3cm^2$), and hole numbers (9.8-41.3 holes) at the seven sites. Within $0.1m^2$ of Ulva frond, hole areas ranged from 0.37 to $5.94cm^2$, and between 4.9 and 36.2 holes were observed. Fourteen residential animal species were observed at the three evaluated sites, 75.0 (Haseom) to 408.7 individuals $100g^{-1}$ Ulva (Pohang) per site. The dominant residential species at each site differed with Amphithoe sp. at Haseom, Monodonta spp. at Pohang, and Pagurus sp. at Woedo. The growth (frond area, wet weight) and hole number of Ulva fronds, and the number of residential animals were significantly greater in samples collected from the sheltered shore than the wave-exposed shore of Seongsan. The present results showed U. australis grew well at sheltered shores and had more holes on the fronds due to abundance of residential animals. The dominant residential animals (crabs, gammaridea, and snails) were similar in the Ulva populations of sheltered and wave-exposed shores, but greater species diversity was observed at the exposed shore (18 species ver. 11 species). In conclusion, U. australis is a keystone species providing habitat to various invertebrates and frond holes are positively correlated to the number of residential animals.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.165-170
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• 1981

우리나라 미역양식의 발상지인 동해남부연안의 미역양식장에서 세균성이라고 생각되는 미역녹반증과징소갑각류의 기생에 연한 바늘구멍증, 미역 속구멍증 등의 병충해와 계장홍조류인 플리시포니아의 착생에 인한 피해를 확인할 수 있었다. 1. 김 녹반증과 유사한 녹색의 반점이 미역엽상체의 하반부에 나타나서 점차 확대되면서 반점의 조직이 붕괴하여 녹색의 테두리를 가진 구멍이 엽면에 생긴다. 엽상체 끝 부분의 구명은 더욱 확대 유합하여 끝 녹음을 조장하는 결과가 된다. 이 병증은 동일양식장에서도 중심부일수록 피해가심하고 주녹부, 특히 외해쪽은 피해가 적었다. 이 병증이 있는 엽체는 외관상 건전한 엽체보다 $70\sim100$배 더 세균에 오탁되어 있었으며 병증이 있는 엽체에서 분리된 세균중에서 다음 여에 속하는 균주가 많았다. Moraxella, Acromobacter, Vibrio, Flavobacterium, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas. 2. 엽체에 1열로 동일간격으로 $5\sim10$개의 미세한 바늘구멍을 여기 저기에 볼 수 있었고 이들 바늘구멍이 다소 불규칙하게 모여 있는 것도 희구했다. 이것은 요각류인 Harpacticoid의 1종인 Thalestris sp.의 기생에 의한 것이다. 이 기생이 발견되었던 초기는 3월경에 나타났었으나 점차 출현시기가 앞당겨져서 지금은 전등의 12월부터 출현한다. 3. 단각류의 1종인 미역속별레, Ceinina japonica Stephesen이 중륵에 기생하여 엽상체 유실의 원인도 되고 심한 것은 중륵에서 종으로 엽상체가 2분되는 것도 있었다. 이것은 양식말기에 주로 나타난다. 4. 조간대 암상에 생육하는 폴리시포니아 Polysiphonia spp.가 종연와 함께 씨줄에 다수 착생하였다가 양식장에서 미역 유아와 경합을 하여 미역 착생면을 차지하여 피해를 준다. 끝으로 본 조사는 1980등도 문교부연구조성비로 수행되었으며, 세균을 분리동정해 주신 장동석 교수와그의 교실원에 감사한다.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.101-108
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to set and analyze the feasibility and survey of the Hanok(The traditional Korean style house) housing complex project within Seoul metropolitan area. The results of this study were as follows. First of all, a survey was carried out to find out the optimum Hanok style. The survey showed that many people chose a frond and back yard garden as a merit of Hanok and pointed out the weak crime prevention as a weakness of Hanok. The optimum size for a Hanok was from $264m^2$ to $330m^2$ and living space was from $100m^2$ to $132m^2$. And people considered about 120% of what the apartment sells for as the reasonable price of a Hanok. Based on the survey, this study planned a Hanok housing complex on a lot that has competitive price and analysed the feasibility of the housing plan. The result was that Hanok's construction cost per $3.3m^2$ to be a marketable product has to be below about 6 million Won. As a result, the construction cost-saving through the advanced technology and planning to meet the changing customers' needs are needed to vitalize Hanok's supply.

• ALGAE
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.31-36
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• 2005

Scinaia latifrons Howe occurs in rhodolith beds between 9 to 27 m depths at San Lorenzo channel, Gulf of California, Mexico. As very little was known about the morphometrics of this normally temperate species in a subtropical area, we investigated the phenological changes from December 1998 to December 1999. The gametophytic phase of the species was present from late February to late May, which represented a shorter time period to other known species in the genus. Our results suggested that two gametophytic cohorts develop over winter and early spring based on the size class structure of the frond height. Thalli became reproductively mature at a small size (1-2 cm in height) and all the plants were monoecious. Scinaia latifrons at the study location underwent allometric growth, indicated by the lack of correlation between size, width of the plants, or branching patterns.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.226-236
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• 1999

대규모 다시마 양식장이 존재하는 동남해 일광 연안에서 다시마의 성장, 성숙, 사망 그리고 생산을 조사하였다. 실험을 위해 실험실에서 배양한 어린 포자체를 수심 3 m에 양성하였고, 1995년 12월부터 1996년 8월까지 조사하였다. 양성한 포자체는 이듬해 8월까지 모두 사망하였다. 엽폭, 엽두께, 그리고 습중량은 7월에 최대에 이르렀고, 모두 유사한 계절변화를 보였다. 반면 엽장은 5월에 가장 컸으나, 이후로는 감소하였다. 엽장과 중량의 평균치는 최대 199.8 cm와 333.0 g wet wt였다. 생장점에서 자라나는 조직의 총길이와 중량은 각각 384.0 cm와 393.6 g wet wt였다. 이 값을 토대로 계산한 길이와 중량의 절대성장률은 계절에 따라 변화하였다. 길이와 중량의 절대성장률은 3월(3.6 $cm{\cdot}d^{-1}$)과 5월 (3.8 g wet $wt{\cdot}d^{-1}$)에 각각 최대에 이르렀다. 절대유실률은 2월부터 7월까지 지속적으로 증가하였다. 성장률과 유실률의 시간변화는 수온과 해수중의 질소농도와 상관이 있었다. 포자낭군을 지닌 성숙한 포자체는 4월부터 출현하기 시작하였고, 성숙률은 7월에 최대에 이르렀다. 생존율은 시간경과에 따라 지수함수적으로 감소하였고, 90% 이상의 개체들이 양성 후 56일 이내에 사망하였다 2월 이후의 사망률은 엽장 30 cm 이하인 개체들을 중심으로 일어나는 크기 종속적 특성을 보였다. 생물량은 7월에 최대(285.6 kg wet $wt{\cdot}m^{-2}$)에 이르렀고, 이 해역에서 다시마의 연간생산량은 758.7 kg wet $wt{\cdot}m^{-2}$였다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.52-56
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• 1985

착생 48시간후의 큰참김과 사가 5호의 각포자에 $5.0{\sim}20.0$ KR범위의 고선량 r-선($^{60}-Co$)을 조사한후 1983년 10월 11일부터 11월 30일까지 (50 일간) ESP배지로 배양하면서 그 생장효과와 기타 생물학적 영향을 조사하였다. 1. 배양 24시간후 각포자는 모두 정상적으로 발아하여 2세포체가 되었으나 배양일수가 경과함에 따라 고사수와 생장의 차가 점증하였다. 특히 5 일째 20KR이 조사된 사가 5호의 유아는 평균 약 3세포체에 머물러 있어 타의 $6{\sim}7$세포체에 비해 현저하게 발육이 부진하였다. 2. 생장은 전반적으로 부진하였으나 큰참김은 10.0KR에서 대조대비 생중량으로 $140\%$, 엽면적으로는 $108\%$가 기록되고 사가 5호는 같은 선양에서 $400\%$(생중양)와 $258\%$(엽면적)의 생장효과를 나타내어 품종간에 유의차를 보였다. 그러나 두품종 공히 15.0 KR이상에서는 생장율이 급격히 저하하여 조해현상이 뚜렷하였다. 3. r-선조재로 인한 고사현상은 15.0KR이상에서 현저하여 큰참김에서는 생잔율이 $76\%$(15.0 KR)와 $71\%$(20.0 KR)였고 사가 5호는 각각 $55.0%$ 와 $47.0\%$ 에 불과하였다. 4. r-선에 의해서 유기되는 이상체현상은 거세포의 출현, 부착기의 이상도장, 괴상의 부정형엽체 및 callus 양의 이상증식조직등이었으며 그 발현율은 15.0 KR 이하의 선양에서는 $1.0\%$ 미만이었으나 20.0KR에서는 $5\%$나 되었다. 5. 조사선양에 관계없이 유아체는 정상적으로 중성포자를 형성방출하며 생잔성엽체는 모두 과포자를 생성하였다. 6. 저선양조사실험결과와 연관해 볼때 5.0 KR 이상의 고선양에서는 생장이 억제되고 15.0 KR 이상에서는 조해현상이 심대하며 생육반감선양으르 추정된다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.1065-1070
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• 2009

Experimental design for ecological restoration approach was investigated from the P' company's slag dumping area with higher pH value. The degree of pH recovery was measured by the injection of carbon dioxide from the LNG exhaust gas, and the residual carbon, for example, calcium and carbonate which can be controlled by artificial seaweed beds. The degree of adaptability from 3 algaes (Undaria pinnatifida, Sargassum horneri and Ecklonia stolonifera) and uptake nutrient function of Ecklonia stolonifera chosen in the first treatment were measured in the laboratory to determine the transplanting algae in artificial seaweed beds. The higher value of pH was decreased to 7.0~8.5 by injection of LNG exhaust gas with flow rate $20\;m^3/min$. In the experiment design at laboratory, the upper part of frond of Undaria pinnatifida and Sargassum horneri began to decay, and the color changed after 10 days. However, those of Ecklonia stolonifera were after 14~20 days. The uptake rate of nutrient from Ecklonia stolonifera was higher than those of other algaes, and those was similar pattern in the control (e.g. seawater); The DIN concentration uptake of Ecklonia stolonifera was $1.88\;{\mu}g/L/hr$ avg. in leachate, but $2.19\;{\mu}g/L/hr$ avg. in seawater. However, the ${PO_4}^3$-P concentration uptake was $0.18\;{\mu}g/L/hr$ avg. in leachate, but $0.31\;{\mu}g/L/hr$ avg. in seawater. These result indicated Ecklonia stolonifera uptaked these nutrients in the leachate as well as in seawater, and it may suggested for this species to transplant for constructing artificial seaweed beds.

• ALGAE
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2009

The brown algae padina concrescens is widely distributed in the northwestern Pacific Mexico. We described the population of P. concrescens based on population parameters such as cover, density and size structure and reproduc-tion at two levels tide at the intertidal area in the southwestern Baja. California Peninsula. Monthly visits from January to December 2003 were done. Both cover and density were measured in situ by quadrants method. Samples were collected to obtain size structure and percentage of reproductive fronds. Our results show there is sparial vari-ation in the population structure more than temporal. Thus, cover and density peak were at different months ineach tide level studied, the lower tide level shows the high values in cover as well as density. The frond develop-ment was observed in height/width ratio this relation was consistent only in the low tidal zone. Size class distribu-tion has consistently small size plants in both tide levels.Reproduction was seasonal in the tide channel but in both tide levels all the reproductive plants were tetrasporophyte. Our results suggest that this population is pseudopere-nial and it strongly as a consequence of the intense competition in the intertidal zone.