• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.419-432
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine that marital conflict, maternal parenting behavior, and a child's friendship quality varied as a function of bully/victim groups. A sample of 227 elementary school children and their mothers participated in the study. Children answered questionnaires regarding maternal parenting behavior, friendship quality, and bullying/victimization and mothers rated their marital conflict. The data were analyzed by frequencies, factor analysis, one-way ANOVAs, and Duncan's post-hoc analyses. The bully/victim distribution was 8.4% bullies, 7.9% victims, 4.4% bully-victims, and 79.3% normative contrasts when reported by children themselves and 9.3% bullies, 4.8% victims, 5.3% bully-victims, and 80.6% normative contrasts when reported by peers. Bullies and bully-victims experienced higher marital conflict than normative contrasts. Bully-victims perceived higher maternal warmth than bullies and both bullies and victims perceived higher maternal rejection/punishment than normative contrasts. Victims perceived their mothers to be more permissive/neglected than normative contrasts, and bully-victims perceived them to be more overprotective than both bullies and normative contrasts. Both bullies and bully-victims showed higher negative function of friendship quality than victims.

• The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.123-139
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to verify the effects of a conflict resolution program on conflict resolution strategies and friendship quality of children. The subjects of this study were higher-grader students of elementary school. Out of the students, 18 were into the experimental group, while the rest were into the control-group. The experimental design was the pretest-posttest control group design, and the 50-minutes conflict resolution program was treated for the experimental group twice per week (a total of 11 sessions). The scale of conflict resolution strategies presented by Ha Ji Wean (2005) and the scale of friendship quality of children presented by Rhee Un Hai and Koh Yun Joo (1999) were used as the measurement tools in this study. In order to supply the limitations of quantitative data, the journals of group participation of each session and the participation reports after the completion of the program were qualitatively analyzed. The results of hypotheses verification were as follows; First, conflict resolution strategies conflict was significant difference in enhancement of the compromising-integrating strategy and the obliging strategy, and reduction of the dominating strategy. Second, friendship quality was significant difference in enhancement of the friendship positive function, and friendship satisfaction, and in reduction of the friendship negative aspect, The results of the study confirmed that the conflict resolution program affected both conflict resolution strategies and the friendship quality of children.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.27-34
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• 2002

Clinical study on hemodynamics of healthy elders before and after tread mill. Using doubleblind, placebo-controlled study design. Seventy-five 50-70 years old volunteers without organic disease were divided into two groups, Ginseng group and control group. Each subject was received 3 g Korea Red Ginseng (KRG) capsules or placebo per day for 4 weeks. Before and after administration 4 weeks, the symptoms were asked and hemodynamics parameter such as pump function, systolic function, preload and afterload were recorded before and after tread mill 1,5, 10 minutes by the method of thoracic impedance cardiograph. The result showed that Ginseng could improve quality of life, had obvious effect of increasing PEP (pre-ejection period), PEP/LVET (pre-ejection period/left ventricular ejection period), PCWP (wedged pressure pulmonary capillary). The change rate of HR (heart rate), SV (stroke volume) in KRG group were much lowered, while EF (ejection fraction), LVET (left ventricular ejection period), LVEDP (left ventricular end diastolic pressure) was recovered much quickly. The circulation showed Ginseng could improve the quality of life though its promoting circulation function which are increasing both the systolic function and the preload.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.137-164
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• 2013

This research examines not only the relationship between customer participation and friendship on which are focused in service marketing, but also their influences on relational outcomes. It has been well-known that customer participation had strong influence on an interaction with service provider in a service encounter which could build up social aspects of customers-service firms, as well as functional aspects. Thus, this paper identify the relational outcomes generated by customer participation and social bonds, not just customer satisfaction or service quality. As results, considering the impact of customer participation on the interaction process, customer participation had a directly positive effect on the friendship significantly. Additionally, friendship influenced by customer participation and interaction with a service provider was examined that it could have influences on relational outcomes such as relationship quality and customer loyalty. Therefore, customer participation can get rich the process of interaction, which can build up friendship between customers and service providers. Ultimately, it is estimated that customer participation and friendship can lead relational outcomes.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.171-183
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• 2002

This study examined the applicability of creative drama to a social competence program for poorly accepted(socially at-risk) elementary school children. The subjects were 40 $2^{nd}$(n=20) and $5^{th}$(n=20) grade children. The experimental group(n=20) participated in a social competence program that included 18 sessions of the creative drama activities during winter vacation. The Peer Rating Scale, the Peer Competence Scale, and the Quality of Friendship Scale were administered as pre- and post-test. Covariance analyses showed no differences between experimental and control groups on peer competence and quality of friendship, but the children who participated in the program showed some differences in total scores and sub-areas on quality of friendship by grade and level of peer pre-acceptance.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2001

Peer status, friendship, and school adjustment were measured for 326 third and fourth graders (171 boys, 155 girls). School adjustment was assessed by academic performance, and social behaviors were rated by teachers while attitudes toward school were reported by children. Examination of the relative contributions of peer status and friendship to school adjustment revealed both unique and joint explanations. Children's academic performance was mainly explained by peer status; popular children had higher performance than rejected children. Attitudes toward school were more positive for children who reported higher friendship quality. Prosocial behaviors were higher for the popular group and for children with more stable reciprocal friends; aggressive behaviors were higher for the rejected group and competitive children with close friends; withdrawal behaviors were higher for the neglected group and children with few reciprocal friends.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.143-158
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• 2000

This study examined whether children's peer representations are associated with peer acceptance and whether attributions and goals are related to representations about behavioral responses in ambiguous provocation and conflict situations. The subjects were 119 5th-grade children responded to 4 hypothetical situations. Results indicated that children's positive representations about peer conduct in ambiguous provocations were related to their higher level of peer acceptance, and positive representations about a friend in conflict situations were associated with their perceived positive qualities of friendship. Children's positive attribution and relational goal orientation were associated with relational behavioral responses. Gender differences were found for some goals and behavioral responses, with girls displaying a more relational goal and behavioral response orientation than boys.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.59-73
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• 1999

It is known that the role of informal support for elderly women is critical to their physical and mental health, adjustment in old age, and their overall life satisfaction. Elderly women's situation such as social losses, widowhood, living alone, and geographic relocation etc. may result in a need for more informal supports for elderly women's health than ever before. Particularly, women's same-sex friendships were rated higher for overall quality, intimacy, enjoyment, and nurturance. Unlike a generally accepted notion that later life for women is a time of isolation and loneliness, elderly women tend to maintain and reestablish their friendship regardless their marital status and living situation. Although studies on informal support for elderly women were inconclusive in many ways, elderly women's friendship tends to be stable despite of changing health status and life events. The relative importance between daughters and friends was also controversial. This study suggests that more research with reliable measurements is necessary for the practical prevention and intervention program of elderly women's health on this issue.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2006.05b
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• pp.261-264
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• 2006

Recently, the environment problems are risen to social problems. People have requested the convenience of a human activity and the enhancement of a human quality. The facility was, however, emphasized on the acquisition and treatment of water with the construction and maintenance of a irrigation and drainage structure. The concept of an environmental friendship has been introduced to change our society structure to an environment friendship at 21th century. But the concept lacks theoretical and systematic foundation. So, The maintenance technique, concrete products and construction methods will be made to be an environment friendship. The standards for environment friendship will be presented.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.21-32
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the family and peer relationships on adolescents' self-esteem. The subject of this study were 563 students of second grade of middle school who reside in Bucheon, Geonggi-Do and 532 self reported questionnaires were used for final analysis. The findings of this study suggested that there was no significant difference between male and female adolescents in self-esteem. Second, adolescents' self-esteem were associated with relationship with parents, parental supervision, interparental conflict, friendship quality and peer victimization. Male adolescents' self-esteem was affected by peer victimization, relationship with parents, friendship quality. Female adolescents' self-esteem was affected by relationship with parents, friendship quality and peer victimization.