• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2012

The Baegdusan volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in northeastern Asia, and the 10th century eruption was the most voluminous eruption in the world in recent 2,000 years. During the period from 2002 to 2005, volcanic earthquakes and abnormal surface distortions by suspected subsurface magma intrusion beneath the volcano were observed in the Baegdusan area. Seismic activity has gradually increased with earthquake swarms during 2002-2003 and hundreds of seismic event in a day, especially annual peak of 2,100 in 2003. Then the number of seismic activity has declined since 2006 to the background level in 1999-2001. According to the typical frequency of volcanic earthquakes in the Baegdusan volcano, the frequency distribution of typical volcanic earthquakes between 2002 and 2005 indicates that all the main frequency of the earthquakes basically falls down less than 5 Hz and 5-10 Hz. These events are all the VT-B and LP events caused by the shallow localized fracture and intrusion of magma. The horizontal displacement measurement by GPS during the period from 2000 to 2007 of the Baegdusan stratovolcano area indicates that an inflated process has been centered at the summit caldera since 2002. The displacement between 2002 and 2003 reached at a maximum value of 4 cm. After 2003, the deformation rate of the volcano continued to decrease with unusual variation during the period from 2006 to 2007. After 2003 the vertical displacement uplift rate falls down gradually but still keeps in an uplift trend in northern slope. It is generally believed that when $^3He/^4He(R)$ in a gas sample from a hot spring exceeds $^3He/^4He(R)$ in the atmosphere, it can be concluded that mantle-source. And temperatures of hot springs are rising steadily to $83^{\circ}C$. It is unrest signals at the Baegdusan, which is potentially active. The Baegdusan volcano is now in unrest status, there is eruption threat in the near future. Intensified monitoring and emergency response plan for volcanic risk mitigation are urgent for the volcano.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.113-118
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• 2015

This study was conducted to develop a plan for emotional labor of clinical dental hygienists by understanding the factors affecting their emotional labor. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to 293 dental hygienists who worked in dental hospitals and clinics located in Busan and Gyeongsangnam-do from June to September in 2013. The questionnaire items used in this study consisted of 5 items of general characteristics, 2 items of characteristics related to turnover, and 9 items of emotional labor. t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis were performed using the SPSS Statistics ver. 17.0 for Windows program for data analysis. The average level of the study subjects was $69.85{\pm}12.82$. With regard to the emotional labor according to the general characteristics, the frequency of emotional expressions (p<0.037) showed significant differences in the marital status. The workplace showed significant differences in the frequency of emotional expressions (p<0.001), attentiveness of emotional expressions (p<0.002), emotional dissonance (p<0.032), and total (p<0.001). The turnover intentions showed significant differences in the frequency of emotional expressions (p<0.001), attentiveness of emotional expressions (p<0.001), emotional dissonance (p<0.001), and total (p<0.001). As a factor affecting emotional labor, turnover intention (p<0.001) and workplace (p<0.001) had an effect on emotional labor. The results showed that turnover intention and workplace were associated with the emotional labor of dental hygienists. There is a need to develop an emotional education program to make it possible to effectively manage emotional labor of dental hygienists for providing high-quality medical services of dental institutions.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.583-595
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• 2014

Currently, Korean transportation policies are aiming for increase of safety and environment-friendly and efficient operation, by avoiding construction and expansion of roads, and upgrading road alignments and facilities. This is revealed by that there have been 22 road expansion projects (30%) and 50 road improvement projects (70%) under the 3rd Five-Year Plan for National Highways ('11~'15), while there were 53 road expansion projects (71%) and 22 road improvement projects (29%) under the 2nd Five-Year Plan for National Highways. For more effective road improvement projects, there is a need of choosing projects after an objective and scientific safety assessment of each road, and assessing safety improvement depending on projects. This study is intended to develop a model for this road safety analysis and assessment. The major objective of this study is creating a road safety analysis and assessment model appropriate for Korean society, based on the HSM (Highway Safety Manual) of the U.S. In order to build up data for model development, the sections thought to have identical geometrical structure factors in 5 lines, Cheonbuk province, were divided as homogeneous sections, and representative values of geometric structures, facilities, traffic volume, climate conditions and land usage were collected from the 1,452 sections divided. In order to build up data for model development, the sections thought to have identical geometrical structure factors in 5 lines, Cheonbuk province, were divided as homogeneous sections, and representative values of geometric structures, facilities, traffic volume, climate conditions and land usage were collected from the 1,452 sections divided. The collected data was processed correlation analysis of each road element was implemented to see which factor had a big effect on traffic accidents. On the basis of these results, then, an accident model was established as a negative binomial regression model.Using the developed model, an Crash Modification Factor (CMF) which determines accident frequency changes depending on safety performance function (SPF) predicting the number of accident occurrence through traffic volume and road section expansion, road geometric structure and traffic properties, was extracted.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.50 no.7
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• pp.503-511
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• 2017

In order to estimate the demand for water resources planning and operation, methodology for determining the size of water supply facilities has been mainly applied to agricultural water, unlike living and industrial water, which reflects actual usage trends. This inevitably leads to an overestimation of agricultural water and can lead to an imbalance in the supply and demand of each use in terms of the total water resources plan. In this study, the difference of approaches of concept of net consumption was examined in comparison with the existing methodology and the characteristics of agricultural water demand were analyzed by applying it to whole Jeju Island. SWAT model was applied to estimate the amount of evapotranspiration, which is a key factor in estimating demand, and watershed modeling was performed to reflect geographical features, weather, runoff and water use characteristics of Jeju Island. For the past period (1992~2013), demand of Jeju Island as a whole was analyzed as 427 mm per year, and it showed a relatively high demand around the eastern and western coastal regions. Annual demand and seasonal variation characteristics of 10 river basins with watershed area of $30km^2$ or more were also analyzed. In addition, by applying the cultivated area of each crop in 2020 in the future, it is estimated that the demand corresponding to the 10-year frequency drought is 54% of the amount demanded in the previous research. This is due to the difference in approach depending on the purpose of the demand calculation. From the viewpoint of water resource management and operation, additional demand is expected as much as the net consumption. However, from the actual supply perspective, it can be judged that a facility plan that meets the existing demand amount is necessary. In order to utilize the methodologies and results presented in this study in practice, it is necessary to make a reasonable discussion in terms of policy and institutional as well as engineering verification.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.139-160
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is twofold: (i) to develop a teaching and learning plan and practical performance assessment tools for the improvement of teenager-parent communication and relationships as well as explore their effects on the communication in the everyday family life; and (ii) to find the underlying problems of teenager- parent communication through conversation analysis and to provide a improved dialogue model. We provided the experimental group with a performance task of communication training between teenagers and their parents in the real family situation while the control group practiced communication skills in a learning situation. However for both classes, before and after performance tasks were equally provided. The experimental group exhibited a longer conversation time with their parents, better communication skills, and higher degrees of relational satisfaction than the control group. Conversation analysis revealed that the experimental group reduced the use of blocking techniques in the teenager-parent conversations more than the control group, and all so raised the frequency of functional communications more than the control group. In both areas of communication in the experimental group was significantly improved, Most notably, a problem-solving case through no-lose conflict resolution methods was effective, succeeding by 70% in the e experimental group and 43.3% in the control group. Parents use blocking techniques like admonition, lecturing, blaming. sarcastic remarking, ordering and so forth, while teenagers use dispute, avoidance, blaming, and teasing in this order. The communication problems during the conversation process, teenagers' evasive and rebellious way of speaking instigates adverse communication responses from parents, so their conversation tends to unfold as ambiguous evasion opposed to: inquiring or evasion by short answers vs. ordering-preaching, or disputing vs. criticizing-making sarcastic, disputing vs. disputing-teaching, and criticizing vs. criticizing.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.132-146
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• 1998

This Study was attempted to provide the basic data necessary in the development and introduction of Home Health Nursing System by investigating the recognition and attitude level of Home Health Nursing System. The data were collected by means of questionaires presented to 74 patients who had been admitted in C general hospital in Chon Ju, from June 30, 1997. As the tool for this study, the questionares developed by Kim Yong. Soon, et al (1990) and Han Bok Hee(1993) were modified and supplemented for the aim of this study. The computer was used for data analysis. The items about the charateristics of the subjects and the attitude to the management plan of Home Health Nursing System were represented as the frequency and percentage. The standard deviation and calculation average were produced on the items related to definition, recognition, necessity, expected effect of the attitude of Home Health Nursing System and the items related to admission. The ANOVA test was .used according to the characteristics of variables to analyze the necessity and difference of Home Health Nursing System. The results of this study were as follows 1) The general characteristics of the subjects were as follows ; for sex, man, $58.1\%$ ; for age, 50-59 years, $29.7\%$ ; for the level of education, high school, $51.4\%$ ; $79.7\%$ of them were married; for the family forms, small family, $73.0\%$ ; and $68.9\%$ of them take the monthly income over 100 million won. 2) The characteristics related to admissions of the subjects were as follows ; for clinic, surgical department, $78.4\%$ ; addmission not more then 7days, $47.3\%$ ; for the operation-performance $71.6\%$ of them were experienced; for the admission route, via outpatients clinic, $54.1\%$ ; for waiting period to the admission day, 1-2 days, $71.6\%$. 3) The difficulties comming from the hospitalization were related mostly to the factor that they felt hospital life more inconvenient than home.(3.66) The reasons for the difficulties in the admission which was due to insufficient beds in the hospital was related to the concentration to the general hospital because of 'The Whole National Medical Insurance System'(4.05). 4) On the previous informations about the Home Health Nursing System, those who have heard of only the name were 42 $(56.8\%)$, and on the recognition of it, they thought that it is periodic treatment by the licenced nurses for the recovering pateints after early discharge(3.73). On the attitude about the necessity of Home Health Nursing System, they thought that it is necessary because of the increasing trend of a psychological disease by the change of environment and complexity of the social structure(4.24). On the expected effect of Home Health Nursing System, they answered that it is convinient for the family of the patient to take care of them(4.l8). 5) On the attitude to the management plan of the Home Health Nursing System, those who had intention to participate in the system in the case of systemic support were 42(56.8). In the visiting time, 'visit periodically' and 'visit when the patient needs' were $28(37.8\%)$ respectively. For the application of medical insurance, if possoble, they will use $(91.9\%)$; for the method of payment for the treatment, 'pay by the time required' was $23(31.1\%)$, for the subject of management, 'National public institute must operate' was $33(44.6\%)$. 6) The relationship between the general characteristics of the subjects and the necessity of Home Health Nursing System showed the notable difference in the age (F=3.508, P<0.05) and marrage state (F=5.402, P<.023).

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.32-45
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• 1992

An important role of community health nurses in health centers is to solve community health problems found through data collection methodology which has been used to identify the health needs of the community, diagnose the health problems and to plan health programs suitable for the health problems. Also community health nurses must be prepared to know the community health needs and to participate in the planning process. Since 1956 when the health center law was established, community health nurses have really implemented only the services which the government has asked them to do. This has kept them busy enough. But these days as society is in rapid change, community health nurses should have the flexibility to deal with the social change and demands that are unique to their community each which has different health needs and demands. So community health nurses need to identify what community health problems exist in their particular communities. The purposes of this study were as follows. 1) To explore the suitability of the health programs which the government has asked the community health nurses to do for their own communities and if these programs are not suitable, to explore the reasons why. 2) To explore the degree to which the community health nurses have the ability to identify health problems in their own communities and activate the community diagnostic process. 3) To identify the degree that the community health nurses have the ability to implement plans related to community diagnosis. 4) To find out how much data related to community health problems, the community health nurses have and how they are utilizing it. 5) To measure the community health nurses self-confidence concerning diagnostic activities for community health. The study subjects were 454 Community Health Nurses working in Health Centers in Seoul, Korea. The period of data collection was 6 days(Nov. 9th 1991-Nov. 15th 1991). A questionnaire used for data collection was composed of three different items; general characteristics, community health diagnostic activities and self-confidence in performing diagnostic activities. The results of the study are as follows. First, over one third of the respondents replied that the government required activities for their communities are not appropriate. Of these activities the most frequent reply $(51.2\%)$ indicated that many of the activities in the community were inappropriate to the actual situation. Further, $25\%$ of the replies indicated that many activities were only administratively oriented and as such not appropriate. Second, $49.8\%$ of the respondents replied that they had done general assessments and had a general idea of the health problems of their community. Effective solutions to health problems could be found with an increase in health personnel and management ability according to $41.5\%$ of the respondents. Third, to the question as to whether they had ever independently implemented a plan towards solving community diagnosed problems, $52\%$ of nurses replied 'never', $40\%$ 'occasionally' but only $7.5\%$ replied that they did it frequently. Actually there was very little done even in the basic work of collecting the necessary data. Fourth, when asked how much of basic information they had collected that might be used in community diagnosis activity, of 26 items in 5 areas, there was hardly one for which complete data had been collected. Fifteen percent did have data on the geographical aspects of their area, housing distribution and types of housing, while $17.8\%$ knew the frequency with which the health center was used. Concerning community resources, even with a list of community resources, only $12.3\%$ had data on any of these resources, and this data was incomplete. Further, information about social work institutions, and facilities was also incomplete, only $14.2\%$ of the respondents had any data and even it was incomplete; that is, in general, the nurses did not have this information. Fifth, concerning the confidence of the community health nurse in their ability to carry out community diagnoses activities, $60\%$ replied that they were very or at least nominally confident, indicating that although they were not doing community diagnostic activities they felt they could do so, as they were carrying out home visits and program planning as part of their official duties. The following recommendations are made based on the results of this study. First; since the community health nurses have a high perception of the need for community diagnostic activities and. high confidence in their ability to carry out this activity and high percentage of respondents replied that with a little training they could do this even better it is recommended that community diagnostic activity training be included in the continuing education program for community health nurses. Second, in order for the Community Health Nurses to successfully solve the health problems of their respective community they reported to a need to increase the number of health personnel, improve the facilities and the system of managing their work. Considering this, it is recommended that ways be sought to remedy these deficits.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.11-24
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• 1976

This study was a part of large scale of a prospective study on attitudes of professional students in medicine, nursing and teaching toward population related issues in Korea. The study was first conducted in May 1974 and then in May 1975 for the 1974 class cohot using a questionaire consisted of attitude scales and other items developed by Lee. The purpose of stuay was twohold, namely, to determine the difference in students among specializations on one hand and between the first and second years in the 1974 class cohot regarding tile subject matter. A one-way analysis of variance was used for attitude scale, and absolute and relative frequency were computed for the analysis of non-attitude scale items by employing Fishers' Ratio and Duncan's multiple range test at 5% level and chi square test at 5% level as significance tests. The hypothesis 'students in health profession are more likely to have positive attitudes toward population related issues progressively as class year advances than students in teaching profession' was tested and the following results were obtained: 1) Nursing students were more likely to display favarable attitudes toward family planning than medical or teaching students although the class cohot showed slightly negative improvement in the second year. Medical and teaching students apperaed to have slightly improved attitudes in the second year. 2) Respondents in general perceived national family planning program as a means of population control and this tendency was more true among nursing students as the class year advances than two other professional groups of students. Students in teaching profession appeared to perceive it more as a means to improve individual family welfare while health students were likely to see as to improve maternal and child health. This tendency was progressively improved as the class year advanced. 3) The majority of students regardless of their respective specializations believed that family planning program should be directed toward the improvement of individual family welfare. No progressive changes in the class cohot were observed. 4) About the plan to use contraceptives in future, no singnificant differences were observes among different specializations nor in different class years. However, the majority was confirmed to have a plan to use contracepives in future. An increasing proportion of the undecided category was observed, as class year advanced among health students. 5) Students in health profession were found to be more favorable about 'more leisure opportunities' as motive for limiting number of children whereas education students indicated the reasons as 'facilitate ambitions' and 'economic base' The progressive changes toward positive direction in both groups were observed as the class years advanced. 6) Attitudes toward induced abortions of the health students were observed to be positively related to class years while an inverse relationship was found in teaching students who showed much less favor in the subject matter than health students. This phenomenon may be due to the different exposure to learning environments unique to respective specializations. 7) Health students were found to have more favorable attitudes toward population education in general than the teaching students. The teaching students appeared to have changed more to the negative direction when they became the second year while no such development was observed in health students. The teaching students seemed to hold a very conservative position with regard to sex education in schools. 8) About the equality of sexes, the nursing group was found to be most favorable while the reverse was true in the teaching group. A change in the negative direction as the class year advanced was found in the teaching group. 9) About questions related to fertility values-the 10 percent of respondents regardless of specialization indicated that they would maintain their single status in future, however no change was observed in the second year. The desired number of children was found to be two by the majority of students in nursing, medicine and teaching in order of high proportion. No changes in a different class year were observed. The childless marriage was seen by nursing students as a problem more than other students, but a slight change in positive direction was found when the nursing students became the second year. In summing, as data supported in the above, students in health profession demonstrated more favorable attitudes toward population related issues than the teaching students and this tendency became more apparent in the second year. It was noticed that health students were more conscious about the health aspect of population and family planning program while the teaching students gave more attention to the socioeconomic aspect. The sex variable seemed to have operated in the item related to the equality of sexes. In conclusion, as data presented in the above, the hypothesis of this study was accepted except in the few items. It should be noted that the limitation of this study is the short duration of the observation in measuring the possible attitude changes. It should include curriculum analysis for the respective specializations in order to indentify the area of curriculum impact on students in future study.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.50-61
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• 2017

This study devised a user-participatory design process for users to participate directly in the design process and was implemented at Daegu Padong Elementary School. Users of the school forest were divided into four groups: the lower grades, the upper grades, local residents(parents included), and faculty. The methods of this study were image survey, preference survey, card playing, and model playing. Researchers investigated the level of user satisfaction the following year. The specific design process is as follows: First of all, the concept of the school forest was established through audio-visual education for students and image research was conducted through drawing and painting activities entitled 'The School Forest I Want'. Second, in the image survey, a survey of areas and facilities with high frequency use was conducted in the study of the lower grades, the upper grades, local residents, and the faculty. Image cards of spaces and facilities that showed high preference were produced and the cards were placed in four groups on the school lot plan to check the location of place and facilities desired. Based on this, a model and a basic idea were created through consultation with future users. Lastly, the study design was completed. After 1 year from the completion of the school forest, users were again surveyed regarding their satisfaction with use. The importance of this study is as follows: 1) Treating all potential users of a school forest as the subject of design participation, 2) Reasoning out a plan created by the users themselves through consultation and discussion throughout all steps of the design process, 3) Grasping how users utilize a school forest and the type of spaces most preferred via preference survey after completion of the school forest and showing the importance of user participation by showing that spaces preferred by users were similar to those in which experts were also highly interested.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.1
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• pp.88-96
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to understand when forest fire as a natural phenomenon becomes constructed as social issues in Korea; how the forest fire-related discourses in the editorials reflecting the social perceptions have been changed regarding the principal subject and the measures of the forest fire management; and whether the social perception on the forest fire affects the forest fire policy of the state. From the analysis of a total of 44 editorials related to forest fires from 1988 to 2017. By the using, in the forest fire-related editorials the social perceptions on forest fires are forest fire editorials categories, main keywords, contents of social perception on 'the main subject responsible for forest fire management,' 'forest fire prevention measures,' categorization, frequency analysis and context analysis of words used. It is found that in the first-period forest fire management measures were recognized as a part of the overall forest management. In the second period, the approaches of ecological management emerged on the part of forest fire management. As forest fires were managed as a type of social disaster during the third period, such perceptions were gradually reinforced that the state should protect the people from the forest fire. In the 3rd, 4th, and 5th National Forest Plan, the forest fire management policy of each period was focused in enlightening the general public, protecting forest resources ecosystems, and preventing loss of lives, respectively. As a result of the analysis of social perceptions and comparing them to the forest fire policies through the analysis of editorials on forest fires, it is found that the social perception on the forest fire and forest fire management plan has changed having interconnections.