• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.116
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• pp.79-110
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• 2010

In this paper I will consider the Rousseauistic origin of Knat's theory of Freedom. Kant's autonomous freedom which is the main theme of the Critique of practical Reason have three characteristic elements, namely spontaneity, self-lawmaking and universal validity. Rousseau mentions three kinds of freedom in his works. Natural freedom which is treated in Discourse on the origin of inequality is freedom which a man in natural state have. I proved that natural freedom is the origin of Kant's theory of spontaneity that is a essential part of autonomous freedom. Social freedom which is treated in Social contract is deeply connected with general will. General will is the power of self-lawmaking. We can easily conclude that Rousseau's social freedom is the origin of Kant's theory of self-legislation which is another essential part of autonomous freedom. The last essential part of Kant's autonomous freedom is universality that is inseparably connected with Rousseau's moral freedom which is largely mentioned in Emlie.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• no.118
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• pp.25-51
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• 2017

The purpose of this article is to elucidate Plotinus' concept of freedom. Particular attention is paid to two terms, 'what is self-determined' (to autexousion) and 'what is up to us' (to $eph^{\prime}h{\hat{e}}min$), which Plotinus employs in order to articulate the meaning of freedom. It is shown that freedom in Plotinus consists in the power of doing whatever one wills while willing the good. We first situate Plotinus' concept of freedom in the Socratic tradition. Next we investigate how Plotinus and Alexander of Aphrodisias conceptualize freedom in terms of self-determination in the context of criticizing determinism. It is shown that Alexander tries to secure the psychological grounds for human moral responsibility by introducing a causally undetermined power of choice between alternatives. In contrast, Plotinus is interested in psychological conditions that allow humans to do the right thing. For this purpose, he establishes the concept of will ($boul{\hat{e}}sis$) as the power of wanting and choosing the best. We then try to clarify his claim that free will cannot choose otherwise by appealing to his concept of divine freedom, which idealizes the power of doing one's best and being oneself at one's best. Finally, we discuss Plotinus' view of the limitations and possibilities of human freedom and indicate its practical implications. In conclusion we claim that Plotinus pleads for an active way of living which spreads inner freedom out into the world, rather than living in seclusion so as to protect an inner freedom which is pure.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.129
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• pp.247-265
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• 2014

In this paper I will undertake three tasks: first, to identify the difference between John Rawls's liberal conception of liberty and Will Kymlicka's; second, to briefly examine the problems with liberal conception of liberty; finally, to propose a certain alternative that will be able to make liberal conception of liberty more meaningful In Kymlicka's view, Rawls seems to fail to make the best defence of freedom of choice because he wants to explain of individual freedom on the basis of Kant's moral theory about liberty. Kymlicka thinks that it is not a desirable way of defending liberal conception of liberty. According to his liberal theory, Rawls's defence of freedom of choice might make us think that we should have our freedom of choice for its own sake because freedom is the most valuable in the world. So Kymlicka wants to provide stronger argument to defend freedom of choice in liberalism. He insists that it is our projects and tasks that are most important things in our lives. Furthermore, he argues that we should conceive our freedom of choice as a precondition for pursuing those projects and practices that are valued for our good lives. Now I want to look at two concepts of liberty in liberalism with Rawls's theory and Kymlicaka's. In this paper, I shall look at criticisms of the liberal account of freedom of choice. These would give us a certain chance for understanding true freedom.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.145
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• pp.325-350
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• 2018

The overemphasis of the priority of reason over will runs the risk of resulting in intellectual determinism. On the contrary, it is also unfair to underestimate the role of reason in Saint Thomas Aquinas' theory of the free will to avoid intellectual determinism. For, according to Thomas, "the will inclines to the good, insofar as it is an appetite, and it follows the judgment of the reason in the pursuit of the good, insofar as it is a 'rational' appetite." It is the objective of this article to show that, for Thomas, the idea of the free will is not contradictory to that of the will's following the judgment of reason. For this purpose, it is decisive to adequately evaluate the role of reason in Thomas's theory of the free will. This article therefore proves that in principle Thomas argues the priority of the will over reason as well as the freedom of the will, and that he nevertheless recognizes the role of reason which precedes the choice of the will by making the second-level judgment even when the will chooses not to follow the first-level judgement of reason. It is entirely up to the will to follow the judgement and order of reason or not. It explains the freedom of the will. But 'not to follow reason' is contradictory to the essential determination of the will as the 'rational' appetite. For from the will's not following reason, wrong-doing follows; the human act which does not conform to reason. This article therefore argues that for Thomas, the 'true' liberty of the will corresponding to its determination as the rational appetite consists in its following the rule and order of reason, not in acting against the judgement of reason.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.123
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• pp.165-187
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• 2012

Our freedom is natural, however we are amazed at the fact that we don't sometimes have the freedom. we have to have a freedom and must be a freedom. But we think our life is restrained. Why do we think that? This is due to epistemological thinking. Also critic of Sartre' freedom is due to that. Especially Merleau-Ponty's researchers say that Sartre is an epistemologist on the problem of the freedom and his freedom is an absolute freedom. Aim of this paper is to find out problem of the critic. To achieve this, first we need to exmaine what absoulte freedom is. It is abstract and ideological. According to Merleau-Ponty, it dosen't exist. This paper argues that Sartre's freedom is not epistemoligical but ontological. It is going to come out in relation between '$l^{\prime}{\hat{e}}tre-en-soi$' and '$l^{\prime}{\hat{e}}tre-en-soi$'. Then, on the problem of the freedom, we can discover that Sartre and Merleau-Ponty are no different from each other. Finally, As I argue about Merleau-Ponty's freedom, I will show that it is 'a freedom of situation' and 'a freedom of choice'. Also, This freedom is Sartre's freedom. Sartre showes a situation is my freedom.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.519-526
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• 2020

Non-stationary random seismic response and reliability of multi-degree of freedom hysteretic structure system are studied based on the cumulative damage failure mechanism. First, dynamic Eqs. of multi-degree of freedom hysteretic structure system under earthquake action are established. Secondly, the random seismic response of a multi-degree freedom hysteretic structure system is investigated by the combination of virtual excitation and precise integration. Finally, according to the damage state level of structural, the different damage state probability of high-rise frame structure is calculated based on the boundary value of the cumulative damage index in the seismic intensity earthquake area. The results show that under the same earthquake intensity and the same floor quality and stiffness, the lower the floor is, the greater the damage probability of the building structure is; if the structural floor stiffness changes abruptly, the weak layer will be formed, and the cumulative damage probability will be the largest, and the reliability index will be relatively small. Meanwhile, with the increase of fortification intensity, the reliability of three-level structure fortification is also significantly reduced. This method can solve the problem of non-stationary random seismic response and reliability of high-rise buildings, and it has high efficiency and practicability. It is instructive for structural performance design and estimating the age of the structure.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.131
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• pp.273-301
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• 2014

This study aims to reconstruct Leibniz's theodicy. Theodicy is to defense of the highest wisdom of the creator against the charge which reason brings against it for whatever is the evil in the world. For this defense, Leibniz created his own new kind of concepts: the principle of sufficient reason, the principle of perfection, the best of all possible worlds, moral necessity. Leibniz's theodicy is developed as following. Most good and wisest God created this world freely by moral necessity. God's will was to choose the goods antecedently. But God's will could not create goods only. For God's final purpose is to create the best. For this reason, it happens that the evils may come about by concomitance, and as a result of other greater goods. Therefore the evils are necessary in the world. And evil consists in imperfection. Man has free will as God. Freedom, according to Leibniz, consists in intelligence, which involves a clear knowledge of the object of deliberation. Man has freedom, but man's freedom is imperfect. Evil is originated in man's imperfect freedom.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.1110-1115
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• 2004

Water covers two-thirds of the earth and has a great influence on the future existence of all human being. Thailand has extensive coastline and near shore water that contain vast biological and mineralogical resources. The rivers and canals can be found around the country especially in the Bangkok, which once called the Venice of the East. Autonomous underwater robot (AUR) will be soon a tool to help us better understand water resources and other environmental issues. This paper presents the design and basic control of a six-degree of freedom AUR "Chalawan", which was constructed to be used as a testbed for shallow. It is a simple low cost open-frame design, which can be modified easily to supports various research areas in the underwater environment. It was tested with a conventional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller. After fine-tuning of the controller gains, the results showed the controller's good performances. In the future, the dynamic model of the robot will be analyzed and identified. The advanced control algorithm will be implemented based on the obtained model.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.123-129
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• 2021

This research examines the effect of positively skewed population distribution on the two sample t-test through simulation. For simulation work, two independent samples were selected from the same chi-square distributions with 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30 degrees of freedom and sample sizes 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, respectively. Chi-square distribution is largely skewed to the right at small degrees of freedom and getting symmetric as the degrees of freedom increase. Simulation results show that the sampled populations are distributed positively skewed like chi-square distribution with small degrees of freedom, the F-test for the equality of variances shows poor performances even at the relatively large degrees of freedom and sample sizes like 30 for both, and so it is recommended to avoid using F-test. When two population variances are equal, the skewness of population distribution does not affect on the t-test in terms of the confidence level. However even though for the highly positively skewed distribution and small sample sizes like three or five the t-test achieved the nominal confidence level, the error limits are very large at small sample size. Therefore, if the sampled population is expected to be highly skewed to the right, it will be recommended to use relatively large sample size, at least 20.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.151.2-151
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• 2001

In this paper, the design of a two-degree-of-freedom(TDF) controller is proposed to track the reference model, as well as to reject an influence of measurable disturbance for descrpitor system. The TDF controllers based on the Youla parametrization reveals that the design of the feedforward controller and the regulator can be done independently. First, to solve this problem, we will change descriptor system into regular state space system using a state feedback. And then, the feedforward controller is determined by solving a full information approach for augmented system with a nominal control constraint, and the regulator is designed by means of the loop-Shaping method.