• International Commerce and Information Review
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.115-141
• /
• 2016

The purpose of this study is to examine the status of FTA origin verification for exported goods in Korea and analyze the cases of major origin verification to seek origin management strategies that enables exporters to actively satisfy origin verification requirements. The case analysis demonstrates that it is important to meet not only the substantive, but also formal and procedural requirements of origin verification. We identified origin management strategies including: develop internal origin management experts and origin management system, utilize external expertise and related support institutions, strengthen networking with supplier companies, consider origin management at the contract stage and continue origin management after export.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.95-111
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study is to draw out the trade effect of the Korea ASEAN FTA by carrying out a panel analysis. For achieving such a purpose, Panel Unit Root, Panel Cointegration Test, Pooled OLS, Hausman Test, Fixed Effect, Random effect are performed. The last 15 years's data over the period of 1997 to 2011 concentrated on the ASEAN countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippine, Singapore, Thai, Vietnam is used in this study. Major implications are summarized as following. First, our government need to maximize the effect derived from conclusion of FTA(Free Trade Agreement) in order to enhance the competitive edge through obtaining a stable foreign market. Second, it necessary for our government to improve a national system by orienting a FTA conclusion complying with WTO's product and service-related regulation.

• Korea Trade Review
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.43-62
• /
• 2016

As global online business expands, direct overseas sales, where company directly sells products to foreign consumers, has become a new trend. The purpose of this study is to find out the characteristics of B2C Korean online exporters. This study analyzes export companies, 45,267 doing offline business and 205 online, and the two findings drawn from the study are as follows: First, B2C online exporters shipped 4-5 times more products to 10-13 times more countries than offline exporters. It also showed higher rate of export persistency. Second, from using gravity model analysis, it was found that export through online sales removes distance barrier by 60% more than offline. In addition, Free Trade Agreement appears to help boost online overseas sales. This study has significance in that it is the first analysis on B2C online export using actual proof, and it can be differentiated by other researches in terms of identifying the traits of Korean online export.

• Korea Trade Review
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.1-25
• /
• 2016

This study reviews international discussions about the trade-labor linkage and examines the labor chapters of FTAs enforced by the US and the EU from a comparative perspective. Since early 1990s, starting from the NAFTA, the US has included forceable labor provisions in its FTAs and this trend continues to the TPP which was concluded in October 2015. On the other hand, the EU's labor provisions in its FTAs have been composed of promotional elements on labor rights based on cooperations and dialogues. These different features of labor provisions in the US and European FTAs are mainly due to the motives of the FTAs of the US and the EU respectively as well as their domestic situations with regards to domestic law and institutional set-ups. The coordination of labor provisions involves a long-term institutional as well as regulatory convergence which triggers not only economic but also social changes, compared to a relatively short-term effect of tariff elimination. For Korea which has been a FTA partner country both with the US and the EU, it is significant to keep the different characteristics in the labor provisions in mind, particularly in the process of its implementation. Concerning the implementation of Korea-US FTA, it might be problematic if Korean law and its regulatory practice on labor-management relations do not comply with that of the US. The Korea-EU FTA case can also have an indirect impact on Korea's labor laws since it stipulates in its provisions that both parties should have discussions not only within each government but also with the civil communities including NGOs. Thus, Korea should pay more attention to the true meaning in labor provisions of both FTAs in order to promote its firms to be equipped with the right labor-management system in their operations abroad.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.141-165
• /
• 2007

This study aims to make a contribution to the promotion of trade and economic development of South Korea, and, at the same time, call attention to the increasing trend of investment agreements concluded within Free Trade Agreements (FTA) by examining theoretically FTAs and dispute resolution and investigating systematically the conclusion procedure of agreements, and the system, institutions, and jurisdiction of dispute resolution, and presenting these findings to the government and investors involved. The most problematic aspect in the legal process of arbitration involving disputes over investment is that of arguments concerning the right of jurisdiction. When a dispute arises, even though an investor files for arbitration at an ICSID institution, the parties become involved in another energy-consuming argument even before proceeding to the hearing and decision of the original plan in cases in which the respondent of the dispute files an objection to the decision rights of the arbitral tribunal. As the main basis for this type of plea, the point of non-existence of jurisdiction is first raised where the applicable dispute does not fall under the range of investments defined in individual investment contracts or investment agreements such as a Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT). To avoid an open-ended definition of investment for the range of investments, articles concerning investments in the FTA and NAFTA between Canada and the USA adopt the limited closed-list method. Article 96 of the FTA between Japan and Mexico applied the same abovementioned method of limited form of definition regarding range of investments and concluded BITs between member countries of APEC applied a similar method as well. Instead of employing the previously used inclusive definition, the BITs concluded between countries of Latin America and the USA are equipped with limited characteristics of an investment. Furthermore, to correspond with this necessary condition the three following requirements are needed : 1) fixed investment funding; 2) expected profits resulting from such investments; 3) and the existence of fixed risk bearing.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
• /
• v.66
• /
• pp.285-312
• /
• 2015

Export and import of food, agriculture, forestry, fishery products are suffering from low growth rate due to the European financial crisis, global recession, and Japan's 2012 export expansion following the aftermath of 2011 earthquake. Upon the signing and enactment of Free Trade Agreement with the U.S. and the EU, agriculture and fishery product have become the center of attention. Agriculture and fishery was reported to be 80million dollars, 1.46% of total national export, in 2012. Starting from2000, South Korea's government began its effort to expand agriculture and fishery export and as a result, export has steadily increased despite decreased consumption led by global recession. K-Sure has started an insurance program with the purpose of promoting SME business's export. It protects SME business against risk arising from credit, emergency, bad debt, and domestic price increase. This study aims to evaluate the service quality of K-Sure's insurance program via surveying SME businesses in the agriculture and fishery industry. Also this study will identify key service factors for SME businesses and explore ways to expand SME exports of agriculture and fishery by analyzing consumer satisfaction index. Results indicated service product quality factor, service communication quality factor, and social quality factor was key to improving consumer satisfaction for SME businesses in agriculture and fishery industry. Service product quality factor had a negative effect on consumer satisfaction in term of variety and results indicated that service communication quality factor's responsiveness element had minimal impact on consumer satisfaction. Conversely, all elements for social quality factor had positive effects on consumer satisfaction. Thus, leading to the conclusion that improvements in service product quality factor and service communication quality factor will indeed increase consumer satisfaction.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.42-58
• /
• 1999

Packaging materials and articles that are used in food contact applications can transfer constituents in the foodstuffs. This kind of risk of possible health hazards to consumers has been generally recognized for a long time with the consequence of establishing corresponding food regulations in most developed countries. However, the language of these laws, their interpretation, and their level of enforcement vary from country to country. Accordingly, the actual migrating levels from packaging materials can be varied depending on the migration testing methods as prescribed in the national legislation in each countries. Therefore, there are needs of elimination of non-tariff trade barriers raised by sanitary and phytosanitary or technical measures under the Final Act of the UR Agreement. In this connection, the EU and USA are currently in an ongoing process of legislation harmonization to overcome potential barriers to free trade. In general, regulations governing component transfer in the USA are more complicated and comprehensive than similar regulations in Europe. In future, standard migration testing procedures for microwave heat susceptor materials and for the use of fatty food simulant should be established and also harmonized among countries. The objective of this investigation is to compare the current regulations for migration testing for plastic containers and packaging materials in USA, EU and Korea or Japan. For those regulations, Korean standards are required to be kept up with the international standards. By doing this, the related Korean regulation could be amended along with the worldwide progress for harmonization.

• International Area Studies Review
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.495-516
• /
• 2008

This study looks into the change in business strategies of Korean firms under the inauguration of FTA between Korea and Chile. In conclusion, the business strategy changes of Korean enterprises followed by the proliferation of FTA between Korea and Chile are able to be summarized as followings: Firstly under the proliferation of FTA, Korean companies have strategically responded so as to achieve the positive results of their businesses after the inauguration of the FTA system since April 1, 2004. Secondly, Korean large corporations including multinational corporations dealt with this changes of business environments by comprehensively considering both the changes in the business environments(Industry Attractiveness) and their Businesses Strengths, while SMEs have positively responded to the changes of business environments on the basis of their Business Strengths rather than the changes in the market. Lastly, the business strategies of Korean multinational corporations did not change much even after the inauguration of the FTA system, due to the fact that they had already started a global business strategy before the spread of FTAs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.24 no.11
• /
• pp.1629-1636
• /
• 2011

Global pork markets are becoming more competitive, riding the wind of the bilateral free trade agreement. China is the world's largest pork producer with nearly 50% of the world's total production. China's fast growing economy has provided its people with higher purchasing power, resulting in a rapid expansion of the Chinese swine industry over the past decades. Worldwide, China consumes the greatest amount of pork and it is believed that this trend will continue. Japan is the world's largest pork importing country, even though it also produces a lot of pork. The Japanese swine industry encounters weighty obstacles in production costs and environmental limitations which result in reduced domestic supply and creates the situation in which Japan has to import a significant amount of pork for their consumption. South Korea is also a large buyer of pork, with a status greatly influenced by the struggle that the country has faced with Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) which occurred in 2000, 2002 and 2010. High production costs, low production efficiency, and forced culling following the FMD outbreak resulted in the loss of many hog farming households in the country, reducing supply of domestic pork in the face of continued demand. Overall, pork production in these economically important countries can greatly impact the industry globally. The goal of this review paper is to describe pork production in China, Japan, and South Korea and discuss these countries' role in global pork export markets.

• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.84-96
• /
• 2020

The Republic of Korea (Korea) and the Russian Federation (Russia) are actualizing the cooperation in the Arctic area. As a result, Korean companies have begun to enjoy real economic benefits. However, since there are some troublesome aspects associated with this cooperation, measures that can lead to sustainable development through the supplementation of relevant norms are critical. Russia is also aware of these problems in obtaining economic benefits in the future; cooperation between the two countries should be extended to sufficiently cover this point. The laws related to the region are vague and do not encompass every field. In addition, when it comes to national interests, many situations arise from areas where international and national laws are not clearly harmonized. Therefore, efforts should be made to reflect the interests of both sides and to maintain economic benefits, in case Korea participates in Russia's development of the area, as well as for the legal foundation to reduce negative issues. The Korea-Russia Free Trade Agreement (FTA) negotiation is on the track for the purpose. The two governments should consider various tasks, such as harmonizing with the former FTAs and dealing with the domestic law in accordance with the new FTA. The two countries also have to conduct researches on the efficient use of the FTA and for the 'Sustainable Arctic Development'.