• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1254-1262
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• 1998

This study has done to investigate the relationship between the icreased lipid oncentration caused by smoking and plama levels of vitamin A and vitamin E, antiodative enzyme activity, and lipid peroxidation , in 52 male smokers and 32 non-smokers, Dietary vitamin A and vitamin E intake was imilar in both smokers and non-smokers. Absolute plasma concentrations of vitamin A and vitamin E were not significantly different between two groups, whereas vitamin E/cholesterol ration in plasma was low or in smokers than in that of non-smokers(p<0.05). It was considered that this lowered effect was due to the elevated plasma lipid concentration rather than oxidant stress derived from smoking, in view of the fact that smokers had higher cholesterol (15.2%) adn LDL-C(26.6%) levels than non-smokers. In non-smokers, plasma thiobarbiturin acid reactive substances(TBARS) conrrelated positively with total cholesterol(r=0.63466, p<0.001), LDL-C level(r=0.57166, p<0.01) , and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio(r=0.45926, p<0.05) . Activities of glutathione perosidase(GSH-Px) , superoside dismutase(SOD), and catalse made no difference in both groups. However, it was observed in non-smokers that GSH-Px activity had negative correlations with total cholesterol(r=-0.67293, p<0.001), LDL-C level(r=-0.62878, p<0.001), and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio (r=-0.58824, p<0.01), indicating that there was a dependent relationship between lipid perosidation and plasma lipid level. The smokers also showed negative correlations for GSH-Px activity with total cholesterol (r=-0.29946, p<0.05) and LDL-c level (r=0.45914, p<0.001), and LDL-C/HDL-c ratio(r=-0.35438, p<0.05). It seemed that the lipid that the lipid level elevated by sustaines smoking resulted in reducing vitamin E/cholesterol ratio and proportion of antioxidant to oxidant load, and then GSH-Px activity, with insufficient removal of free radicals(TBARS 2.43$\pm$0.51 and 1.81$\pm$0.15nmol/ml in smokers and non-smokers, respectively). These findings suggest that higher plasma lipid levels may play a more important role in perturbing the antioxidant defense system including vitamin E status and GSH-Px activity, at least in circumstances that increase lipid concentration . In addition, in exposure to free radicals like those in cigarette smoke. In those cases the ratio of vitamin E/lipid in plasma can be a more indicator of vitamin E status than plasma levels of vitamin E alone.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.98-108
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• 1994

The etiology and pathophysiology of schizophrenia remain unknown. It has been postulated that infectious-autoimmune process may play a role in the pathogenesis of symptoms in some schizophrenic patients. Findings of altered interleukin(IL) regulation have been regarded as additional proof that schzophrenia has an infectious-autoimmune background. In the present study, we measured mitogen-stimulated production of and serum level of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-2, IL-6 using ELISA in 16 neuroleptic-free schizophrenic patients and in 16 age, sex matched healthy controls. The results were as follows : 1) There was a significant decrease of IL-2 production in schizophrenic patients than in normal controls(respectively $1.90{\pm}0.13ng/m{\ell}$, $2.79{\pm}0.14ng/m{\ell}$, p<0.001). But there was no significant difference of IL-$1{\beta}$ production and IL-6 production between schizophrenic patients and normal controls. 2) There was a significant increase of serum level of IL-2 in schizophrenic pateitns than in normal controls(respectively $184.8{\pm}12.8pg/m{\ell}$, $104.2{\pm}34.2pg/m{\ell}$, p<0.01). Serum level of IL-$1{\beta}$ was partially detected in both groups and serum level of IL-6 was not detected in both groups. 3) There was no significant differences of IL-$1{\beta}$, -2, -6 production & serum level of IL-2 according to male vs female, paranoid type vs undifferentiated type, drug-naive group vs drug-free group in schizophrenic patients. 4) There was significant correlation between IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 production(r=0.86, p<0.001). No correlation between IL-$1{\beta}$, -2, -6 production, serum level of IL-2 and age, duration of illness, and BPRS score was found. It has been suggested that the low lymphocyte production of IL-2 in the patients with autoimmune disease occurs because the T cells are activated and lymphocyte-derived IL-2 has been released into the serum. The authors suggest that decreased IL-2 production in our schizophrenic patients is due to increased IL-2 serum level in those patients. Thus our finding of low IL-2 production and high serum level of IL-2 in our schizophrenic patients is compatible with the possibility that our patients have an autoimmune process. Further study on relationship between IL alteration and other immunological abnormalities(the presence of serum autoantibody and of anti-brain antibody, $CD4^+$, $CD8^+$ cell index, etc) in schizophrenic patients will be warranted.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.389-396
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• 2002

In the present work, we examined the mechanism of vasorelaxant effect of scopoletin, an active constituent of Artemisia capillaris on rat thoracic descending aortic rings. Scopoletin induced a concentration-dependent relaxation in rat thoracic descending aortic rings pre-contracted with phenylephrine (EC/sub 50/ = 238.94±37.4 μM), while it was less effective in rat thoracic descending aortic rings precontracted with high potassium solution (KCI 30 mM). Vasorelaxation by scopoletin was significantly inhibited after endothelial removal, but recovered at high concentration. Pretreatment of rat thoracic descending aortic rings with N/sup G/-nitro-L-arginine (100 μM), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, and atropine (1 μM), a muscarinic receptor antagonist, significantly inhibited scopoletin-induced relaxation of rat thoracic descending aortic rings. Neither indomethacin (3 μM), an inhibitor of cydooxygenase, nor propranolol (1 μM), a β -adrenoceptor antagonist, modified the effect of scopoletin. The combination of N/sup G/ -nitro-L-arginine (100 μ M) and miconazole (10 μ M), an inhibitor of cytochrome P 450, did not modify the effect of scopoletin, when compared with pretreatment with N/sup G/-nitro-L-arginine(100 μM) alone. Vasorelaxant effect of scopoletin was inverted by pretreatment with diltiazem (10 μM), a Ca/sup 2+/-channel blocker, at low concentration, while restored at high concentration. Apamin (K/sub ca/-channel blocker, 1 μM), 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, K/sub v/-channel blocker, 1 mM), and tetrodotoxin (TTX, Na/sup +/-channel blocker 1 μM) potentiated the vasorelaxant effect of scopoledn, but glibendamide (K/sub ATP/-channel blocker, 10 μM), tetraetylammonium(TEA, non-selective K-channel blocker, 10 mM) did not affect the relaxation of scopoletin. Free radical scavengers (TEMPO, catalase, mannitol) did not modify vascular tone. These results suggest that nitric oxide, Ca/sup 2+/ -channels play a role in endothelium-dependent relaxations to scopoletin in rat aortas, that apamin, 4-AP, TTX but not glibenclamide, TEA potentiated relaxation to scopoletin mediated by these channels, and that free radicals do not concern to the vasorelaxant effect of scopoletin.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.1163-1169
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• 2007

Effects of Sotosaja hwan on Blood Glucose, Hyperlipidemia, Polyol Pathway and Antioxidative Mechanism in ob/ob Mouse Diabetes is a disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin. Etiological studies of diabetes and its complications showed that oxidative stress might play a major role. Therefore, many efforts have been tried to regulate free oxygen radicals for treating diabetes and its complications. Sotosaja-hwan has been known to be effective for the antiaging and composed of four crude herbs. In male ob/ob mouse in severe obesity, hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia, which are features of NIDDM, the hyperglycemic activites and mechanisms of Sotosaja-hwan were examined. Mice were grouped and treated for 5 weeks as follows. Both the lean (C57/BL6J black mice) and diabetic (ob/ob mice) control groups received standard chow. The experimental groups were fed with a diet of chow supplemented with 30 and 90 mg Sotosaja-hwan per 1 kg of body weight for 14 days. The effects of Sotosaja-hwan extract on the ob/ob mice were observed by measuring the serum levels of glucose, insulin, lipid components, and the kidney levels of superoxide anion radical $({\cdot}O_2)$, MDA+HAE, GSH/GSSG ratio, and also the enzyme activities involved in polyol pathway. Sotosaja-hwan lowered the levels of serum glucose and insulin in a dose dependent manner. Total cholesterol, triglyceride and free fatty acid levels were decreased, while the HDL-cholesterol level was increased, in Sotosaja-hwan treated groups. Renal aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities were increased in the ob/ob mice, whereas those were inhibited in the Sotosaja-hwan-administered groups. Sotosaja-hwan inhibited the generation of ${\cdot}O_2$ in the kidney. Finally, MDA+HAE levels was increased and GSH/GSSG ratio was decreased in the ob/ob mice, whereas those were improved in the Sotosaja-hwan-administered groups. Sotosaja-hwan showed the antidiabetic and anti hyperlipidemic activities by regulating the activities of polyol pathway enzymes, scavenging reactive oxygen species and reducing the MDA+HAE levels in the ob/ob mice.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.489-496
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 Streptozotocin-induced 당뇨가 혈청과 간장 및 신장조직의 IGF-I, IGFBPs 및 IGF-I carrier protein 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 혈액과 조직중의 IGF-I 농도는 방사면역측정법으로 측정하였고, IGFBPs 양상은 Western Ligand Blotting(WLB)으로 관찰하였으며, IGF-I carrier protein의 특성은 column chromatography로 측정하였다. 혈청과 IGF-I 농도는 당뇨군이 대조군에 비하여 유의하게 감소하였다 (p<0.01). 당뇨군은 대조군에 비하여 간장 IGF-I 농도는 유의하게 감소한 반면, 신장의 IGF-I 농도는 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.01). 당뇨군은 대조군에 비하여 혈청과 간장의 IGFBP-3는 감소한 반면, IGFBP-2는 증가하였고, IGFBP-4는 변화가 없었다. 또한 당뇨군은 대조군에 비하여 150kDa carrier protein은 감소하였으며, 50kDa carrier protein은 증가하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합해볼 때 Streptozotocin-induced 당뇨는 혈청 뿐만 아니라 조직의 IGF-I/IGFBP system 변동에 영향을 미침을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.226-234
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 현호색의 methanol추출물에 대하여 사염화탄소에 의한 간 손상 보호효과를 확인한 후 이를 hexane, chloroform, butanol 및 물로 계통분획하여 사염화탄소에 의한 간 손상 보호효과를 검색하였다. 이 결과 현호색 물분획물이 유의성 있는 간 보호효과를 보임으로써 간손상 보호효과를 확인하고 그 기전을 밝히고자 하였다. 그 결과 혈액중의 ALT활성 및 cholesterol함량은 사염화탄소 단독투여군에 비하여 감소하였으며 간조직의 TG와 지질과산화물 함량은 사염화탄소 단독투여군에 비하여 감소하여 사염화탄소에 의한 지방의 축적이나 세포막의 손상은 억제된 것으로 보인다. 기전연구를 위하여 측정한 CYP함량과 calcium함량은 사염화탄소 단독투여군에 비하여 감소하였으며 GST활성도는 사염화탄소 단독투여군에 비하여 증가하였다. 항산화 효소의 유도로 인하여 증가할 것으로 기대한 SOD, GPX, GST활성도는 모든 처치군에서 감소하는 경향을 보여 간손상 보호 효과는 free radical scavenging effect보다는 CYP함량의 감소와 CCB로서의 작용 및 GST활성도의 증가에 기인한 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.195-221
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• 2010

본 연구는 글로벌 물류환경의 변화에 따른 군산항만의 향후 대응방안을 제시하는데 있어 군산 항만의 항세와 시설의 현황 및 그 한계를 분석하고 향후 발전 전략을 모색하여 보았다. 연구결과 군산항의 물류인푸라 확충을 위해서는 배후지인 자유무역지대와 새만금군산자유구역 등의 장점을 최대한 활용하여 군산항을 수출입 거점 전략항으로 육성하여야 할 것이다. 특히 중국과의 지경학적 우위를 확보하고 환황해권역의 대중국 역내분업과 경쟁 가능한 업종을 배후지에 유치하여 지역경제의 획기적인 혁신을 꾀하는 것도 중요하다. 따라서 투자의 활성화와 배후 산업의 신기술 도입을 위해 외자유치가 선행되어야 할 것이다. 군산항의 경쟁력확보를 위해서는 물류비를 낮추는 즉, 규모의 경제를 실현 시키는 방안도 강구되어야만 한다. 본 연구에서 물류환경에 적극적으로 대응하기 위해서는 첫째, 기술, 마케팅, 무역정보 활용과 전문기술의 공유 등을 통한 항만간 협력체제 구축을 모색할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 토사로 인한 수심의 피해를 최소화하기 위한 방책을 강구하고, 셋째, 중국의 성장 에너지를 군산항으로 유인하기 위해서는 환황해권의 항만 간 대중국 물류네트워크를 구축하는 일이 시급하다. 넷째, 글로벌 물류기업의 고부가가치 화물유치를 위해 기반시설 확충과 공동물류센터 건립하는 방안도 강구해 보는 것도 바람직하다. 따라서 군산항이 동북아 물류허브항 으로서 역할을 다하려면 군산을 유비쿼터 시티와 첨단물류시스템이 결합된 유-물류 군산시티로 탈바꿈하는 것도 바람직하다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제5권5호
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• pp.396-403
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• 2011

Ceramides (Cer) comprise the major constituent of sphingolipids in the epidermis and are known to play diverse roles in the outermost layers of the skin including water retention and provision of a physical barrier. In addition, they can be hydrolyzed into free sphingoid bases such as $C_{18}$ sphingosine (SO) and $C_{18}$ sphinganine (SA) or can be further metabolized to $C_{18}$ So-1-phosphate (S1P) and $C_{18}$ Sa-1-phosphate (Sa1P) in keratinocytes. The significance of ceramide metabolites emerged from studies reporting altered levels of SO and SA in skin disorders and the role of S1P and Sa1P as signaling lipids. However, the overall metabolism of sphingoid bases and their phosphates during keratinocyte differentiation remains not fully understood. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed these Cer metabolites in the process of keratinocyte differentiation. Three distinct keratinocyte differentiation stages were prepared using 0.07 mM calcium (Ca$^{2+}$) (proliferation stage), 1.2 mM Ca$^{2+}$ (early differentiation stage) in serum-free medium, or serum-containing medium with vitamin C (50 ${\mu}L$/mL) (late differentiation stage). Serum-containing medium was also used to determine whether vitamin C increases the concentrations of sphingoid bases and their phosphates. The production of sphingoid bases and their phosphates after hydrolysis by alkaline phosphatase was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Compared to cells treated with 0.07 mM Ca$^{2+}$, levels of SO, SA, S1P, and SA1P were not altered after treatment with 1.2 mM Ca$^{2+}$. However, in keratinocytes cultured in serum-containing medium with vitamin C, levels of SO, SA, S1P, and SA1P were dramatically higher than those in 0.07- and l.2-mM Ca$^{2+}$-treated cells; however, compared to serum-containing medium alone, vitamin C did not significantly enhance their production. Taken together, we demonstrate that late differentiation induced by vitamin C and serum was accompanied by dramatic increases in the concentration of sphingoid bases and their phosphates, although vitamin C alone had no effect on their production.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.280-289
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• 1998

Voltage-sensitive ion channels contribute to establishment of the cell excitablity and the generation of the cellular function. At hamster oocytes in the primitive stage during developing process, an inward current elicited by voltage pulses was found to be carried mainly by $Ca^{2+}$. Even at present, $Ca^{2+}$ channels serve as the most probable route to pass this inward current but there is no evidence of the presence of this channels in eggs. To date, both the characteristic properties and the physiological role in the early stage of development remain unclear. Here we examined the characteristic properties of the inward current and changes in this currents at unfertilized oocytes, fertilized zygotes and two-cell embryos using whole-cell voltage clamp technique. The inward current carried reportedly by $Ca^{2+}$ was remained following removing external $Ca^{2+}$ but completely abolished by further replacement of impermeants such as tetramethylammonium ion ($TMA^+$) or $choline^+$ instead of $[Na^+]_0$. Tetrodotoxin did not affect on this inward current remained at $[Ca^{2+}]_0$-free condition. Removal of $Na^+$ ion out of the experimental solution clearly decreased the current. After adding 2mM $Ca^{2+}$ to the $Na^+$-free media, the inward current was restored. Interestingly, this current carried by either $Ca^{2+}$ or $Na^+$ was decreased by the reduction of intracellular $Cl^-$ concentration, or by $Cl^-$ channel blockers such as niflumic acid, DIDS and SITS. When $Cl^-$ concentration was lowered without changes in other ionic components, this inward current was reduced. At fertilized oocytes and two-cell embryos, the inward current carried by $Ca^{2+}$ and $Na^+$ was severely reduced. Also $Cl^-$ component could not be observed. From these results, the inward current is composed of $Ca^{2+}$, $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ component, suggesting that the channel carrying this inward current is not selective specifically to $Ca^{2+}$. During early stage of development, the voltage-sensitive ion current seems not to contribute essentially to the cell cleavage and differentiation. The loss of $Cl^-$ component after fertilization suggests that $Cl^-$ may play a role in maintaining the viability of unfertilized ova.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제12권12호
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• pp.581-588
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• 2014

본 연구는 장시간 운동 시 과라나 섭취를 통하여 혈중 에너지 기질이 운동 보조수단의 한 방법으로 운동보조제(ergogenic aids)의 역할을 할 수 있는지에 대한 활용가능성을 검토하는데 목적이 있다. 본 연구를 위한 연구 대상자는 H대학교 재학 중인 중 장거리 육상 전공 남자 대학생으로 하였으며, 피험자들은 최대 심박수 기준 각 개인의 HRmax 70%의 운동 강도로 Polar(Finland)를 이용하여 60분간 트레드밀 운동을 실시하였다. 과라나 및 수분 섭취 시점은 운동 30분전, 운동시작, 20분, 40분, 운동 직후 60분으로 1회 투여량은 $200m{\ell}$씩 총 5회 섭취하도록 하였으며, 채혈은 운동 30분전, 운동 직후 60분, 회복기 30분에 걸쳐 총 3회 채혈을 하였다. 자료처리는 과라나섭취, 수분섭취와 처치시기(운동전 운동 중 휴식 시)간에 따른 반복측정에 의한 이원변량분산분석(two-way repeated ANOVA)를 실시하였다. 연구결과는 글루코스, 유리지방산, 젖산에서 수분섭취보다 과라나 섭취에서 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인하였다. 따라서 과라나가 운동보조제(ergogenic aids)로서의 기능을 가지고 있으며 과라나 섭취를 통해서 에너지 저장량을 증가시켜 운동수행능력을 향상시킬 것으로 사료된다.