• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.68-75
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• 2016

Background: The study of phenolic compounds profiles and antioxidative activity in ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots with respect to cultivation years, and has been little reported to date. Hence, this study examined the phenolic compounds profiles and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free-radical-scavenging activities in the fruit, leaves, and roots of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) as a function of cultivation year. Methods: Profiling of 23 phenolic compounds in ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots was investigated using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with the external calibration method. Antioxidative activity of ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots were evaluated using the method of DPPH free-radical-scavenging activity. Results: The total phenol content in ginseng fruit and leaves was higher than in ginseng roots (p < 0.05), and the phenol content in the ginseng samples was significantly correlated to the DPPH free-radical-scavenging activity ($r=0.928^{****}$). In particular, p-coumaric acid ($r=0.847^{****}$) and ferulic acid ($r=0.742^{****}$) greatly affected the DPPH activity. Among the 23 phenolic compounds studied, phenolic acids were more abundant in ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots than the flavonoids and other compounds (p < 0.05). In particular, chlorogenic acid, gentisic acid, p- and m-coumaric acid, and rutin were the major phenolic compounds in 3e6-yr-old ginseng fruit, leaves, and roots. Conclusion: This study provides basic information about the antioxidative activity and phenolic compounds profiles in fruit, leaves, and roots of Korean ginseng with cultivation years. This information is potentially useful to ginseng growers and industries involved in the production of high-quality and nutritional ginseng products.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.331-336
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• 2000

식용유지에 대한 고구마 추출물의 항산화능을 검토하기 위하여 linoleic acid와 돈지에 70% methanol 고구마 추출물을 가하여 $60^{\circ}C$에서 저장하면서 POV를 측정하여 항산화능을 비교하였으며, 고구마 항산화 성분을 추출하여 HPLC를 이용하여 정성, 정량하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 70% methanol 고구마 추출물의 항산화능은 목포18이 율미보다, 껍질부위가 속부위보다 강한 항산화활성을 나타내었다. 고구마 페놀화합물 3개 분획 중 가장 강한 항산화능을 보인 것은 free phenolic acids(fraction-I)층 분획이었다. 껍질부위의 free phenolic acids 항산화능은 속부위보다 강하였고 율미가 목포18보다 항산화능이 높았다. 고구마 항산화 성분인 페놀화합물을 HPLC로 분석한 결과 caffeic acid와 chlorogenic acid이었고, 함량은 caffeic acid는 율미껍질에 68.4mg%, 율미속에 2.8mg%, 목포18껍질에 47.2mg%, 목포18속에 4.6mg% 함유되어 있었으며, chlorogenic acid는 각각 67.4mg%, 1mg%, 92.6mg%, 1.2mg% 이었다. Linoleic acid-emulsion에 대한 항산화능은 caffeic acid가 chlorogenic acid보다 높게 나타났다.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2002

Glycosides of herbal medicines, such as glycyrrhizin, ginsenosides, kalopanaxsaponins, rutin and ponicirin, were studied regarding their metabolic fates and pharmacological actions in relation to intestinal bacteria using germ-free, gnotobiotic and conventional animals. When glycyrrhizin (GL) was orally administered, $18{\beta}-glycyrrhetinic\;acid\;(GA)$, not GL, was detected in plasma and intestinal contents of gnotobiotic and conventional rats. However, GA could not be detected in germ-free rats. When GL was incubated with human intestinal bacteria, it was directly metabolized to GA (>95%) or via $18{\beta}-glycyrrhetinic\;acid-3-{\beta}-D-glucuronide$(>5%). Orally administered GL was effective in gnotobiotic and conventional rats for liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride, but was not effective in germ-free rats. When ginseng saponins were orally administered to human beings, compound K in the plasma was detected, but the other protopanxadiol saponins were not detected. The compound K was active for tumor metastasis and allergy. When kalopanaxsaponins were incubated with human intestinal microflora, they were metabolized to kalopanaxsaponin A, kalopanaxsaponin I and hederagenin. These metabolites were active for rheumatoid arthritis and diabetic mellitus while the other kalopanxsaponins were not. When flavonoid glycosides were orally administered to animals, aglycones and/or phenolic acids were detected in the urine. The metabolic pathways proceeded by intestinal bacteria rather than by liver or blood enzymes. These metabolites, aglycones and phenolic acids, showed antitumor, antiinflammatory and antiplatelet aggregation activities. These findings suggest that glycosides of herbal medicines are prodrugs.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.351-356
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• 2006

In this study, we investigated the effect of adding a 1, 3, or 5% solution of germinated brown rice concentrate (GBRC) to fermented kimchi. During fermentation, the concentration of free amino acids and essential amino acids increased with increasing concentrations of GBRC. In particular, higher levels of free amino acids were associated with a sweet taste compared with controls. The ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content of kimchi containing the 5% GBRC solution was 3 times higher than that of controls. The total phenolic compound content (130 mg%) did not change significantly in the control group, but increased in 10 mg% increments as the GBRC concentration rose from 1 to 3 to 5%. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and superoxide radical scavenging activity also increased with the GBRC concentration, with maximum activity during the ripe stage with GBRC measured at 79 to 82% compared with controls (30 to 71 %). The nitrite scavenging activity was 10% higher with GBRC compared with controls and was highest when the pH was 1.2. These results showed that the addition of GBRC is effective in improving the function of kimchi.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2020년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.184-184
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• 2020

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.496-501
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• 1999

Albinism is a phenomenon that color of the body surface is changed to white orfaint brown from the specific color to the species by difficiency of pigments due to mutation or disease. This study was undertaken to investigate the experimental basis on the appearance of albinism in cultured flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. The skin and muscle from the normal and albinic flounder were used by measuring contents of amino acid free amino acid. The results were summarized as follows: Contents of amino acid in theskin and muscle are different from normal and albinic flounder. Phenolic and sulfuric amino acids in the skin of normal flounder were 2 times those of albinic ones. Especially tyrosine contents of the skin in normal flounder were 24 times higher than those. Methionine was 26 times higher than those Phenylalanine was 1.6 times higher. In free amino aicd phosphoserine and phosphoethanolamine were a little higher than that ones. The melanin formation of the skin in flounder was affected by substrates such as phenolic amino acid and cofactor such as sulfuric amino acid.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.144-155
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• 1987

여뀌 및 마디풀로부터 얻어진 수용(水溶) 및 알코올 추출액(抽出液)으로 종자(種子)의 생리활성검정(生理活性檢定)과 페놀물질(物質)의 분리(分離) 동정(同定) 및 생리활성검정(生理活性檢定), 지방산(脂肪酸) 및 유기산(有機酸), 총(總) alkaloid, Pet. ether 추출물(抽出物) 검정(檢定), 그리고 표준(標準)페놀 물질(物質)이 상치 종자(種子)의 발아(發芽) 및 생장(生長)에 마치는 영향(影響) 조사(調査)하여 얻어진 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. 1. 여뀌 및 마디풀의 수용(水溶) 및 알코올 추출액(抽出液)은 상치외(外) 5종(種)의 식물종자발아(植物種子發芽)를 억제(抑制)시켜 생리활성(生理活性)이 인정(認定)되었다. 2. 페놀물질(物質)을 fraction 별(別)로 동정(同定)했을때 여뀌의 free fraction에서 10종(種)이 동정(同定)되었고, tannic + gallic이 21.5%. sinapic 산(酸)이 20.9%로 가장 많았으며, soluble fraction에서는 9종(種)이 동정(同定)되었고, tannic + gallic 산(酸)이 45.5%로 높았고, insoluble-bound fraction에서는 9종(種)이 동정(同定)되었고, p-coumaric 산(酸)이 가장 많이 함유(含有)되어 있었다. 마디풀의 free fraction에서 16종(種)이 동정(同定)되었고, salicylic + vanillic이 14.6%. tannic + gallic이 14.6%, sinapic 산(酸)이 12.4%로 많았으며, soluble fraction에서 7종(種)이 동정(同定)되었고, 그 중(中) salicylic + vanillic 산(酸)이 45.8%로 가장 많았으며, insoluble-bound fraction에서는 15종(種)이 동정(同定)되었고, p-coumaric산(酸)이 41.1%로써 가장 많이 함유(含有)되어 있었다. Non-fraction에서는 여뀌에서 12종(種)이 동정(同定)되었고, sinapic 산(酸)이 18.4%로 가장 많았고, 마디풀에서는 9종(種)이 동정(同定)되었고, ferulic산(酸)이 47.9%로 가장 많았다. Fraction 별(別) 페놀물질(物質)의 농도(濃度)가 100에서 1.000 ppm으로 증가(增加)할수록 상치의 발아(發芽)가 크게 억제(抑制)되었고 두 식물(植物) 공(共)히 insoluble-bound fraction에서 억제율(抑制率)이 높았다. 3. 여뀌의 추출물(抽出物)에서는 지방산(脂肪酸)이 5종(種), 유기산(有機酸) 3종(種)이 동정(同定)되었는데, 지방산(脂肪酸) 가운데는 linolenic 산(酸)이 2.38mg/g으로 가장 많고, 유기산(有機酸)은 oxalic 산(酸)이 20.588mg/g으로 가장 많았다. 마디풀의 추출물(抽出物)에는 지방산(脂肪酸)이 6종(種), 유기산(有機酸)이 3종(種)이 동정(同定)되었고, 지방산(脂肪酸)은 linolenic 산(酸)이 3.70mg/g과 유기산(有機酸)은 oxalic 산(酸)이 14.288mg/g으로 많아서 두 식물종간함량(植物種間含量)에는 다소(多小) 차이(差異)가 있었다. 총(總) alkaloid 함량(含量)은 여뀌에서 0.20%, 마디풀에서 0.22%로 유사(類似)하였다. Pet. ether 추출물(抽出物)은 여뀌에서 2.42%. 마디풀에서 1.65%로 차이(差異)가 있었다. 4. 표준(標準) 페놀물질(物質)인 ferulic, protocatechuic 산(酸) $10^{-3}$ M에서 상치의 발아(發芽)가 전혀 되지 않았고, salicylic과 gallic 산(酸)은 전농도(全濃度)($10^{-6}{\sim}10^{-3}M$)에서 상치종자(種子)의 발아(發芽) 및 생장(生長)을 억제(抑制)시켰고, 이들 물질(物質)은 마디풀과 여뀌내(內)에 많이 함유(含有)되어 있는 물질(物質)이었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.137-142
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• 2007

전통 콩발효식품인 수시장의 제조방법을 재현하고 이의 항산화활성 및 angiotensin-converting enzyme(ACE)에 대한 저해활성을 측정하였다. TEAC법으로 총항산화능을 측정한 결과 원료콩에 비해 수시장에서 유의적으로 높았고, 청국장과 유사한 항산화능을 나타내었다. 수시장 중의 이소플라본(diazein, genistein) 함량은 청국장보다는 적게 함유되어 있었으나 원료콩에 비해서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. Phenolic acids의 함량은 수시장 형태로 제조했을 때 가장 높았으며 특히, $\rho-coumaric$ acid와 salicylic acid가 많이 함유되어 있었다. 유리아미노산의 함량은 원료콩과 비교하여 수시장에서 가장 높았고, 청국장이 다음으로높게 나타났다. 고혈압 효과를 측정한 결과 청국장보다 수시장에서 저해활성이 높았으며, 70% 에탄올로 추출한 경우 저해활성이 더 큰 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.325-331
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• 2008

The propose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of 80% ethanol extracts and various solvent fractions of dandelion (Taraxacmn officinale) leaves and roots, Total phenolics and phenolic acid contents were also examined. The total phenol content of leaves and roots were $7.9{\pm}0.4%$ and $9.4{\pm}0.3%$ respectively. Eight phenolic acids were separated by GC, among which caffeic acid (113.7 mg%)and m-coumaric acid (152.6 mg) were the dominant phenolic acids in leaves and roots, respectively. Amongst solvent functions of leaves and roots, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the strongest radical scavenging activity. A strong correlation was found between total phenol content and electron-donating ability, and ABTS radical scavenging activity showed a similar trend as electron-donating ability. Hydroxyl-radical-scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation were significantly higher in the ethyl acetate fraction than other factions. In particular, the SOD-like activity was highest (43.6%) in the ethyl acetate fraction of dandelion leaves, and was higher than that of trolox. Thus, the ethyl acetate fraction of dandelion leaves exhibited significant phenol content, antioxidant activity, and free-radical-scavenging effects.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.89-93
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• 2001

This study was carried out to investigate a point of difference in chemical characteristics between normal and inferior Korean red ginseng (Naeback red ginseng=red ginseng with white part of clear boundary in phloem and/or xylem of ginseng body, saengnaeback red ginseng=red ginseng with white part of indistinct boundary). content of total sugar as chemical components of naeback and saengnaeback part from Korean red ginseng were less than that of normal part, and content of reducing sugar in normal and saengnaebakc part showed higher than that of naeback part. But differences in content of total phenolic compounds was not found. The content of crude saponin in normal part was highest, amounts of ginsneoside were about same. The content of constituent amino acid in normal part was about 2 times as compared with those in naeback and saengnaeback part in red ginseng. Among the various amino acids, the contents of arginine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, leucine and alanine of normal and naeback part were higher than others, but in saengnaeback proline, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, threonin and glycine etc. were higher. In the total amount of free amino acids, those in normal, naeback and saengnaeback part were about the same one another, and arginine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid were major free amino acids.