• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.39-50
• /
• 2018

This study investigates the types and spread of framed structures of gable roofs meeting at right angle showed in old architecture and documentary paintings of houses, which were well liked in the early Joseon Dynasty. The conclusions of this study were as follows. First, the framed structure of gable roof meeting at right angle can be divided or recognized in 4 types according to their structure's size and purlin's position. Three of those types were noted to be in Seoul. Second, the framed structure of gable roofs meeting at right angle begun from the awareness of their independence from one another. Each space was divided based on their functions. Therefore, it could be extended in various forms, not only in the square plan physique but also in many different forms. And allowed free plan configuration regardless of column layouts or size of structure. Third, 5 purlins and 3 purlins crossing structure were preferred in Han-yang, the early Joseon Dynasty. It is related to the specific construction conditions of urban houses, such as the slope of land, limited land area, and economic power. Fourth, urban housing techniques were diffused throughout the country by officials who lived in Kae-gyeong and Han-yang at the end of Goryeo and early Joseon Dynasty. In other regions, framed structure of gable roof meeting at right angle households decreased, but in some regions of Gyeongsang-province, framed structure of gable roof meeting at right angle has maintained with Staggered purlin.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
• /
• v.17 no.4
• /
• pp.635-645
• /
• 2002

Two examples of $\varepsilon$-famed manifolds are constructed. It is proved that an $\varepsilon$-framed structure on a manifold is not unique. Automorphism groups of r-framed manifolds are studied. Lastly we prove that a connected Lie group G admits a left invariant normal $\varepsilon$-framed structure if and only if the Lie algebra of all left invariant vector fields on G is an $\varepsilon$-framed Lie algebra.

• Journal of architectural history
• /
• v.17 no.3
• /
• pp.61-80
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this study is to discover the characteristics and the change of the framed structure with triple beam. 61 existing buildings with the triple beam structure were selected and analyzed extensively. The result of this study could be described in detail like below. The triple beam structure is used in the highly graded and symbolized building like the Buddhist sanctum and the Confucian sanctum. And the triple beam structure was chiefly used in $1600{\sim}1800's$. Generally, 1 Koju-type with Toikan(退間) is applied to the triple beam structure. Despite of the sameness of framed structure, there is a tendency that the rear Toikan(後退間) is used in the Buddhist sanctum and the front Toikan(前退間) is used in the Confucian sanctum. This different application of the Toikan(退間) resulted from the different spatial characteristics which reflect function and grade of the building. The application of Sangjungdori(上中道里, upper purlin) and two Danyeon(短椽, short rafter) is a necessary consequence, because Jungbo(중보, middle beam) is located between Daebo(대보, beam) and Jongbo(종보, small and high located beam) as an additional member of frame. And these are essential characteristics of the framed structure with triple beam. The triple beam structure is formed in a transitional period, as the result from eliminating the inner high-column from the 2 Koju and double beam structure. Though the Daebo is longer, the structure is more stable. But the rate of application of the triple beam structure is low, because it does not exceed the double beam structure in merits. Some of buildings with the triple beam structure has the asymmetrical characteristic in design, which is appeared in the latter period of Joseon Dynasty.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
• /
• 2002.11a
• /
• pp.125-129
• /
• 2002

Judging from recent aspects of lift, Housing of diverse types are emerzing as the interest of housing quality takes a growing with advanced life-cycle, varity of dweller needs and high-grade consuming patterns. This study is to explore more positive design method of steel-framed house through analysis about the decorative properties, choosing steel-framed house designed by domestic architects after 1990. In conclusion, as actively making use of merits of steel-framed house and making up its faults, it is suggested as a possibility of modern future-types housing

• Advances in Computational Design
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.1-13
• /
• 2021

Failure of a Multi-storeyed reinforced concrete framed structure occurs when a primary vertical structural component is isolated or made fragile, due to artificial or natural hazards. Load carried by vertical component (column) is transferred to neighbouring columns in the structure, if the neighbouring column is incompetent of holding the extra load, this leads to the progressive failure of neighbouring members and finally to the failure of partial or whole structure. The collapsing system frequently seeks alternative load path in order to stay alive. One of the imperative features of collapse is that the final damage is not relative to the initial damage. In this paper, the effect on the column and beam adjacent to statically removed vertical element in terms of axial force, shear force and bending moment is investigated. Using Alternate load path method, numerical modelling of two dimensional one bay, two bay with variation in storey heights are analysed with FE model in order to obtain better understanding of failure mechanism of multi-storeyed reinforced concrete framed structure. The results indicate that the corner column is more susceptible to progressive collapse when compared to middle column, using this simplified methodology one can easily predict how the structure can be made to stay alive in case of sudden failure of any horizontal or vertical structural element before designing.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.289-303
• /
• 2014

In recent, development of construction and design technology gives taller, larger and heavier steel framed structures. With the tendency of increasing high-rise building, this study is strongly related to structural system, one of significant components in structural design. This study presents an innovative structural system, with high performance steel material, diagrid. Its detail, structural analysis, and structural experiments are all included for the development of new structures.

• Land and Housing Review
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.181-187
• /
• 2017

To proactively respond to internal and external changes such as the recent demographic change and rising demand for diversified housing types, this study investigated the framed-structure free plan public house model proposed by the LH to look at the seismic performance of framed-structure apartment according to damper system use through non-linear analysis. The effectiveness thereof was also examined in terms of performance and economy. As a result, the proposed damper system application method to framed-structure free plan public house model was found to meet the performance requirements of the present earthquake-resistant design (KBC2016) and effective to apply to designs. The max response displacement and max response acceleration were compared based on the nonlinear analysis. As a result, the building with damper system showed better earthquake resistance performance than earthquake-resistant structure thanks to the damper system, although the base shear of earthquake-resistant system was reduced by 20% in design. The damper system is expected to help reduce building damage while ensuring excellent earthquake resistance performance. In addition, the framework quantities of earthquake-resistant structure and structure with damping system were compared. As a result, columns were found to reduce concrete amount by about 3.9% and rebar, by about 7.3%. Walls showed about 12.6% reduction in concrete and about 10.7% in rebar. In terms of cost, framework construction cost including formwork and foundation expenses was expected to drop by about 5~6%.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.29-48
• /
• 2015

The main purpose of this work is to compare different criteria for the seismic strengthening of RC framed buildings in order to find the optimal combinations of these retrofitting techniques. To this end, a numerical investigation is carried out with reference to the town hall of Spilinga (Italy), an RC framed structure with an L-shaped plan built at the beginning of the 1960s. Five structures are considered, derived from the first by incorporating: carbon fibre reinforced polymer (FRP)-wrapping of all columns; base-isolation, with high-damping-laminated-rubber bearings (HDLRBs); added damping, with hysteretic damped braces (HYDBs); FRP-wrapping of the first storey columns combined with base-isolation or added damping. A three-dimensional fibre model of the primary and retrofitted structures is considered; bilinear and trilinear laws idealize, respectively, the behaviour of the HYDB, providing that the buckling be prevented, and the FRP-wrapping, without resistance in compression, while the response of the HDLRB is simulated by using a viscoelastic linear model. The effectiveness of the retrofitting solutions is tested with nonlinear dynamic analyses based on biaxial accelerograms, whose response spectra match those in the Italian seismic code.

• Advances in Computational Design
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.19-35
• /
• 2022

In this paper, the optimum location of the belt truss-outrigger for a combined system of framed tube, shear core and outrigger-belt truss is calculated. The optimum location is determined by maximization of the first natural frequency. The framed tube is modeled using a non-prismatic cantilever beam with hollow box cross section. The governing differential equation is solved using the weak form integral equations and the natural frequencies of the structure are calculated. The graphs are introduced for quick calculation of the first natural frequency. The location of the belt truss-outrigger that maximizes the first natural frequency of the structure is introduced as an optimum location. The structure is modeled using SAP-2000 finite elements software. In the modelling, the location of the belt truss-outrigger is changed along the height of the structure. With various locations of the outrigger, the lateral deflection of the all stories and axial force in the columns of the outer tube are calculated. The analysis is repeated by locating the outrigger-belt truss at the optimum location. The analysis results are compared and effect of the optimum location on the lateral deflection and the shear lag phenomena are investigated.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.851-873
• /
• 2015

A methodology for estimation of statistical properties (viz. mean and standard deviation) of the expected seismic damage to reinforced concrete framed structures subject to corrosion of reinforcement, over a specified reference time (typically the service life of the structure) is proposed in this paper. The damage to the structure under the earthquake loading is characterised by the damage index, determined using the modified Park and Ang damage model. The reduction in area, yield strength and strain at ultimate of steel reinforcement, and the reduction in compressive strength of cover concrete due to corrosion are taken into account in the estimation of damage. The proposed methodology is illustrated through an example problem. From the results obtained, it is noted that there is an increase of about 70% in the mean value of expected seismic damage to the reinforced concrete frame considered over a reference time of 30 years when effect of corrosion is taken into consideration. This indicates that there is a need to consider the effect of corrosion of reinforcement on the estimation of expected seismic damage.