• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.123-128
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• 2006

Purpose: Surgical reconstruction is usually indicated for type II distal clavicle fracture due to high rate of nonunion and delayed union. We report the clinical outcome of a surgical technique for type II distal clavicle fracture using Mersilen tape and K-wire. Materials and Methods: From 1999 through 2003, this technique has been used on 11 patients with type II distal clavicle fracture. The procedure consist of fracture reduction with a Mersilene tape, repair of torn coracoclavicular ligament, and K-wire fixation of the fracture fragment. All patients with at least 12 months of complete postoperative follow-up were included for functional and radiographic evaluation. We used simple X-ray and UCLA scoring system and constant scoring system for evaluation at last follow up in OPD. Results: Solid union of the fracture could be achieved at 11 weeks after operation in all patients. All patients could return to the same level of preinjury activity. Good and excellent results were obtained in all patients according to UCLA system. Conclusion: This technique was simple procedure and allowed for stable fixation with early mobilization and early return to work and sports.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.201-207
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• 2013

This research was performed to establish basic technology for Chinese cabbage clubroot chemical control by investigating the soil contamination of Plasmodiophora brassicae in major producing regions of fall Chinese cabbage. PCR primers were developed to detect P. brassicae, a causal agent of Chinese cabbage club-root that generally occurs in Cruciferae family. A primer set, PbbtgF761 and PbbtgR961, specifically amplified a 245 bp fragment from P. brassicae only. At places well known for fall Chinese cabbage, 10 out of 33 in Haenam-gun, 5 out of 13 in Yeongam-gun and Yeonggwang-gun, 1 out of 6 in Gochang-gun, 2 out of 12 in Hongseong-gun, and 5 out of 17 in Dangjin-si resulted positive for P. brassicae contamination. The results show that the soil contamination rate of P. brassicae was 30.3% in Haenam-gun, 38.5% in Yeongam-gun and Yeonggwang-gun, 16.7% in Gochang-gun, 16.7% in Hongseong-gun, and 29.4% in Dangjin-si. The six places where Chinese cabbage clubroot was visible by naked eye were 100% confirmed by the PCR test of the P. brassicae contaminated soil. Thus, simple PCR test may be utilized as an index to decide on chemical control of P. brassicae.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.99-103
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• 2010

Purpose: Blow-out fractures are reduced through transcutaneous or transconjunctival incisions. But the field of orbital surgery is difficult due to lack of visualization of fracture site, blind dissection of orbital floor, susceptibility of injury of orbital structures. In these situations, the former technique of using an antral balloon catheter has advantages over other methods for reconstruction because of its rapidity, simplicity, and inexpensiveness. Furthermore, the antral balloon catheter allows not only elevation of the orbital bone fragment but also expansion of the maxillary sinus in cases where there is a fracture of its walls. But postoperative follow-up method using computed tomography is expensive. Hence, we report a simple and inexpensive follow-up method using radiopaque dye inflation. Methods: We performed endoscopic transantral approach in 5 cases of blow-out fracture under general anesthesia. To accomplish this technique, a rigid 4 mm, 0 or 30 degree angled endoscopy was inserted into the maxillary sinus. Inflation of the catheter started gradually, with 10 to 15 mL of saline mixed radiopaque dye (saline: dye, 5 : 1) by syringe and while observing the elevation of the fracture site with endoscope until a proper contour was reached. For the maintain of the position of fractured site, 12 French urinary balloon foley catheter were used in fracture site for 7 - 10 days. Results: Postoperative assessment was performed by means of clinical and simple radiographic examination to secure the catheter under the inferior orbital wall and in the maxillary sinus. No specific complications occurred related to this procedure. Results of the surgery and follow-up in all cases were satisfactory. Conclusion: It may be a better alternative to the conventional follow-up method, with less cost and effectiveness of the catheter patency. The advantages of using the urinary balloon foley catheter with the radiopaque dye include the following : it is safe, efficacy, simple, and especially low cost. On drawback of this method is the discomfort to the patient caused by the catheter during the treatment.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.59-78
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• 2003

This research was conducted to determine the effects of chitosanoligosaccharide on liver poisoning induced by cadmium (Cd). Three groups of mice were used in this research. The first group was only injected with cadmium (5.0 mg/kg; i.p.) (group Cd) and the second one with cadmium and chitosanoligosaccharide (0.5% solution) at the same time (group Cd+Chi). The third one which had already been injeted with chitosanoligosaccharide (0.5% Solution) aweek before (group Ch7+Cd) was used. In order to investigate the inhibitory action of chitosanoligosaccharide on liver damage, enzyme activity in serum, glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activity and glutathione reductase (GR) activity were relatively measured. In addition, histological observations were made to determine the morphologic injury of liver tissues. As the result of enzyme activity in serum, the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in chitosanoligosaccharide-injected groups Cd+Chi and Chi7+Cd was lower than in group Cd. GSH-Px activity was sharply increased in groups Cd+Chi and Chi7+Cd compared to group Cd. GR activity was conspicuously decreased in groups Cd+Chi and Chi7+Cd compared to group Cd. As the result of light microscopic observation, liver cell necrosis caused by cadmium poisoning was obseved in liver cells. The finding of group Cd+Chi and Chi7+Cd was similar total on of normal groups. As the result of electron microscopic observation, mitochondria in group Cd showed a severe swelling phenomenon, RER fragment and ribosome dropout. However, in groups Cd+Chi and Chi7+Cd, mitochondria wiht high electron density were distributed and RER forming a typical lamellae with ribosome was observed. From these results, cadmium toxicity on rat liver tissues could be lessened by chitosanoligosaccharide.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.117-124
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• 2011

Purpose: We reviewed arthroscopic reconstruction among the several treatment options for anterior shoulder instability with a bony Bankart lesion. Materials and Methods: Although open Bankart repair has long been considered the optimal surgical management of anterior shoulder instability, advancements in arthroscopic techniques have led to a recent shift to arthroscopic Bankart repair. However, for cases of a glenoid bony defect, several authors have reported various methods to accurately measure the amount of bony defect. Results: The arthroscopic technique of bony Bankart reconstruction continues to evolve and various methods have followed. To overcome the limitations of single fixation of a Bankart lesion, arthroscopic dual fixation (2 point fixation) has recently been tried to anatomically repair and restore the rigid fixation of a bony fragment. The concept of performing the Bristow-Latarjet transfer procedure under arthroscopy has also recently emerged. However, a large series of cases and long term follow up are required to prove the better results. Conclusion: To obtain a successful outcome for patients with anterior instability with a glenoid bony defect, it is imperative that the surgeon be aware of the accurate status of the bony defect and the intraoperative, postoperative factors associated with the proper treatment of this unstable pathology.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.94-98
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• 2011

Purpose: We present a case of anterior glenoid rim comminuted fracture that was treated with arthroscopic reduction and an AO headless compression screw (HCS) fixation. Materials and Methods: A 31-year old man complained of left shoulder pain after falling down on stairs. The anterior glenoid comminuted fragments were arthroscopically reduced. Fixation with an AO HCS was done after placement of 1.1 mm Kirschner wire as a guide pin through a standard cannulated anterosuperior portal. Results: Twelve months after the operation, union of the fracture was achieved and the range of motion was fully recovered. He did not complain of any discomfort during his activities of daily living. Conclusion: An AO HCS had various screw sizes and this was good for fixation of a small glenoid fracture and a long drill bit and screw driver were useful for fixation of deep seated glenoid fracture. A short guide wire could be replaced by a 1.1 mm K-wire. An AO HCS was useful for fixation of an anterior glenoid rim comminuted fracture.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the radiologic and clinical outcomes after operative treatment using endobuttons for unstable distal clavicle fractures. Materials and Methods: Between October 2007 and September 2009, 9 consecutive patients who were followed up for at least more than 12 months after operative treatment using a TightRope$^{(R)}$ were studied. The radiologic results on the serial plain radiographs and the clinical results according to the American Shoulder Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score were analyzed. Result: Bony union was shown in 8 cases (88.9%) and the average time to union was 12.9 (range: 9~16) weeks. The average coracoclavicular distances at the postoperative and final follow-up were 5.6 mm and 6.2 mm, respectively, with no statistically significant difference (p>0.05). The average ASES score was 90.3 (range: 78~96) and the clinical outcomes were 6 excellent, 2 good and one fair. There were no complications such as implant failure or infection except for one case of nonunion due to loss of the initial reduction. Conclusion: A major advantage of TightRope$^{(R)}$ fixation for unstable distal clavicle fractures is that no further surgery is needed to remove the implant. We suggest that this technique provides an alternative for fracture with a distal fragment, which is difficult to fix.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.18-24
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• 2004

연구배경 : 플라스미노겐 활성 억제인자-1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; PAI-1)은 허혈성 뇌경색의 발생의 원인이 되는 섬유소 용해작용의 저하를 매개하는 인자로서, PAI-1의 작용이 촉진되면 섬유소 용해기능이 저하되어 관상동맥 및 뇌혈관질환의 발생을 증가시키게 된다. PAI-1 유전자의 촉진자(promoter) 영역에는 -675 4G/5G (4G/5G)와A -844G (A/G)의 두 개의 유전자 다형성이 존재하며, 이는 PAI-1의 유전자 전사과정에 영향을 미쳐 혈청 PAI-1의 농도를 증가시키고 결과적으로 허혈성 뇌경색의 발생확률을 높이는 작용을 하게 된다. 연구방법 : 허혈성 뇌경색으로 진단 받은 167명의 환자와 173명의 건강인의 말초혈액에서 DNA를 분리한 후 PAI-1의 4G/5G와 A/G 유전자 다형성에 대한 연쇄중합반응 및 제한효소 절편길이 다형성 (polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism; PCR-RFLP) 방법을 이용하여 허혈성 뇌경색 발생과 유전자 다형성과의 관계를 비교 분석하였다. 결과 : 허혈성 뇌경색 환자에서의 4G/4G의 유전자형의 빈도는 15.0%으로 정상 대조군의 33.5%에 비해 현저하게 낮게 나타났다 (P < 0.0001). 각각의 유전자형과 허혈성 뇌경색의 발생 위험도 (odd ratio ; OR)와의 관계를 분석했을 때 4G/4G 유전자형을 가질 경우 위험도는 0.35배로 현저하게 낮아졌으며, (P < 0.0001), 5G/5G 유전자형을 가질 경우 위험도는 4.49배 로 현저하게 높아졌다 (P < 0.0001). 그러나, A/G 유전자 다형성과 허혈성 뇌경색의 발생과는 유의한 연관성을 발견하지 못하였다. 결론 : 이상의 결과로 볼 때 PAI-1 유전자의 4G/4G 유전자형은 허혈성 뇌경색의 발생 비율을 감소시키는 작용을 하는 것으로 여겨진다.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.262-274
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• 2007

Objective : It has been reported that two-repeats ($IL1RN^{\ast}2$) of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) gene is associated with ischemic stroke, and that Ala allele of the common Pro12Ala polymorphism in $PPAR-{\gamma}2$ isoform is associated with reduced risk for type 2 DM and its complications. The aim of the present study is to assess the association of IL-1Ra and $PPAR-{\gamma}2$ Pro12Ala polymorphism with the presence of ischemic stroke in the case of diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Methods : Genomic DNA was obtained from 373 healthy subjects, 157 DM subjects without ischemic stroke (known DM duration ${\ge}10$ years) and 302 ischemic stroke patients (including with DM). IL-1Ra polymorphism was analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and $PPAR-{\gamma}2$ polymorphism by restriction fragment length polymorphism after PCR. Results : $IL1RN^{\ast}1/IL1RN^{\ast}2$ genotype was associated with significantly increased risk for DM (OR=2.86, P = 0.0008) and ischemic stroke (OR=2.74, P = 0.0016). Pro/Ala genotype was associated with the reduced risk for DM (OR=0.53, P = 0.0491) and ischemic stroke (OR=0.38, P = 0.0039). They were also associated with the reduced risk for ischemic stroke in the DM patients compared with DM without ischemic stroke (OR=0.25, P = 0.0321). Conclusions : $IL1RN^{\ast}2$ allele could be an accelerating factor, not a predictive marker for ischemic stroke in type 2 DM. The Pro/Ala genotype of $PPAR-{\gamma}2$ Pro12Ala polymorphism may be associated with reduced risk for ischemic stroke with type 2 DM. Therefore it could be a useful predictive marker for ischemic stroke in Korean type 2 DM.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.403-411
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• 2015

Plasmodium falciparum can invade all stages of red blood cells, while Plasmodium vivax can invade only reticulocytes. Although many P. vivax proteins have been discovered, their functions are largely unknown. Among them, P. vivax reticulocyte binding proteins (PvRBP1 and PvRBP2) recognize and bind to reticulocytes. Both proteins possess a C-terminal hydrophobic transmembrane domain, which drives adhesion to reticulocytes. PvRBP1 and PvRBP2 are large (>326 kDa), which hinders identification of the functional domains. In this study, the complete genome information of the P. vivax RBP family was thoroughly analyzed using a prediction server with bioinformatics data to predict B-cell epitope domains. Eleven pvrbp family genes that included 2 pseudogenes and 9 full or partial length genes were selected and used to express recombinant proteins in a wheat germ cell-free system. The expressed proteins were used to evaluate the humoral immune response with vivax malaria patients and healthy individual serum samples by protein microarray. The recombinant fragments of 9 PvRBP proteins were successfully expressed; the soluble proteins ranged in molecular weight from 16 to 34 kDa. Evaluation of the humoral immune response to each recombinant PvRBP protein indicated a high antigenicity, with 38-88% sensitivity and 100% specificity. Of them, N-terminal parts of PvRBP2c (PVX_090325-1) and PvRBP2 like partial A (PVX_090330-1) elicited high antigenicity. In addition, the PvRBP2-like homologue B (PVX_116930) fragment was newly identified as high antigenicity and may be exploited as a potential antigenic candidate among the PvRBP family. The functional activity of the PvRBP family on merozoite invasion remains unknown.