• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.526-539
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• 2015

Stirling engines are regarded as an efficient and promising power system for underwater devices. Currently, many researches on one-dimensional model is used to evaluate thermodynamic performance of Stirling engine, but in which there are still some aspects which cannot be modeled with proper mathematical models such as mechanical loss or auxiliary power. In this paper, a four-cylinder double-acting Stirling engine for Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs) is discussed. And a one-dimensional model incorporated with empirical equations of mechanical loss and auxiliary power obtained from experiments is derived while referring to the Stirling engine computer model of National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). The P-40 Stirling engine with sufficient testing results from NASA is utilized to validate the accuracy of this one-dimensional model. It shows that the maximum error of output power of theoretical analysis results is less than 18% over testing results, and the maximum error of input power is no more than 9%. Finally, a Stirling engine for UUVs is designed with Schmidt analysis method and the modified one-dimensional model, and the results indicate this designed engine is capable of showing desired output power.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제52권9호
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• pp.1917-1925
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• 2020

New versions of ENDF/B and JEFF data libraries have been released during the past two years with significant updates in the neutron reaction sublibrary and the thermal neutron scattering sublibrary. In order to get a more comprehensive impression of the criticality quality of these two latest neutron data libraries, and to provide reference for the selection of the evaluated nuclear data libraries for the science and engineering applications of the Reactor Monte Carlo code RMC, the criticality benchmarking of the two latest neutron data libraries has been performed. RMC was employed as the computational tools, whose processing capability for the continuous representation ENDF/B-VIII.0 thermal neutron scattering laws was developed. The RMC criticality validation suite consisting of 116 benchmarks was established for the benchmarking work. The latest ACE format data libraries of the neutron reaction and the thermal neutron scattering laws for ENDF/B-VIII.0, ENDF/B-VII.1, and JEFF-3.3 were downloaded from the corresponding official sites. The ENDF/B-VII.0 data library was also employed to provide code-to-code validation for RMC. All the calculations for the four different data libraries were performed by using a parallel version of RMC, and all the calculated standard deviations are lower than 30pcm. Comprehensive analyses including the C/E values with uncertainties, the δk/σ values, and the metrics of χ² and < |Δ| >, were conducted and presented. The calculated keff eigenvalues based on the four data libraries generally agree well with the benchmark evaluations for most cases. Among the 116 criticality benchmarks, the numbers of the calculated keff eigenvalues which agree with the benchmark evaluations within 3σ interval (with a confidence level of 99.6%) are 107, 109, 112, and 113 for ENDF/B-VII.0, ENDF/B-VII.1, ENDF/B-VIII.0 and JEFF-3.3, respectively. The present results indicate that the ENDF/B-VIII.0 neutron data library has a better performance on average.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to analyze the residential space composition and extension of Jeonja-jip and Dureong-jip in Samcheok region. The results of this study are as follows. It appears three residential plan types - Jeonja-jip with Anmaru(a room made of wooden floor), Jeonja-jip without Anmaru and Dureong-jip with Anmaru- in survey region. It was needed the extension of residential space at Jeonja-jip(a house type with two-row rooms which be composed of 田type under one roof) and Dureong-jip(a house type with inner floor which be surrounded by rooms under one roof) because of shortage of sleeping space, working space and keeping space owing to growing large family. The solutions of these shortages will be the extension of space in houses. Jeonja-jip's basic type which is the Kyup-Jip(a house type with two-row rooms under one roof) of 一 type with 6 Kans(Kan, a unit to count room to divided with four posts) is transformed and extended to 田shaped house with 11 Kans toward X-axis orientation. Dureong-Jip's basic type which is ㄱ type with 7 Kans is transformed and extended to the Sekyup-Jip with 9 Kans and the Nekyup-Jip(a house type with four-row rooms under one roof) with 12 Kans toward Y-axis orientation by insertion and addition. Jeonja-jip was developed into Kyup-Jip with front 4 or 5 Kans and side 2 Kans instead of being done into Sekyup-jip or Nekyup-Jip with insufficient day lighting and ventilation problems. Jeonja-jip and Dureong-jip were stronger than any other traditional houses in tendency to reserve Magu(cowshed) and Chikkan(toilet) in a house.

• 디자인학연구
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• 16호
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• pp.101-110
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• 1996

추사고택은 조선조 상류주택의 전형적인 사례로서 실내공간의 구성방법과 요소를 분석해 본 결과 다양한 요인을 배경으로 한 분화과정 속에서 다기능을 수용할 수 있는 융통성을 가진 전형화 된 공간의 특성을 지니게 되었다고 요약할 수 있다. 계단식의 입면을 구성하는 엄격한 계층성에 의한 장소 성을 표현되는 일례가 되며, 마루와 온돌의 높이는 신분상의 위계질서와 음양사상을 나타내고 있다. 입면을 구성하는 목가구식 구조의 노출천장과 창호는 4계절의 기후변화 속에서 에너지를 효율적으로 관리하기에 적합하며, 자연미와 전통적 조형미가 어우러져 한옥 고유 미를 창조하고 있다. 추사고택에서 천장 고와 입면을 구성하는 요소들의 치수를 조사해본 결과, 대청의 입면 적 척도는 각 부재의 치수와 함께 사용자의 인체치수와 관계가 있었다. 평면 구성상의 특징은 규격화이며, 이것은 칸의 개념으로 설명할 수 있다. 기둥 간격 차이는 성별, 인체 치수 차이로 추측할 수 있다. 또한 1칸을 기본 모듈로 하여 규칙적인 공간 단위를 병렬로 증식시켜 확장한 것은 주인의 일상생활이 하인의 도움을 받아 이루어졌기 때문에 동선을 그리 중요하게 여기지 않은 결과이다. 추사고택 안채는 폐쇄적인 ㅁ 자형, 사랑채는 개방적인 ㄱ 자형으로 구성되어있는데, 이는 조선조의 남녀 지위차등과 내외사상, 그리고 자연 환경 적 요인이 복합적으로 주거의 평면 구성에 영향을 미쳤음을 보여주는 것이다. 그러나 본 연구가 조선시대 상류 주택 중 한 사례에 한정되었으므로, 현존하는 많은 사례 조사가 지속적으로 이루어져 본 연구의 미비점이 보완되어 더욱 체계적인 연구가 되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.35-51
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• 2020

To satisfy consumers' desire to enjoy their own individuality and cultural trends, the discovery of various materials and the expression of materials embodying their characteristics are increasingly important in the fashion jewelry industry. This study examines, paper mulberry fiber, a raw material of hanji that has been excavated as a new material for fashion jewelry, is durable as wall as, soft and easy to form, has a unique texture along with, excellent aesthetic quality, and expresses various colors, thereby differentiating itself from traditional fashion jewelry materials. The material itself also has symbolic significance as an approach to discovering new sustainable materials for fashion jewelry to ensure increased specificity of the product based on the premise of freedom of expression. The weight and optimal drying time of chicken fiber were derived for the study of fashion jewelry expression using the characteristics of paper mulberry fiber. The techniques of casting, deflection, packing and winding (winding beads with fibers and straps) were derived and four brooches were produced in total. This study is meaningful for the future of, the fashion jewelry industry as it presents the uses of new materials such as paper mulberry fiber to induce multidisciplinary consumption and to suggest a direction for the creation of new value-added products. Further, in order to expand the realm of fashion jewelry industry with our own competitive products that have secured our cultural identity and uniqueness in the global market, there must be continued follow-up research on mass production methods for industrialization.

• 교육시설 논문지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.33-43
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• 2011

The Korean academics of classical learning, Seowon which from the middle of Joseon Dynasty was complexly reflected in "the illustration of Taiji(太極圖說)" Five-Elements school(陰陽五行說), "Zhou Yi(周易)" and a theory on spherical heaven and square ground(天圓地方) which based on orientalism. Also the theory of Xiangshu Xue(象數學) was a significant factor to decide the size(number of facade module) of Seowon architecture. So, in this study, how the oriental thought was adopted and reflected in existing 21 Seowon in South Korea. The size of Seowon architecture was adopted a theory of combination with heaven, earth and human(天地人三合論) that based on the theory of Xiangshu Xue on "the illustration of Taiji" and "Zhou Yi". "Zhou Yi" was the central thought of Confucian culture in Joseon Dynasty, with which Seowon space was divided into two, ancestral rites space and lecture space. It coincides with balance of yin(陰) and yang(陽), Five-Elements(五行) and four seasons(四季節). In lecture space, lecture hall is relevant with the water(水) and winter, and front tower structure or outer three-door is the fire(火) and summer. Also, central garden means the soil(土) and center. Thus, the size and spatial composition was planned with the philosophy, "the illustration of Taiji", Five-Elements school and a theory on spherical heaven and square ground. Yin and yang has an idea of the heaven and earth, and Five-Elements has an idea of direction and season with which spatial composition of Seowon could be set. And the numeral meaning on the theory of Xiangshu Xue established an ideal background for spatial composition of Seowon architecture.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.211-215
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• 2002

충청북도 증평의 독농가가 재배한 4년생 인삼의 지상부 및 지하부의 주요 생육특성, 뿌리수량 및 주요 작물학적 특성의 상관을 생육시기별로 조사하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 4년생 인삼의 잎의 생장은 4월 중순(출아기)에서 5월 중순까지 급격히 진행되어 5월 중순이 되면 생육이 대체로 완성되며, 줄기는 8월 중순까지 계속 신장하였다. 2. 근생체중은 4월(20.7g)부터 6월(18.2g)까지는 감소하나 그 이후 10월(45.1g)까지 계속 증가하였다. 3. 칸당 수삼 수량은 4월에 1.5kg이었으나 5월과 6월에 각각 1.2kg 및 1.3kg으로 감소의 양상을 나타내었고, 6월 이후 다시 증가하여 10월에는 2.9kg으로 최대의 수량을 나타내었다. 4. 생육시기별로 수확한 4년생 인삼의 주요 작물학적 생육특성의 조사 형질 중 동장을 제외한 모든 생육 특성은 근중과 고도로 유의한 정의 상관을 나타내었다. 5. 4년생 인삼의 관행적 수확기는 9월-10월로 알려져 있으나 건근중 및 수삼의 수량을 고려할 때10월 중순으로 늦추는 것이 보다 유리한 것으로 조사되었다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.103-108
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• 2011

Objective: To investigate adverse pregnancy outcomes in non-obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) compared with obese-PCOS and control groups. Methods: Women with PCOS who underwent assisted reproductive technology (ART) from August, 2003 to December, 2007, were considered. A total of 336 women with PCOS were included in the study group and 1,003 infertile women who had tubal factor as an indication for ART were collected as controls. They were divided into four groups: a non-obese PCOS group, obese-PCOS group, non-obese tubal factor group, and obese tubal factor group, with obesity defined by a body mass index over 25 kg/$m^2$, and reviewed focusing on the basal characteristics, ART outcomes, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Results: There was no difference among the groups' the clinical pregnancy rate or live birth rate. Regarding adverse pregnancy outcomes, the miscarriage rate, multiple pregnancy rate, and prevalence of preterm delivery and pregnancy induced hypertension were not different among the four groups. The incidence of small for gestational age infant was higher in the PCOS groups than the tubal factor groups ($p$ <0.02). On the other hand, the morbidity of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was not high in the non-obese PCOS group but was in the obese groups. And in the obese PCOS group, the newborns were heavier than in the other groups ($p$ <0.02). Conclusion: Non-obese PCOS presents many differences compared with obese PCOS, not only in the IVF-parameters but also in the morbidity of adverse pregnancy outcomes, especially in GDM and fetal macrosomia.

• 동양고전연구
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• 제57호
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• pp.437-466
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• 2014

본고는 <한림별곡(翰林別曲)>이 조선시대에 유행한 사실을 초점으로 하여 조선시대 <한림별곡>의 유행 배경으로서 고려시대 <한림별곡>의 창작상황을 도출하고, 이를 토대로 조선시대 유행한 <한림별곡>의 구체적인 양상을 살펴보는 데 목적을 두었다. 2장에서는 조선시대 <한림별곡>의 유행 배경으로서 <한림별곡>의 창작 상황을 도출하였다. 그 결과, <한림별곡>은 관계중심의 '좌주문생연'이 아니라 소속 집단이 강조된 '한림연'에서 창작되었다고 할 수 있었다. 그런 까닭에, 조선 초기 좌주문생관계가 무너지고 '긍호방탕(矜豪放蕩)'하다는 평가를 받은 <한림별곡>이 '한림연'을 계승한 예문관의 '면신연'을 통해서 조선후기까지 유행할 수 있었던 것이다. 3장에서는 2장을 토대로 조선시대 <한림별곡>의 유행 양상을 살펴보았다. 본고는 기존 연구 성과를 수용하되, 2장과의 유기적인 맥락 하에서 살펴보았다. 즉, 조선시대 <한림별곡>의 유행은 두 가지 양상을 띠는데, 하나는 군주나 국가적 문제와 관련하여 예문관(藝文館), 사관(四館)의 공식적 자리에서 유행하였고, 다른 하나는 <한림별곡>이 예문관의 면신연과 결합하자 전자보다 사적인 성격을 띤 공간에서 가창되었다는 것이다. 예문관의 면신연과 결합한 <한림별곡>은 조선 전기 허참례 면신례의 성행과 비례하여 유행하였고, 면신연을 금지하는 구체적인 절목이 만들어진 중종 36년부터는 점점 위축된 것으로 추정된다. 이후 <한림별곡>은 예문관(藝文館)이나 사관(四館)에서의 가창은 약화되고 일반 사대부나 지방 관리의 주연(酒筵) 공간, 기방(妓房) 등을 중심으로 유행한 것으로 추정된다. 조선후기 <한림별곡>의 유행은 김만중의 시를 통해서 볼 때 17세기 후반까지 확인된다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권8호
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• pp.1235-1249
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• 2022

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the protection of glutamate (GLU) against the impairment in intestinal barrier function induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stress in weaned pigs. Methods: Twenty-four weaned pigs were divided into four treatments containing: i) non-challenged control, ii) LPS-challenged control, iii) LPS+1.0% GLU, and iv) LPS+2.0% GLU. On day 28, pigs were treated with LPS or saline. Blood samples were collected at 0, 2, and 4 h post-injection. After blood samples collection at 4 h, all pigs were slaughtered, and spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, liver and intestinal samples were obtained. Results: Dietary GLU supplementation inhibited the LPS-induced oxidative stress in pigs, as demonstrated by reduced malondialdehyde level and increased glutathione level in jejunum. Diets supplemented with GLU enhanced villus height, villus height/crypt depth and claudin-1 expression, attenuated intestinal histology and ultrastructure impairment induced by LPS. Moreover, GLU supplementation reversed intestinal intraepithelial lymphocyte number decrease and mast cell number increase induced by LPS stress. GLU reduced serum cortisol concentration at 4 h after LPS stress and downregulated the mRNA expression of intestinal corticotropin-releasing factor signal (corticotrophin-releasing factor [CRF], CRF receptor 1 [CRFR1], glucocorticoid receptor, tryptase, nerve growth factor, tyrosine kinase receptor A), and prevented mast cell activation. GLU upregulated the mRNA expression of intestinal transforming growth factor β. Conclusion: These findings indicate that GLU attenuates LPS-induced intestinal mucosal barrier injury, which is associated with modulating CRF signaling pathway.