• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국연소학회 2013년도 제46회 KOSCO SYMPOSIUM 초록집
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• pp.65-68
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• 2013

In a syngas cooling system of coal gasification process, fly slag carried by syngas deposit on the surface of heat exchanger. The deposited materials form a fouling layer with several millimeters thickness, disturbing heat transfer between steam and syngas. This study investigates flow and heat transfer characteristics of syngas in helical coil heat exchanger using computational fluid dynamics under clean and fouled surface condition. Process model were also designed and its results are in good agreement with CFD results.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국연소학회 2013년도 제46회 KOSCO SYMPOSIUM 초록집
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• pp.87-90
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• 2013

In pulverized coal fired boilers, slagging and fouling may cause significant effect on the operational life of boiler. As increasing a consumption of low rank coal, slagging and fouling are main issues in pulverized coal combustion. This study predicts ash deposition propensity in a 0.7 MW pilot-scale furnace. Slagging model is employed as a User-Defined Function (UDF) of FLUENT and validated against measurement and prediction. The results show good agreement compared with experiment. There is need to development of a pulverized coal combustion and slagging analysis at low coal.

• 한국막학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국막학회 1998년도 심포지움시리즈 Jan-98 역삼투용 분리막 기술 및 응용
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• pp.1-30
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• 1998

1. RO History 2. Asymmetric Membranes by Phase Inversion 3. Thin Film Composite (TFC) Membrane 4. Structure and Property Relationship of TFC Membrane 5. Membrane Materials 6. Tranport Mechanism(Model) 7. Membrane Characters in Separation Process 8. Concentration Polarization and Fouling Phenomenon 9. RO Membrane Module Configuration and System Design 10. Futrue Trend in RO Industry

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.855-864
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• 2009

The main object of this work was to determine the influence of periodic chemical backwash on filtration resistance in membrane filtration system. In this work Hermia's models were used to investigate the fouling mechanisms involved in the microfiltration of $0.45{\mu}m$ filtered sewage feed. Batch microfiltration experiments were performed at transmembrane pressure 0.4 bar and different feed SCOD concentration (9~67 mgSCOD/L). The results showed that the best fit to experimental data corresponded to the intermediate blocking model followed by the standard and complete blocking model for all the experimental conditions tested. From the simulation results of filtration performance, it was found that in order to maintain sustainable operation of membrane filtration system, irreversible foulant component accumulated continuously on membrane surface and/or pore must be effectively removed. In addition, it was verified that periodic chemical backwash using NaOCl or NaOH effectively improved filtration performance of membrane.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.159-173
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• 2011

The air gap membrane distillation (AGMD) process was applied for water desalination. The main objective of the present work was to study the heat and mass transfer mechanism of the process. The experiments were performed on a flat sheet module using aqueous NaCl solutions as a feed. The membrane employed was hydrophobic PTFE of pore size 0.22 ${\mu}m$. A mathematical model is proposed to evaluate the membrane mass transfer coefficient, thermal boundary layers' heat transfer coefficients, membrane / liquid interface temperatures and the temperature polarization coefficients. The mass transfer model was validated by the experimentally and fitted well with the combined Knudsen and molecular diffusion mechanism. The mass transfer coefficient increased with an increase in feed bulk temperature. The experimental parameters such as, feed temperature, 313 to 333 K, feed velocity, 0.8 to 1.8 m/s (turbulent flow region) were analyzed. The permeation fluxes increased with feed temperature and velocity. The effect of feed bulk temperature on the boundary layers' heat transfer coefficients was shown and fairly discussed. The temperature polarization coefficient increased with feed velocity and decreased with temperature. The values obtained were 0.56 to 0.82, indicating the effective heat transfer of the system. The fouling was observed during the 90 h experimental run in the application of natural ground water and seawater. The time dependent fouling resistance can be added in the total transport resistance.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.257-264
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• 2012

The concept of a non-contact type of UV disinfection system was introduced in this study. UV lamps and their quartz sleeves hang over the water surface and there is no interface between the sleeve and water. Obviously, there is no fouling. Based on optical laws and other UV distribution models, a detail mathematical model for a non-contact type UV disinfection system was developed in this study. Pathway length of UV light in a non-contact type photoreactor is longer than that in a submerged type photoreactor because the light is more refractive while passing through 3 interfaces of medium. But the pathway length passing through the water media is not significantly longer than that in a submerged type photoreactor so, the absorption of UV light by water is not significantly different from the other system. Due to the reflection effect, UV intensity is rapidly decreased as the horizontal distance from the light source is increased. The reflective attenuation in a non-contact type photoreactor is higher than that in a submerged type photoreactor. These mean that the short photoreactor is advantageous than the narrow-long photoreactor for the non-contact type photoreactor in an optical point of view.

• Korean Membrane Journal
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-18
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• 2005

The permeate flux decline due to membrane fouling can be addressed using a variety of theoretical stand-points. Judicious selection of an appropriate theory is a key toward successful prediction of the permeate flux. The essential criterion f3r such a decision appears to be a detailed characterization of the feed solution and membrane properties. Modem theories are capable of accurately predicting several properties of colloidal systems that are important in membrane separation processes from fundamental information pertaining to the particle size, charge, and solution ionic strength. Based on such information, it is relatively straight-forward to determine the properties of the concentrated colloidal dispersion in a polarized layer or the cake layer properties. Incorporation of such information in the framework of the standard theories of membrane filtration, namely, the convective diffusion equation coupled with an appropriate permeate transport model, can lead to reasonably accurate prediction of the permeate flux due to colloidal fouling. The schematic of the essential approach has been delineated in Figure 5. The modern approaches based on appropriate cell models appear to predict the permeate flux behavior in crossflow membrane filtration processes quite accurately without invoking novel theoretical descriptions of particle back transport mechanisms or depending on adjust-able parameters. Such agreements have been observed for a wide range of particle size ranging from small proteins like BSA (diameter ${\~}$6 nm) to latex suspensions (diameter ${\~}1\;{\mu}m$). There we, however, several areas that need further exploration. Some of these include: 1) A clear mechanistic description of the cake formation mechanisms that clearly identifies the disorder to order transition point in different colloidal systems. 2) Determining the structure of a cake layer based on the interparticle and hydrodynamic interactions instead of assuming a fixed geometrical structure on the basis of cell models. 3) Performing well controlled experiments where the cake deposition mechanism can be observed for small colloidal particles (< $1\;{\mu}m$). 4) A clear mechanistic description of the critical operating conditions (for instance, critical pressure) which can minimize the propensity of colloidal membrane fluting. 5) Developing theoretical approaches to account for polydisperse systems that can render the models capable of handing realistic feed solutions typically encountered in diverse applications of membrane filtration.

• 멤브레인
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.431-437
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• 2014

소수성의 폴리에틸렌 다공성막 표면에 오염물질이 흡착됨으로써 발생되는 파울링 현상으로 인한 투과도 감소 문제를 해결하고자 함산소불소화법을 이용하여 막 표면을 친수화 하였다. 함산소불소화 처리 후 접촉각은 $93^{\circ}$에서 $50^{\circ}$까지 감소하였고, 수투과량은 60% 이상 증가하였다. 또한, 모델오염물질 Albumin (form bovine serum, BSA), Humic acid sodium salt (HA), Alginic acid sodium salt (SA) 100 ppm의 수용액을 이용하여 투과도 평가 실험을 수행한 결과 막이 친수화 됨에 따라 오염물질이 흡착되는 정도가 감소하여 투과도가 향상된 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 특히 SA에 대해서는 파울링 개선효과가 크게 나타나 처리하지 않은 PE막에 비해 투과도가 두 배 이상 향상된 값을 나타내었다.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.69-77
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• 2018

The use of membrane as an innovative technology for water treatment process has now widely been accepted and adopted to replace the conventional water treatment process in increasing fresh water production for various domestic and industrial purposes. In this study, ultrafiltration (UF) membranes with different formulation were fabricated via phase inversion method. The membranes were fabricated by varying the polymer concentration (16 wt%, 18 wt%, 20 wt%, and 21 wt%). A series of tests, such as field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), pore size and porosity, contact angle, and zeta potential were performed to characterize the membranes. The membrane performance in terms of permeation flux and rejection were evaluated using a laboratory bench-scale test unit with mine water, lake water and tube well as model feed solution. Long hour filtration study of the membranes provides the information on its fouling property. Few pore blocking mechanism models were proposed to examine the behaviour of flux reduction and to estimate the fouling parameters based on different degree of fouling. 21 wt% PVDF membrane with smaller membrane pore size showed an excellent performance for surface water treatment in which the treated water complied with NWQS class II standard.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.474-484
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• 2018

The cleaning efficiency of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes inevitably fouled by organic foulants depends upon both chemical (type of cleaning agent, concentration of cleaning solution) and physical (cleaning time, flowrate, temperature) parameters. In attempting to determine the optimal procedures for chemical cleaning organic-fouled RO membranes, the design of experiments concept was employed to evaluate key factors and to predict the flux recovery rate (FRR) after chemical cleaning. From experimental results and based on the predicted FRR of cleaning obtained using the Central Composite Design of Minitab 17, a modified regression model equation was established to explain the chemical cleaning efficiency; the resultant regression coefficient ($R^2$) and adjusted $R^2$ were 83.95% and 76.82%, respectively. Then, using the optimized conditions of chemical cleaning derived from the response optimizer tool (cleaning with 0.68 wt% disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid for 20 min at $20^{\circ}C$ with a flowrate of 409 mL/min), a flux recovery of 86.6% was expected. Overall, the results obtained by these experiments confirmed that the equation was adequate for predicting the chemical cleaning efficiency with regards to organic membrane fouling.