• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.935-941
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• 1991

Effects of calcination process and ZrO2 addition on the electrical properties of [(Ba0.82Sr0.08Ca0.1)O]m(Ti1-$\chi$Zr$\chi$)O2 ceramics have been investigated. With the variation of A/B-site ratio m of the dielectric formulations, sintering behavior and the resistivity after sintering in a reducing atmosphere have been affected by the calcination process. When the dielectric formulations of m=1.01 were sintered in a reducing atmosphere, the room-temperature resitivity of 109 {{{{ OMEGA }}.cm was obtained for samples processed with two-step calcination, which was much lower than 1012 {{{{ OMEGA }}.cm of samples calcined once. It was confirmed that high resistivity of Ca-doped BaTiO3 ceramics, after sintering in a reducing atmosphere, is maintained by acceptor-like behavior of CaTi" which is formed by Ca substitution to Ti-site. It was also found out that the critical amount of B-site Ca substitution for reduction inhibition of BaTiO3 is around 0.005 mol. With the increasing amount of ZrO2 addition to dielectric formulations, Curie peak was depressed and Curie temperature was lowered due to the enhanced diffuse phase transition.tion.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.180-185
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• 2002

The bioequivalence of two 4 mg triamcinolone tablets (Dong-Kwang Triamcinolone$\textregistered$ vs. Wyeth Korea Ledercoat$\textregistered$) was assessed in healthy male volunteers after oral administration of 16mg triamcinolone in a randomized crossover study. Blood samples were collected at specified time intervals, and plasma was analyzed for triamcinolone using a validated HPLC method. The pharmacokinetic parameters of $T_{max}$, $C_{max}$, $AUC_{0\longrightarrowlast}$, $AUC_{0\longrightarrowinf}$ and $T_{1/2, \beta} were determined from plasma concentration-time profile of two formulations. The pharmacokinetic parameters were statistically compared to evaluate bioequivalence between two formulations, according to Korea Food and Drug Administration Guideline. The analysis of variance did not show any significant difference between the two formulations and 90% confidence limits fell within the acceptable range (80-120%) for bioequivalence. Based on these data it was concluded that the two products showed comparable pharmacokinetic profiles and that the Dong-Kwang triamcinlone$\textregistered$ tablet is bioequivalent to the Wyeth Korea Ledercoat$\textregistered$ tablet.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2002.07a
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• pp.205-205
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• 2002

Two formulations of tiropramide {(${\pm}$)${\alpha}$-(benzoylamino)-4-[2-(diethylamino)-ethoxy]-N,N-dipropyl-benzenepropanamide hydrochloride}, an antispasmodic agent, were orally administered to 16 healthy Korean male volunteers by Latin crossover design with the purpose of evaluating bioeqivalence and phamacokinetics of tiropramide. Tiropramide in human plasma was determined by a gas chromatography/nitrogen phosphorus detector. Detection limit of tiropramide was 5 ng/ml. C$\_$max/ values in test and reference formulations were 93.9 ${\pm}$ 54.3 and 96.4 ${\pm}$ 51.6 ng/ml, respectively. AUC$\_$0\longrightarrowlast/ and AUC$\_$0\longrightarrowinf/ were, respectively, 330.7 ${\pm}$ 193.9 and 349.5 ${\pm}$ 205.3 ng.hr/ml for test formulation, 348.9 ${\pm}$ 207.7 and 380.8 ${\pm}$ 239.0 ng.hr/ml for reference formulation. Terminal half-life was 2.3-2.6 hr. Bioavailability differences for C/aub max/ and AUC$\_$0\longrightarrowlast/ were 2.48% and 5.22%, respectively. Minimum detection differences were less than 20% in both C$\_$max/ AUC. Based on this results, two formulations of tiropramide were considered to be bioequivalent

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 2002.07a
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• pp.206-206
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• 2002

The bioequivalence of two 4 mg triamcinolone tablets (Dong-Kwang $\textrm{Tramcinolone}^{(R)}$ vs. Wyeth Korea $\textrm{Ledercoat}^{(R)}$) was assesed in healthy male Korean volunteers after oral administration of 16 mh triamcinolone in a randomized crossover study. Blood samples were collected at specified time intervals, and plasma was analyzed for triamcinolone using a validated HPLC method. The pharmacokinetic parameters of $T_{max}$, $C_{max}$, $AUC_{0{\longrightarrow}last}$. $AUC_{0{\longrightarrow}imf}$, and $T_{1/2,\beta}$ were determined from plasma concentration-time profile of two formulations. The pharmacokinetic parameters were statistically compared to evaluate bioequivalence between two formulations, according to the United State or Korea Food and Drug Administration Guidelines. The analysis of variance did not show any signigicant difference between the two formulations and 90% confidence limits fell within the acceptable range (80-120%) for bioequivalence. Based on these data it was concluded that the two products showed comparable pharmacokinetic profiles and that the Dong-Kwang $\textrm{Tramcinolone}^{(R)}$ tablet is bioequivalent to the $\textrm{Ledercoat}^{(R)}$ tablet produced by Wyeth Korea.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.77-82
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• 2013

The present study was planned to evaluate the bioequivalence of two commercial formulations of enrofloxacin, which have been marketed as 10% injectable solution after intramuscular administration at a single dose of 2.5 mg/kg body weight to 12 clinically healthy goats The study was carried out on the basis of crossover design. The two formulations were: Baytril as a reference product and Spectrama Vet as a test product. The plasma concentrations of enrofloxacin were measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV detector. The pharmacokinetics of that data was performed using non-compartmental analysis. The maximum plasma concentration ($C_{max}$), time to reach peak concentration ($T_{max}$), area under concentration-time curve (AUC), elimination half-life ($t_{0.5el}$) were 1.14 and $1.05{\mu}g/mL$, 0.79 and 0.83 h, 5.70 and $5.79{\mu}g.h/mL$, 5.19 and 5.39 h for Baytril and Spectrama Vet, respectively. The 90% confidence interval for the mean ratio of $T_{max}$, $C_{max}$ and AUC were 94.72-116.2, 87.88-97.16 and 86.44-118.72%, respectively. These values falls within the European Medicines Agency bioequivalence acceptance range of 80-125% for both $T_{max}$ and AUC and between 75-133% for $C_{max}$. In conclusion, Spectrama-Vet is bioequivalent to Baytril and both products can be used as interchangeable drug in veterinary medicine practice.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.977-982
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to compare two formulations of film-coated pellets containing c1arithromycin after single oral dose study in healthy male volunteers. Two formulations with different coating polymers were prepared: formulation-1 (F-1) was prepared by incorporating three kinds of pH-dependent gradient-release coated pellets into capsules and formulation-2 (F-2) was prepared by coated with an insoluble semiosmotic film. Release profiles of filmcoated pellets were evaluated using paddle method under different conditions. Pharmacokinetic profiles of these formulations were obtained in three healthy male volunteers and compared to commercially available immediate release (IR) tablets. The relative bioavailability based on the $AUC_{0-24h}$ was found to be $96.2\%\;and\;58.7\%$ for F-1 and F-2 compared with IR, and the $T_{max}$ was delayed.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.97-119
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• 2011

World consumers are now focusing on their health, well-being and appearance more than ever before. This trend is creating heightened demand for products formulated as cosmeceuticals with active ingredients. A significant number of innovative formulations are now being used in cosmetics with real consumer-perceivable benefits and optimized sensory attributes, resulting in an economic uplift of cosmetic industry. To obtain skin care formulations with real consumer-perceivable benefits through dermal delivery of active ingredients, formulators are resorting to technology that until recently was used in pharmaceutical products. These various delivery systems are now being used in cosmecuetical formulations. Novel delivery systems reviewed here possess enormous potential as next-generation smarter carrier systems.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.7
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• pp.663-667
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• 2002

The aerodynamic resistance($R_a$) to vertical transfer in the surface boundary layer can be formulated in terms of the friction velocity, height of observation, vertical heat flux and surface roughness. Unlike previous studies which focused on the role of $R_c$, present study perform additional tests using a variety of $R_a$ formulae. Several $R_a$ formulations available in the literature, suitable for unstable conditions, were tested for their influence on the dry deposition velocity. The canopy resistance($R_c$) determines the shape of the diurnal pattern, while a small amplitude diurnal cycle in $V_d$ was attributed to the aerodynamic resistance. The aerodynamic resistance is the major contributor to the formation of spikes in nighttime and $R_a$ is relatively important at night because the canopy resistance is smaller. All formulations show similar diurnal cycle and yield good agreement with the observations. Although present $V_d$ formulations are suitable for numerical air qualify models, the research must continue for further improvements in resistance parametrizations.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.50 no.9
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• pp.629-636
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• 2012

Volume shrinkage behavior accompanying the cure of resin formulations might be a critical factor when assembly processes using polymer materials are considered. In this study, cure shrinkage behavior with respect to resin formulation type and heating method was measured on sandwich structure samples by a thermomechanical analyzer (TMA). Quartz, used as a cover material for the sandwich structure, indicated the coefficient of thermal expansion close to $0ppm/^{\circ}C$. When a dynamic heating mode was conducted, a squeeze-out region and a cross-linking region for each resin formulation could be separated clearly with overlapping differential scanning calorimeter results on the TMA results. In addition, a cure shrinkage dominant region and a thermal expansion dominant region in the cross-linking region were distinguished. Consequently, the degree of cure at the initiation of the thermal expansion dominant region was successfully measured. Measurement of all resin formulations indicated the thermal expansion behavior exceeded cure shrinkage before full cure.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.763-768
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• 2004

To investigate the feasibility of developing a new quercetin transdermal system, a preformulation study was carried out. Therefore, the effects of vehicles and pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA) on the in vitro permeation of quercetin across dorsal hairless mouse skin were studied. Among vehicles used, propylene glycol monocaprylate (PGMC) and propylene glycol mono-laurate were found to have relatively high permeation flux from solution formulation (i.e., the permeation fluxes were 17.25$\pm$1.96 and 9.60$\pm$3.87 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$\textrm{cm}^2$/h, respectively). The release rate from PSA formulations followed a matrix-controlled diffusion model and was mainly affected by the amount of PSA and drug loaded. The overall permeation fluxes from PSA formulations were less than 0.30 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$\textrm{cm}^2$/h, which were significantly lower compared to those obtained from solution formulations. The lower permeation fluxes may be due to the decrease of solubility and diffusivity of quercetin in the PSA layer, considering the fact that the highest flux of 0.26 $\mu\textrm{g}$/$\textrm{cm}^2$/h was obtained with the addition of 0.2％ butylated hydroxyanisole in PGMC-diethyl-ene glycol monoethyl ether co-solvents (80-85 ： 15-20, v/v). Taken together, these observations indicate that improvement in the solubility and diffusivity of quercetin is necessary to realize fully the clinically applicable transdermal delivery system for the drug.