• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.1722-1724
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• 2003

The possibility of using cotton stems as a roughage source in animal feeding was explored. Ground cotton stems (T2 and T3) or stems treated with 0.5% urea (T4 and T5) were ensiled with pearl millet green fodder in double lined plastic bags of 3 kg capacity for 50 days. Formic acid (0.4% v/v) was sprayed on T3 and T5 silages. The treatments were compared with pearl millet silage alone (T1) which constituted the control. All the bags were placed in the silo pit of pearl millet silage. Results indicated that urea treatment of cotton stems increased and formic acid application reduced dry matter loss of the silages. Inclusion of cotton stems in the silage significantly (p<0.05) increased CF, ADF, cellulose and ADL due to its higher cell wall content. The hemicellulose was significantly lower in T3 (16.7%) and T5 (22.52%) as compared to T2 (23.45%) and T4 (24.6%) due to formic acid application. Ammoniation significantly increased NH3-N content in T4 (0.202%) and formic acid controlled NH3-N level in T5 (0.107%).The in sacco dry matter digestibility was significantly higher (p<0.05) in formic acid preserved silages T3 and T5 (47.73 and 47.93%) as compared to silages without formic acid (44.94 and 41.22 %) in T2 and T4 respectively, but lower than T1 (54.39%). It is concluded that cotton stems can be ensiled with pearl millet fodder in 1:4 ratio with or without urea treatment. Formic acid application further increases the silage quality.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.583-591
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• 2008

Recently, as a demand for the portable device is surged, there are needs to develop a new fuel cell system for replacing the conventionally used secondary battery. For this purpose, it becomes important to develop direct formic acid fuel cell (DFAFC) that uses formic acid as a fuel. The formic acid can offer typical advantages such as excellent non-toxicity of the level to be used as food additive, smaller crossover flux through electrolyte, and high reaction capability caused by high theoretical electromotive force (EMF). With the typical merits of formic acid, the efforts for optimizing reaction catalyst and cell design are being made to enhance performance and long term stability of DFAFC. As a result, to date, the DFAFC having the power density of more than $300mW/cm^2$ was developed. In this paper, basic performing theory and configuration of DFAFC are initially introduced and future opportunities of DFAFC including the development of catalyst for the anode electrode and electrolyte, and design for the optimization of cell structure are discussed.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.302-305
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• 1991

Six low-molecular-weight organic acids from decomposing plant residues were analyzed, which were formic, acetic, succinic, malic, tartaric, and citric acids. Straws of rice, barley, wheat, and rye were put under acid- hydrolysis after decomposition for different periods of time. The contents of organic acids in the hydrolysates were determined. 1. The relative molarity of a low-molecular-weight organic acid varies with the passage of the time of decomposition. 2. In general, formic and acetic acids were the major low-molecular-weight organic acids in all samples. 3. Malic acid was found to be only in a trace amount in rice and barley straws, and in their decomposed residues. 4. The relative molarities of total monocarboxylic acids(formic and acetic) increased with the progressing time of decomposition, far exceeding those of dicarboxylic and tricarboxylic acids combined together. 5. Formic and acetic acids were compensatory for each other and they were supposed to persist for a long time in soil environment.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.9-14
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• 2012

Formed fermentation inhibitors during acid saccharification leads to poor alcohol production based on lignocellulosic bio-alcohol production process. In this work, it is focused on the formation of fermentation inhibitors from xylan, which is influenced by reaction tempearature and time of acidic sacharifiaction of xylose and glucuronic acid. In second step of concentrated acid hydrolysis, part of xylose and glucuronic acid was converted to furfuraldehyde and formic acid by dehydration and rearrangement reactions. Furfural was form from xylose, which was highly sensitive to reaction temperature. Formic acid was come from both xylose and glucuronic acid, which supposed to main inhibitor in biobutanol fermentation. Reaction temperature of second hydrolysis was main variables to control the furfural and formic acid generation. Careful control of acid saccharification can reduce generation of harmful inhibitors, especially second step of concentrated sulfuric acid hydrolysis process.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.7
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• pp.73-81
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• 1989

This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of acid chemicals namely, sulphuric acid, formic acid and acetic acid on the physical properties of silk especially on tenacity and elongation which are the two most important properties in handling and processing of silk. The following results were observed. It was recognised that there was a significant change in elongation in all the samples tested using the three different chemicals. In the test with acetic acid, the elongation at $40^{\circ}C$ at pH 3 had a significant change. Change was observed in the test with sulphuric acid at $40^{\circ}C$ pH 3 and in the case of formic acid test, there was a significant change in the elongation of raw silk at $80^{\circ}C$. The above results qualifies earlier findings and studies that recorded that acids like formic acid and other organic acids could have an effect on the physical properties of silk.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.211-215
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• 2001

Urea as a silage additive increases crude protein but reduces fermentation quality of silage by increasing pH and enhancing clostridial bacteria growth, especially in low sugar forages. Glucose and formic acid might be expected to compensate these defects caused by urea addition to grass silage. Thus, in this experiment urea formic acid or urea with glucose was applied to improve N content and the quality of napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.) silage. The first growth of napiergrass was harvested at 85 days of age and about 700 g of the grass was ensiled in laboratory silos (1.0 liter polyethylene containers) for 2, 7, 14, and 30 days at room temperature ($28^{\circ}C$). The treatments were no additives (control), urea, urea+glucose or urea+formic acid. Urea was added before ensiling at 0.5% of fresh weight of napiergrass and glucose and formic acid were added at 1% of fresh weight, respectively. After opening the silo, pH, dry matter content (DM), contents on DM basis of total N (TN), volatile basic nitrogen (VBN), lactic acid (LA), acetic acid (AA) and butyric acid (BA) were determined. The control at 30 days of fermentation showed 5.89 for pH with 13.8% for VBN/TN and 1.51% for AA. The addition of urea increased TN by about 1.5% units but decreased the fermentation quality by increasing pH from 5.89 to 6.86, increasing VBN/TN from 13.8% to 24.63%, increasing BA from 0.02% to 0.56%, and decreasing LA from 1.03% to 0.02%. Glucose addition with urea significantly decreased VBN/TN from 13.8% to 4.44% by reducing pH from 6.86 to 4.83 because of higher production of LA (2.62%). Adding urea and formic acid resulted in a more pronounced depression of VBN/TN and fermentation than the addition of urea and glucose. This study suggested that the combination of 1% glucose or 1% formic acid with 0.5% urea will improve nutritive value and fermentation quality of napiergrass silage.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.28-32
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• 2020

Recently, many studies have been undertaken on the wet spinning and electrospinning of silk because wet-spun fibers and electrospun webs of silk can be applied in the biomedical and cosmetic fields owing to the good biocompatibility of silk. The rheological properties of silk solution are important because they strongly affect the spinning performance of the silk solution and the structures of resultant fibrous materials. Therefore, as a preliminary study on the effect of solvent composition on the rheological properties of silk fibroin (SF) solution and structure of the resultant film, in the reported work, methanol was added to the SF formic acid solution. A small amount of methanol (i.e. 2%) added to the SF formic acid solution significantly altered the rheological properties of the solution: its shear viscosity increased by 10 folds at low shear and decreased on increasing the shear rate, demonstrating shear thinning behavior of the SF solution. Dynamic tests for the SF solution indicated that the addition of 2% methanol altered the viscous state of the SF formic acid solution to elastic. However, the molecular conformation (i.e. β-sheet conformation) of the regenerated SF film cast from formic acid remained unchanged on the addition of 2% methanol.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.65-69
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• 2008

An accurate knowledge of the flash point is important in developing appropriate preventive and control measures in industrial fire protection. The lower flash points for the n-propanol+formic acid system were measured by Pensky-Martens closed cup apparatus. This binary mixture exhibited MFPB (minimum flash point behavior), which leads to the minimum on the flash point vs composition curve. The Raoult's law and optimization method using Wilson equation were used to predict the lower flash points and were compared with experimental data. The calculated values based on the optimization method were found to be better than those based on the Raoult's law.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.29-32
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• 2008

The cell performance of direct formic acid fuel cell (DFAFC) having catalysts coated by electrospray was analyzed. Pd catalyst was used for the anode electrode and Pd catalyst loading amount and formic acid feed rate dependances of fuel cell performance were evaluated. When loading amount of Pd is in between 3mg/$cm^2$ and 7mg/$cm^2$ and formic acid feed rate is 5ml/min., 3mg/$cm^2$ sample showed better potential at 129 mA/$cm^2$ and power density due to difference in mass transfer limitation. However, when the feed rate is greater than 10ml/min., the opposite tendency was observed between 3mg/$cm^2$ and 7mg/$cm^2$ samples. The result was attributed to improvement in electrochemical reaction of the Pd. Based on the above results, In DFAFC including Pd catalyst that was coated by electrospray, 0.537V as the maximum potential at 129 mA/$cm^2$ was attained.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1543-1550
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• 2010

This work presents oxidation of formic acid on Bi-modified Pt nanoparticles of various sizes. The sizes of the studied Pt nanoparticles range from 1.5 to 5.6 nm (detailed in Rhee, C. K.; Kim, B.-J.; Ham, C.; Kim, Y.-J.; Song, K.; Kwon, K. Langmuir 2009, 25, 7140-7147), and the surfaces of the Pt nanoparticles are modified with irreversibly adsorbed Bi. The investigated coverages of Bi on the Pt nanoparticles are 0.12 and 0.25 as determined by coulometry of the oxidation of adsorbed hydrogen and Bi, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The cyclic voltammetric behavior of formic acid oxidation reveals that the adsorbed Bi enhances the catalytic activity of Pt nanoparticles by impeding a poison-forming dehydration path with a concomitant promotion of a dehydrogenation path. The chronoamperometric results indicate that elemental Bi and partially oxidized Bi are responsible for the catalytic enhancement, when the Bi coverages on Pt nanoparticles are 0.12 and 0.25, respectively. The size effect of Bi-modified Pt nanoparticles in formic acid oxidation is discussed in terms of specific activity (current per unit surface area) and mass activity (current per unit mass).