• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.24 no.2 s.62
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• pp.195-200
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• 2006

The response of hepatic mixed function oxygenase (MFO) system was investigated in olive flounder exposed to formalin. Hepatic microsome of olive flounder incubated in vitro with formalin demonstrated the induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP), ethoxyresorufin deethylase (EROD), cytochrome P450 reductase (P450R) and cytochrome b5 reductase (b5R) activity. In addition, olive flounder was exposed to 100, 300 and 500 ppm of formalin for 1 h and then transferred to a flow-through type of 1000 L aquarium. Hepatic MFO enzyme activity was determined for 72 h. As the result, hepatic CYP, P450R and EROD activities increased following exposure of formalin, but b5R and GST showed no significant change. These results imply that CYP and P450R can be considered as main hepatic enzymes involving in detoxification of formalin.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2002

Effects of Formalin treatment on embryogenesis and larvae growing in fertilized eggs and hatched larvae of olive flounder, Paralichthys alivaceus were investigated. Fertilized eggs and hatched larvae were exposed to aqueous solution with 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1,000 ppm of nominal formalin concentration. They were kept in sea water of 16, 18 and 22$^{\circ}C$, respectively. Survival rate and hatchability of fertilized eggs were high in control groups more than formalin treated groups in 16, 18 and 22$^{\circ}C$, respectively (P<0.05). A similar effect that survival rate of hatched larvae was also observed for control and treatment groups. On the other hand, fertilized eggs treated with 400 ppm formalin, were all death in kept in 22$^{\circ}C$. These results suggest that high-dose of formalin in fertilized eggs and hatched larvae in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus was inhibited the normal embryogenesis for fertilized eggs and growing for hatched larvae. Also, these inhibited effects was promoted in higher temperature.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.249-254
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• 2006

To determine the effects of exposure to formalin on the secondary stress indices, changes in haematology and blood chemistry were monitored in healthy crucian carps (Carassius auratus). Fishes were separately exposed in a concentration range of 125 to 500 ppm formalin for 60 min. After exposure, red blood cell (RBC) count and packed cell volume (PCV) were elevated in the 500 ppm formalin exposed group. However, mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) were decreased significantly in the 500 ppm formalin exposed group. Total protein, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, total bilirubin, inorganic phosphorus (IP) and magnesium were significantly increased at a concentration of 500 ppm. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and glucose were increased at a concentration of 500 ppm, but this was not significant. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and calcium were significantly decreased at concentrations of 250 and 500 ppm. AST, ALT, glucose and magnesium were significantly increased in the 250 ppm formalin exposed group. These results suggests that formalin exposure might cause some damage in the liver and kidney of crucian carp.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.188-196
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• 2013

We have investigated the effects of formalin on the assembly of colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) prepared by laser ablation of a solid gold target in deionized water. Upon addition of formalin, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 519 nm for pure AuNPs decreases and shifts to red while a new broad SPR band appears at ~700 nm. The red-shift is prominent with increase in the incubation time. The average size of the initial AuNPs is around 12 nm but it increases to 23 nm after addition of formalin. It turns out that formalin acts as a cationic surfactant for AuNPs with negative surface charge in the colloidal solutions. Furthermore, through analysis of the Raman spectrum of formalin and the density functional theory calculations, we confirm that methanediol is the main species in formalin which is in charge of the aggregation of AuNPs.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.97-108
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• 2016

Objectives : This study was performed to investigate the analgesic effect of Styrax japonica pharmacopuncture on formalin induced pain in rats and to figure out efficient extraction method. Methods : The subjects were divided into 5 groups ; normal group(treated with normal saline at KI03, and injected normal saline at right hindpaw after 35 minutes), control group(treated with normal saline at KI03, and injected with formalin at right hindpaw after 35 minutes), water group(treated by hot water extraction pharmacopuncture at KI03, and injected with formalin at right hindpaw after 35 minutes), ethanol group(treated with ethanol extraction pharmacopuncture at KI03, and injected with formalin at right hindpaw after 35 minutes), and ultrasound group(treated with ultrasound extraction pharmacacupuncture and injected with fromalin formalin at right hindpaw after 35 minutes). We conducted a formalin test with ultrasonic vocalization( USV), and after the test checked for substance P, Aspartate aminotransferase(AST), and Alanine aminotransferase(ALT) concentration in the blood for each of the groups. Results : There was a significant analgesic effect of Styrax japonica pharmacopuncture in the early phase of the formalin test, and pharmacopuncture made with an ultrasound extracting method was observed to have a better analgesic effect than other extracting methods in early phases. The substance P concentration decreased significantly in the Styrax japonica pharmacopuncture treated group and no difference was found in the AST and ALT concentration of each group. Conclusion : These results demonstrated that Styrax japonica pharmacopuncture had analgesic effects in noxious nociceptors stimulation. Also pharmacopuncture made with an ultrasound extracting method had a better analgesic effect than others.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.1954-1960
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• 2006

The effects of the exopolymers of Aureobasidium pullulans SM-2001 containing $\beta$-1,3/1,6-glucan on formalin-induced chronic inflammation were observed. Doses of 62.5, 125, and 250 mg/kg of the exopolymers were orally administered once a day for 10 days to formalin-induced chronic inflammatory mice (0.02 ml of 3.75% formalin was subaponeurotically injected into the left hind paw), and then the bilateral hind-paw thickness and volume were measured daily, while the paw wet-weight, histological profiles, and histomorphometrical analyses were conducted at termination. The results were compared with those for diclofenac, indomethacin, and dexamethasone (intraperitoneally injected) 15 mg/kg-dosed groups. All the animals were sacrificed 10 days after dosing. As a result of the formalin injection, a marked increase in the difference between the intact and formalin-induced paw thickness and volume was detected in the formalin-injected control compared with that in the intact control with time, plus at the time of sacrifice, the difference in the paw wet-weights was also dramatically increased. In a histological and histomorphometrical analysis, severe histological profiles of chronic inflammation were detected in the formalin-injected control with a marked increase in the thickness of the skin of the dorsum pedis. However, these formalin-induced chronic inflammatory changes were significantly and dose-dependently decreased by the exopolymer treatment. In conclusion, the exopolymer treatment inhibited the chronic inflammatory response induced by formalin injection in the mice. However, somewhat low efficacies were detected compared with those for the diclofenac-, indomethacin-, and dexamethasone-treated groups.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.155-160
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• 2020

Objective: The genes Bcl-2 and Bax play important roles in apoptosis. Many studies have shown that formalin has a strong deleterious effect on male fertility and can induce apoptosis. L-carnitine has been reported to potentially reverse the negative effects of formalin, leading to improved spermatogenesis. In this study, we examined the levels of expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in mice treated with formalin and L-carnitine. Methods: Thirty adult BALB/c mice were categorized into three groups. The mice in the control group (n = 10) were not injected with any substance. The mice in the second group (n = 10) received 10 mg/kg of formalin daily via an intraperitoneal injection, while those in the final group (n = 10) were intraperitoneally injected daily with a dose of 10 mg/kg of formalin and 100 mg/kg of L-carnitine. All mice were kept in isolated cages for 31 days. Results: The expression of Bax was significantly higher in the formalin-treated mice than in the mice of the control group, while the expression of Bcl-2 was significantly lower in the formalin-treated mice than in the control mice. Additionally, relative to control mice, Bcl-2 expression increased and Bax expression decreased in the mice administered both formalin and L-carnitine. Conclusion: In this study, L-carnitine was shown to augment Bcl-2 expression and to reduce Bax expression, indicating that this compound may inhibit apoptosis. Due to its positive effects, L-carnitine can be used as a prophylactic treatment for people who routinely come into direct contact with formalin as an occupational hazard.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.139-152
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• 2000

This study was designed to evaluate the analgesic effect of bee venom (BV) Acupuncture into different treatment points, Chok-samni (ST36) and blank loci of the gluteal muscle and back. We investigated the changes in formalin-induced pain behavior according to the pretreatment with different concentrations of BV, thirty minutes before the formalin injection. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The formalin-induced pain behavior was suppressed by pretreatment with BV into Chok-samni (ST36) in a dose dependent manner. During the early phase, 0.08mg/kg of BV showed a statistically significant suppression in the formalin-induced pain behavior. Moreover, 0.008mg/kg, 0.016mg/kg, and 0.08mg/kg of BV, except 0.0016mh/kg of BV, had significant suppresive effects on the formalin-induced pain behavior during the late phase. Therefore, these data indicated that the suppressive effect of BV acupuncture on the formalin-induced pain behavior was stronger in the late phase rather than the early phase 2. In order to investigate the analgesic effect of BV acupuncture into different treatment points, the experimental animals were divided into three groups: Chok-samni (ST36) group, gluteal group and back group. In the Chok-samni (ST36) group, the formalin-induced pain behavior during all the phases was significantly reduced as compared with that of the back group. However, as compared with that of the gluteal group, the formalin-induced pain behavior in the Chok-samni (ST36) group was decreased only in the late phase, not in the early phase. The formalin-induced pain behavior in the gluteal group was significantly reduced as compared with that of the back group in the late phase, not in the early phase. We suggested that the analgesic effect of BV acupuncture into Chok-samni (ST36) was most effective among Chok-samni (ST36), gluteal, and the back groups in formalin-induced pain behavior.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.3 no.2 s.5
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• pp.92-97
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• 2003

Background: Gabapentin is a novel anti-epileptic drug, which is used in clinical practice to treat epilepsy. This drug is also used as an analgesic in pain patients. The antinociceptive effect of this drug was assessed using the formalin test in the rat. Methods: In order to investigate the effects of gabapentin on the trigeminal nerve territory, we injected 0.5% formalin into the upper lip. Adult, male, Sprague-Dawley rats received a $50{\mu}l$ subcutaneous injection of 5% formalin into one vibrissal pad and the consequent, facial grooming behavior was monitored. Consistent with previous investigations using tile formalin model, animals exhibited biphasic nocifensive grooming (phase 1, 0-12 min; phase 2, 12-60 min). Results: The intraperitoneal administration gabapentin 5 minutes prior to the formalin injection led to a significant, dose-dependent reduction in grooming time during phase 2. In high doses, gabapentin also reduced the time of grooming during phase 1. Conclusions: The Intraperitoneal injection of gabapentin has an analgesic effect in the facial formalin rat model and this analgesic effect increases dose-dependently.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.23-27
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• 2005

The present study was performed to investigate the effects of intra-articular injection of interleukin-1${\beta}$ (IL-1${\beta}$) on the formalin-induced temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain. Under anesthesia, a 30-gauge needle was introduced into the right TMJ region for injection of formalin. Microinjection of 50 ${\mu}l$ of 5% formalin significantly produced noxious scratching behavioral response, and the scratching behavior lasted for 40 min. Although the responses produced by formalin injection were divided into two phases, the response of 1st phase did not significantly differ from the scratching behavior response in the saline-treated group. We examined the effects of intra-articular injection of IL-1${\beta}$ on the number of noxious behavioral responses produced by 50${\mu}l$ of 5% formalin injection. Intra-articular injection of 100 pg and 1 ng of IL-1${\beta}$ significantly increased the number of behavioral responses of the 2nd phase, while 10 pg of IL-1${\beta}$ did not change the formalin-induced behavioral responses. To investigate whether IL-1 receptor was involved in the intra-articular administration of IL-1${\beta}$-induced hyperalgesic response, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL- ra, 50 ng) was administrated together with IL-1${\beta}$ injection. IL-1${\beta}$ receptor antagonist blocked IL-1${\beta}$- induced hyperalgesic response in the TMJ formalin test. These results suggest that intra-articular injection of IL-1${\beta}$ facilitated the transmission of nociceptive information in the TMJ area.