• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.4-14
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• 1974

The total forest land area in Korea accounts for some 67 percent of the nation's land total. Its productivity, however, is very low. Consequently, forest production accounts for only about 2 percent of the gross national product and a minor proportion of no more than about 5 percent versus primary industry. In this case, however, only the direct income from forestry is taken into account, making no reference to the forestry output induced by other industrial sectors. The value added Or the induced forestry output in manufacturing the primary wood products into higher quality products, makes a larger contribution to the economy than direct contribution. So, this author has tried to analyze the structure of forestry and compute the repercussion effect and the induced output of primary forest products when utilized by other industries for their raw materials, Hsing the input-output table and attached tables for 1963 and 1966 issued by the Bank of Korea. 1. Analysis of forestry structure A. Changes in total output Durng the nine-year period, 1961-1969, the real gross national product in Korea increased 2.1 times, while that of primary industries went up about 1. 4 times. Forestry which was valued at 9,380 million won in 1961, was picked up about 2. 1 times to 20, 120 million won in 1969. The rate of the forestry income in the GNP, accordingly, was no more than 1.5 percent both in 1961 and 1962, whereas its rate in primary industries increased 3.5 to 5.4 percent. Such increase in forestry income is attributable to increased forest production and rise in timber prices. The rate of forestry income, nonetheless, was on the decrease on a gradual basis. B. Changes in input coefficient The input coefficient which indicates the inputs of the forest products into other sectors were up in general in 1966 over 1963. It is noted that the input coefficient indicating the amount of forest products supplied to such industries closely related with forestry as lumber and plywood, and wood products and furniture, showed a downward trend for the period 1963-1966. On the other hand, the forest input into other sectors was generally on the increase. Meanwhile, the input coefficient representing the yolume of the forest products supplied to the forestry sector itself showed an upward tendency, which meant more and more decrease in input from other sectors. Generally speaking, in direct proportion to the higher input coefficient in any industrial sector, the reinput coefficient which denotes the use of its products by the same sector becomes higher and higher. C. Changes in ratio of intermediate input The intermediate input ratio showing the dependency on raw materials went up to 15.43 percent m 1966 from 11. 37 percent in 1963. The dependency of forestry on raw materials was no more than 15.43 percent, accounting for a high 83.57 percent of value added. If the intermediate input ratio increases in any given sector, the input coefficient which represents the fe-use of its products by the same sector becomes large. D. Changes in the ratio of intermediate demand The ratio of the intermediate demand represents the characteristics of the intermediary production in each industry, the intermediate demand ratio in forestry which accunted for 69.7 percent in 1963 went up to 75.2 percent in 1966. In other words, forestry is a remarkable industry in that there is characteristics of the intermediary production. E. Changes in import coefficient The import coefficient which denotes the relation between the production activities and imports, recorded at 4.4 percent in 1963, decreased to 2.4 percent in 1966. The ratio of import to total output is not so high. F. Changes in market composition of imported goods One of the major imported goods in the forestry sector is lumber. The import value increased by 60 percent to 667 million won in 1966 from 407 million won in 1963. The sales of imported forest products to two major outlets-lumber and plywood, and wood products and furniture-increased to 343 million won and 31 million won in 1966 from 240million won and 30 million won in 1963 respectively. On the other hand, imported goods valued at 66 million won were sold to the paper products sector in 1963; however, no supply to this sector was recorded in 1963. Besides these major markets, primary industries such as the fishery, coal and agriculture sectors purchase materials from forestry. 2. Analysis of repercussion effect on production The repercussion effect of final demand in any given sector upon the expansion of the production of other sectors was analyzed, using the inverse matrix coefficient tables attached to the the I.O. Table. A. Changes in intra-sector transaction value of inverse matrix coefficient. The intra-sector transaction value of an inverse matrix coefficient represents the extent of an induced increase in the production of self-support products of the same sector, when it is generated directly and indirectly by one unit of final demand in any given sector. The intra-sector transaction value of the forestry sector rose from 1.04 in 1963 to 1, 11 in 1966. It may well be said, therefore, that forestry induces much more self-supporting products in the production of one unit of final demand for forest products. B. Changes in column total of inverse matrix coefficient It should be noted that the column total indicates the degree of effect of the output of the corresponding and related sectors generated by one unit of final demand in each sector. No changes in the column total of the forestry sector were recorded between the 1963 and 1966 figures, both being the same 1. 19. C. Changes in difference between column total and intra-sector transaction amount. The difference between the column total and intra-sector transaction amount by sector reveals the extent of effect of output of related industrial sector induced indirectly by one unit of final demand in corresponding sector. This change in forestry dropped remarkable to 0.08 in 1966 from 0.15 in 1963. Accordingly, the effect of inducement of indirect output of other forestry-related sectors has decreased; this is a really natural phenomenon, as compared with an increasing input coefficient generated by the re-use of forest products by the forestry sector. 3. Induced output of forestry A. Forest products, wood in particular, are supplied to other industries as their raw materials, increasng their value added. In this connection the primary dependency rate on forestry for 1963 and 1966 was compared, i. e., an increase or decrease in each sector, from 7.71 percent in 1963 to 11.91 percent in 1966 in agriculture, 10.32 to 6.11 in fishery, 16.24 to 19.90 in mining, 0.76 to 0.70 in the manufacturing sector and 2.79 to 4.77 percent in the construction sector. Generally speaking, on the average the dependency on forestry during the period 1963-1966 increased from 5.92 percent to 8.03 percent. Accordingly, it may easily be known that the primary forestry output induced by primary and secondary industries increased from 16, 109 million won in 1963 to 48, 842 million won in 1966. B. The forest products are supplied to other industries as their raw materials. The products are processed further into higher quality products. thus indirectly increasing the value of the forest products. The ratio of the increased value added or the secondary dependency on forestry for 1963 and 1966 showed an increase or decrease, from 5.98 percent to 7.87 percent in agriculture, 9.06 to 5.74 in fishery, 13.56 to 15.81 in mining, 0.68 to 0.61 in the manufacturing sector and 2.71 to 4.54 in the construction sector. The average ratio in this connection increased from 4.69 percent to 5.60 percent. In the meantime, the secondary forestry output induced by primary and secondary industries rose from 12,779 million Wall in 1963 to 34,084 million won in 1966. C. The dependency of tertiary industries on forestry showed very minor ratios of 0.46 percent and 0.04 percent in 1963 and 1966 respectively. The forestry output induced by tertiary industry also decreased from 685 million won to 123 million won during the same period. D. Generally speaking, the ratio of dependency on forestry increased from 17.68 percent in 1963 to 24.28 percent in 1966 in primary industries, from 4.69 percent to 5.70 percent in secondary industries, while, as mentioned above, the ratio in the case of tertiary industry decreased from 0.46 to 0.04 percent during the period 1963-66. The mining industry reveals the heaviest rate of dependency on forestry with 29.80 percent in 1963 and 35.71 percent in 1966. As it result, the direct forestry income, valued at 8,172 million won in 1963, shot up to 22,724 million won in 1966. Its composition ratio lo the national income rose from 1.9 percent in 1963 to 2.3 per cent in 1966. If the induced outcome is taken into account, the total forestry production which was estimated at 37,744 million won in 1963 picked up to 105,773 million won in 1966, about 4.5 times its direct income. It is further noted that the ratio of the gross forestry product to the gross national product. rose significantly from 8.8 percent in 1963 to 10.7 percent in 1966. E. In computing the above mentioned ratio not taken into consideration were such intangible, indirect effects as the drought and flood prevention, check of soil run-off, watershed and land conservation, improvement of the people's recreational and emotional living, and maintenance and increase in the national health and sanitation. F. In conclusion, I would like to emphasize that the forestry sector exercices an important effect upon the national economy and that the effect of induced forestry output is greater than its direct income.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2019

우제목은 짝수 개의 발굽을 갖는 포유동물로 다양한 종이 전 세계적으로 광범위하게 서식하고 있다. 최근 국내에서는 멧돼지, 고라니와 같은 야생 우제목 동물에 의한 농작물 피해, 로드킬 등의 급증과 산양, 사향노루 등 일부 종의 개체수 급감으로 사회적 관심을 받고 있다. 그러나 이러한 사회적 관심에도 불구하고 우제목 관련 국내 연구는 매우 부족하며, 국내 우제목의 연구 동향 분석도 이루어지지 않아 실질적인 문제점을 파악하는데 어려움이 있다. 최근 연구 동향분석에 있어 텍스트마이닝과 동시출현단어분석은 연구 문헌들에서 나타나는 주요 단어들을 추출하고 단어들 간의 연관성을 정량화하는데 활용되고 있으며, 연구 주제의 분류에 있어 객관성을 증가시킨다. 본 연구에서는 텍스트마이닝과 동시출현단어분석을 통해 한국, 중국, 일본 3국의 우제목 연구 논문을 분석하고 국가별 연구 주제를 비교하여, 국내 우제목 연구에서의 부족한 점과 향후 필요한 점을 알아보고자 하였다. 각 국가별로 우제목과 관련된 연구 논문을 검색하여 수집한 665편의 논문들에 대한 텍스트마이닝 결과, 총 199개 단어가 추출되었다. 추출된 단어들에 대한 동시출현단어분석 결과 3개의 단어군이 형성되었다. 각 단어군에 포함된 단어들을 살펴본 결과, 단어군1은 "서식환경/생태", 단어군2는 "질병", 단어군3은 "보전유전학/분자생태"와 관련 있는 것으로 판단된다. 국가별로 각 단어군의 비율을 살펴본 결과, 중국과 일본은 비교적 고른 단어군 비율을 나타낸 반면, 한국은 "질병"과 관련된 단어군2의 비율이 69%로 상당히 큰 편중을 나타내었다. 연도에 따른 각 단어군별 단어수 회귀 분석 결과에서도 중국과 일본은 3개의 단어군에 해당하는 단어수가 시간 경과에 따라 비교적 고르게 증가하였지만, 한국은 단어군2의 증가율이 나머지 단어군의 5배 이상을 나타냈다. 국내 우제목 연구는 중국과 일본에 비해 질병과 관련된 연구 위주로 진행된 것으로 판단되며, 서식 특성, 행동, 분자생태를 포함한 연구는 매우 적게 수행된 것으로 판단된다. 향후 국내 야생 우제목 동물에 의한 피해 조절과 멸종위기종 보호를 위한 합리적인 정책 수립을 위해, 야생 우제목에 대한 생태 연구를 집중적으로 실시하여 기초생태 자료를 축적시켜 나가야 할 것이다.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.65-71
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• 2013

Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollinosis is the most popular pollinosis in Japan. It has been reported that Cryptomeria japonica pollen allergenic species are suspended as fine particles in the urban atmosphere. These allergenic fine particles are responsible for inducing asthma by breaking into the lower respiratory tract. It has also been found that pollinosis symptoms on the sufferers appear mainly at night-time by the results from epidemiological studies. However, the exact reason for these phenomena is not yet clarified. In this study, the diurnal and nocturnal behaviours of Cryptomeria japonica pollen grains and their allergenic species in the urban area of Saitama city of Kanto Plain were investigated. Airborne pollen grains and allergenic Cry j 1 concentrations in total suspended particulate matter (TSP) were investigated at two sampling sites, a heavy traffic road (roadside site) and at the balcony of the $10^{th}$ floor of the Building of Research and Project of Saitama University (general urban site). The latter sampling site where located about 300 m away from the roadside site was used as a general urban site unaffected by automobile traffic. The airborne pollen counts were measured with a real-time pollen monitor. Cry j 1 particles were collected with two high volume air samplers, and these concentrations were measured by surface plasmon resonance method with a Biacore J system. The diurnal variation of the airborne pollen counts was similar to the trends of temperature and wind speed during the day-time; whereas its tendency with wind speed trend was not observed during the night-time. Airborne pollen counts were lower with northern wind than with southern wind because the pollen comes from the mountainous areas, and the mountains in the south are closer, about half the distance to the northern mountains. It is suggested that the peaks of airborne pollen counts during night-time in the sampling site occurred by transport of pollen grains released during day-time in the mountainous forest areas, located c.a. 100 km away from the sampling site. On the roadside site the allergenic Cry j 1 concentrations were higher than at the general urban site, nevertheless pollen grains counts were lower. These results suggested that worsening of pollinosis symptoms during night-time in urban area was caused by transport of pollen grains during day-time in the mountainous forest areas. Moreover, pollen allergenic species become different morphology from pollen grain at roadside site, and the subsequent pollen grains re-suspension by automobile traffic.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.755-763
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• 2010

농지 개발로 인한 다량의 세립토사 유입은 타호부호수의 생태계를 악화시키고 있다. 호수 퇴적물의 물리적 특성, $^{137}Cs$, 과 화산재를 이용한 연대측정을 위해 호수 퇴적물 시료 15개를 채취하였다. 타호부호수에서 과거 300년간 토사퇴적속도를 조사한 결과, 유역에서 인위적 개발이 없는 1898년 이전 자연상태에서는 토사퇴적량이 0.1-1.1 mm $year^{-1}$였고, 인위적 개발이 시작된 1898년 이후에는 0.6-12.8 mm $year^{-1}$로 급격하게 증가하였다. 즉, 산림벌채, 하천공사와 농지개발 이후 토사퇴적량은 자연상태보다 6-12배 증가하여 호수의 수심이 얕아지는 현상을 가속시켰다. 1898년부터 1963년 사이의 호수 토사퇴적속도는 개별 소유역으로부터 토사유입 영향에 따라 공간적인 변화가 나타났다. 특히 1898년부터 1963년 사이의 호수 남쪽부분의 토사퇴적량은 산림벌채에 의한 숯 생산과 생산된 숯을 수송하기 위한 운하공사로 인해 호수 중앙과 북쪽부분보다 많았다. 하지만 1963년 이후 남쪽부분의 토사퇴적량이 감소하고 중앙과 북쪽부분에서 토사퇴적량이 증가하여 호수 안에서 토사퇴적의 공간적 변화는 없었다. 왜냐하면 호수 남쪽부분에서 많은 양의 토사퇴적은 호수 수심을 얕게 하여 토사를 침전시키는 능력을 감소시켰기 때문으로 생각되었다. 특히 하천 출구에 위치한 지점의 토사퇴적량은 자연상태에 비해 5-32배 높았다. 그리고 쿠시로강(평상시 타호부호수는 쿠시로강으로 배수)은 홍수시 탁수가 역류하여 호수로 유입하기 때문에 토사 유입 증가에 공헌하고 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.327-338
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• 2014

종자의 산지가 다른 루브라참나무(24년생)를 대상으로 물리 및 역학적 관계를 조사하여 생장속도와 목재의 재질과의 관계를 규명하였다. 생재함수율은 변재보다 심재가 높은 것으로 나타났고, 산지 간에 차이를 나타냈다. 비중의 경우 심재는 생장이 좋을수록 작아지는 경향을 보였고, 변재는 생장이 좋을수록 커지는 관계를 나타냈다. 전수축률은 산지간 차이를 나타냈으며, 생장이 좋을수록 수축률과 T/R율은 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 압축영계수, 휨강도와 휨영계수 및 충격강도는 산지 간 차이를 보였으며, 생장이 좋을수록 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 전단강도는 산지 간 차이를 보였으며, 생장이 좋을수록 커지는 경향을 보였다. 경도는 세 단면에서 산지 간 차이를 보였으며, 생장이 좋을수록 커지는 경향을 나타냈다. 5종의 산지가 다른 루브라참나무 중 Bancroft산 종자의 경우가 가장 좋은 수고생장을 보이고, 세 번째의 흉고직경을 나타내며, 압축, 휨, 경도, 전단, 충격강도 모두 우수하여 생장과 재질면을 고려했을 때 현시점에서 가장 우수한 품종으로 판단된다.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.446-454
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• 2023

기후변화는 농업에 막대한 영향을 미치며, 특히 지구 온난화로 인해 미래로 갈수록 기온과 습도가 현재와는 다른 양상으로 변화될 것으로 예측된다. 현재와 다른 기후 환경하에서는 농작물과 더불어 가축들은 환경변화에 따른 스트레스에 노출될 위험성이 높아질 수 있다. 특히 미래 기후는 평균기온 상승으로 설명할 수 있는데, 고온 스트레스에 대한 위험도는 기온과 상대습도를 통해 계산되는 온습도지수를 통해 평가할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 기상청 종관 관측 10개 지점에서 1961년부터 2020년까지 60년간 수집된 기온과 상대습도 자료를 활용하여 지점별 온습도지수를 기간에 따라 비교하고, 1981년부터 2020년까지 고해상도 분포도로 제작된 기온과 상대습도 분포도 자료를 통해 온습도지수를 분포도 형태로 제작하여 시간의 흐름에 따른 공간적인 변화량을 분석하였다. 또한, 온습도지수를 활용해 산출할 수 있는 고온 스트레스 발생 일수를 기간에 따라 비교하였다. 온습도지수는 과거에서 현재로 이어지는 동안 평균적으로 상승하는 양상을 나타냈으나 지점별로 상승 패턴은 차이가 있었다. 또한 온습도지수가 상승함에 따라 고온 스트레스 일수 또한 증가하는 양상을 나타냈으며, 이는 향후 열로 인한 축산업 분야의 비용증가를 예상할 수 있다. 본 연구의 결과는 온습도지수를 통해 가축의 고온 스트레스 위험성을 평가할 수 있음을 시사하며 향후 기후 변화 시나리오 자료를 통한 미래 기간에 대한 온습도지수 분석에 대한 연구가 필요할 것이다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.29-44
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• 2016

This study was carried out to the structure of plant community, and ecological succession sere of forest ecosystem in Soguemgang Valley, Odaesan National Park. Fifteenth plots(size is $20m{\times}20m$) were set up and the results analyzed by DCA which is one of the ordination technique showed that the plant communities were divided into seven groups which area community I(Quercus variabilis-Pinus densiflora community), II(Pinus densiflora community), III(Pinus densiflora-Quercus variabilis community), IV(Pinus densiflora-Quercus serrata community), V(Quercus serrata community), VI(Pinus densiflora-Deciduous broad-leaved plant community), VII(Cornus controversa-Carpinus laxiflora community). Shannon diversity index per $400m^2$ was to 0.7777 to 1.1440 and the age of Pinus densiflora 86 years old, Quercus variabilis was ranged from 66 to 87 years old, Quercus serrata was ranged from 51 to 62 years old, Carpinus laxiflora was 94 years old. In 2013, the succession trend was predicted Pinus densiflora${\rightarrow}$Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata ${\rightarrow}$Cornus controversa, Carpinus laxiflora. The ecological sucession progress has declined power of the Pinus densiflora and the increased power of the deciduous broad-leaved and Quercus spp. in Soguemgang Valley, Odaesan National Park. Quercus serrata and Quercus variabilis communities that judged Pinus densiflora were progressing by direction of landform. The southern slopes vegetation were progressing for Quercus variabilis, the northern slopes vegetation were progressing for Quercus serrata. In flat Valley, mainly native species of Cornus controversa, Carpinus laxiflora are predicted ecological succession for deciduous broad-leaved tree community.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.1025-1034
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• 2010

This study was to analyze changes of landuse and environmental value of cultivate land for eight years from 1999 to 2007 year in greenbelt area, Seoul. Greenbelt area decreased from $166.82\;km^2$ in 1999 to $156.50\;km^2$ in 2007 according to removal policy. Regarding landuse status in 2007, forest field area accounted for 64.16 %, dry paddy area 4.10 %, facilitated farming area 3.82 %, rice paddy area 2.95 % out of total greenbelt area. Cultivate land occupied wide spaces with dry paddy area, facilitated farming area, tree nursery in Seocho-gu, Gangnam-gu and Gangdong-gu. Changes of landuse were serious in Seocho-gu. The trend of changes of landuse for eight years is that rice paddy area was changed dry paddy area by laying the ground and dry paddy area was changed facilitated farming area for intensive agriculture. Rice paddy area could change without permission by laying the ground in below 50 cm height and it was changed to green houses due to increase in profit and modern policy of agriculture. It is nessary to monitor landuse regularly, improve regulation for change of landuse, compensate a property loss for maintaining environmental value in greenbelt area.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.25-48
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• 1993

International concern over the environmental pollution is ever increasing, and diversified countermeasures must be devised in Korea also. Global trend, damages, problems and countermeasures with respect to issues mentioned in the Rio Declaration, such as prevention of ozone layer destruction, reduction of migratory atmospheric pollution between neighboring countries, and prevention of global greenhouse effect, were discussed in this report. Conclusion of the report is summarized as follows : A. Measurement, Planning and Monitoring (1) Development and implementation of a global network for measurement and monitoring from the global aspects such factors as related to acid rain(Pioneer substances, pH, sulfate, nitrate), effect of global temperature(Air temperature, $CO_2$, $CH_4$, CFC, $N_2O$) and destruction of ozone layer($CFC_S$). (2) Establishment of network system via satellite monitoring movement of regional air mass, damage on the ozone layer and ground temperature distribution. B. Elucidation of Present State (1) Improvement and development of devices for carbon circulation capable of accurately forecasting input and output of carbon. (2) Developmental research on chemical reactions of greenhouse gas in the air. (3) Improvement and development of global circulation model(GCM) C. Impact Assessment Impact assessment on ecosystem, human body, agriculture, floodgate, land use, coastal ecology, industries, etc. D. Preventive Measures and Technology Development (1) Development and consumption of new energy (2) Development of new technology for removal of pioneer substances (3) Development of substitute matter for $CFC_S$ (4) Improvement of agriculture and forestry means to prevent the destruction of ozone layer and the greenhouse effect of the globe (5) Improvement of housing to prevent the destruction of ozone layer and the greenhouse effect of the globe (6) Development of new technology for probing underground water (7) Preservation of forest (8) Biomass 5. Policy Development (1) Development of strategy model (2) Development of long term forecast model (3) Development of penalty charge effect and expense evaluation methods (4) Feasibility study on regulations By establishing the above mentioned measures for environmentally sound and sustainable development to establish the right to live for humankind and to preserve the one and only earth.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2021

This study was performed to investigate the ecosystem service patterns in relation to climate change acceleration utilizing big data analysis. This study aimed to use big data analysis as one of the network of views to identify convergent thinking in two fields: climate change and ecosystem service. The keywords were analysed to ascertain if there were any differences in the perceiving problems, policy direction, climate change implications, and regional differences. In addition, we examined the research keywords of each continent, the centre of ecosystem service research, and the topics to be referred to in domestic research. The results of the analysis are as follows: First, the keyword centrality of climate change is similar to the detailed indicators of The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) regulations, content, and non-material ecosystem services. Second, the cross-analysis of terms in two journals showed a difference in value-oriented point; the Ecosystem Service Journal identified green infrastructure as having economic value, whereas the Climate Change Journal perceives water, forest, carbon, and biodiversity as management topics. The Climate Change Journal, but not the former, focuses on future predictions. Third, the analysis of the research topics according to continents showed that water and soil are closely related to the economy, and thus, play an important role in policy formulation. This disparity is due to differences in each continent's environmental characteristics, as well as economic and policy issues. This fact can be used to refer to the direction of research on ecosystem services in Korea. Consistent with the recent trend of expanding research regarding the impacts of climate change, it is necessary to study strategies to scientifically predict and respond to the negative effects of climate change.