• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.111 no.4
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• pp.667-675
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• 2022

Agroforestry is an ecological and economic land-use system that enables sustainable agriculture by combining forestry, agriculture, and livestock industries. North Korea chose agroforestry as a strategy for the restoration of sloping land and deforested land. Agroforestry was proposed for the inter-Korean forest cooperation subcommittee meeting and is currently highlighting carbon removal and promoting the '2050 Carbon Neutral Strategy' and 'Korea Peninsula Green Détente.' The study area, Suan-gun, Hwanghaebuk-do, is a constant deforestation monitoring area and a pilot site for management by the International Center for Research in Agroforestry. The requirements for agroforestry were analyzed through literature analysis. The agroforestry site-suitability map was visualized by applying GIS overlap analysis. Approximately 8,839 ha of sloping area was selected as suitable for agroforestry management, which is about 15% of Suan. We compared the map with Google Earth images and visually detected the land use status, such as agroforestry in Suan, to verify the results. As a future study, we will consider both natural-environment and socioeconomic factors and evaluate the relative importance of the factors to produce a high-accuracy agroforestry sitesuitability map at the national scale with the goal of producing basic data for the inter-Korea forest cooperation policy for long-term goals.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.89-104
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• 2021

This study investigated the public opinion on the use and conservation management of national park, to manage the growing demand of national park visit and to support the policy direction of national park. So far, various surveys and big data analysis on the use and perception of national park have been conducted, but there have been limitations such as lack of survey questions on issues in park management and use. In addition, the object of the previous studies were limited to the national park visitors; therefore, this study expanded the object of survey from national park visitors to ordinary citizens. Unlike previous studies conducted only on national park visitors, ordinary citizens relatively prefered bottom areas rather than high-altitude ones. A policy to limit the visit to high-ridge area of mountain is being currently driven; however, the survey results of ordinary citizens suggested to maintain current policies or to increase visitor reservations system within narrow limits. On the other hand, the proportion of citizens who have used the visitor-reservation system was very small. We discuss the difference between national park visitors and ordinary citizens and the policy conditions according to changes in park management principles and public attitudes toward national parks.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.94-106
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• 2022

In order to increase timber self-sufficiency, Korea's 6th Basic Forest Plan aims to increase the density of forest roads to 12.8 m ha^-1 by 2037. However, due to rapid re-forestation, current management infrastructure is insufficient, with just 4.8 m ha^-1 of forest roads in 2017. This is partly due to time and cost limitations on the process of forest road feasibility evaluation, which considers factors such as topography and forest conditions. To solve this problem, we propose an eco-friendly and efficient forest road network planning method using a geographic information system (GIS), which can evaluate a potential road site remotely based on spatial information. To facilitate such planning, this study identifies forest road construction priorities that can be evaluated using spatial information, such as topography, forest type and forest disasters. A method of predicting the optimal route to connect a forest road with existing roads is also derived. Overlapping analysis was performed using GIS-MCE (which combines GIS with multi-criteria evaluation), targeting the areas of Cheongsong-gun and Buk-gu, Pohang-si, which have a low forest-road density. Each factor affecting the suitability of a proposed new forest road site was assigned a cost, creating a cost surface that facilitates prioritization for each forest type. The forest path's optimal route was then derived using least-cost path analysis. The results of this process were 30 forestry site recommendations in Cheongsong-gun and one in Buk-gu, Pohang-si; this would increase forest road density for the managed forest sites in Cheongsong-gun from 1.58 m ha^-1 to 2.55 m ha^-1. This evaluation method can contribute to the policy of increasing timber self-sufficiency by providing clear guidelines for selecting forest road construction sites and predicting optimal connections to the existing road network.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.70-78
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• 2018

Recently, the conservation of mountainous landscape and compensation for diverse demands for mountain areas such as leisure, recreation and welfare are under discussion. The purpose of this study is to investigation the perception of mountainous landscapes by those who view and recognize the landscapes and to estimate economic value by estimating the willingness to pay for the management of mountainous landscapes. This study will provide data for the management of mountainous landscapes. As a result of comparing the perception between the territorial landscape and the mountain landscape, the mountain scenery was 3.96, the management level satisfaction was 3.28, and the management necessity was 4.38, which was higher than the national landscape, while the national landscape was satisfactory but the management level was insufficient. Jeju Island (39.0%) and Gangwon (38.6%) were chosen as the most scenic areas with beautiful forest and mountainous landscape resources. The aesthetic characteristics of the vast skyline of mountain scenery, the background of the area, and the mountainous landscape that forms the landmark were evaluated highly. And, it is considered that consciousness of mountainous landscape management is heightened by 86.8% of respondents, who positively answered the Mountainous Landscape Visual Impact Assessment before the development project. The per capita payment amount for mountainous landscape management was calculated to be 3,742 won and, based on the number of visitors to the mountain National Parks in 2016, it is estimated to have an economic value of about 169.5 billion won. Policymakers have limitations in the mountainous landscape management policies of the administrative subject. Establishing a consensus on the importance and necessity of landscape management by diagnosing the status of public perception is expected to help create more effective policy direction and implement strategies for the management of these areas.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.3-19
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• 2011

Nagoya Protocol designed to establish criteria about material trade of biological genetic resources(ABS) was adopted in the 10th conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity. In the course of the negotiation for adoption of the protocol, there was conflict between developed and developing countries, resource-rich and poor countries, and multinational corporations and environmentalists. This study investigates conflict process, subjects, issues and major factors in the negotiation case, and analyzes the negotiation by using the Conflict Management Process. To develope conflict management strategies for various conflict cases, we examine previous studies and analyze the intersectional conflict factors of this case and general cases, such as Fundamental side, Resource-allocation side, and Communication/Information-sharing side. These analyses of conflict prevention/resolution of the ABS negotiation show the importance of building mutual trust among stakeholders, enhancing mediator training, and constructing appropriate legislative/policy systems for successful conflict management.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 1989

^x As mentioned above, I consider the change of role that is related with Japanese thought of Natural Environmental Conservation, and I divide each part of periods into forest, farmland, open space, urban planning, environmental conservation etc. To summary the content of each period of Natural Environmental Conservation thought is as follows. 1) Previous period before formation(before 1919) In the previous period of Meiji, it could be said that the consciousness of the Natural Environmental Conservation was coming to existence. In this, so called, Natural Environmental Conservation, the thought of Forest Preservation was the main current and it was the thought of territorial integrity for the security of resource, the forestry conservancy and flood control in the forestry farmland. Since the age of Meiji, the theory of Natural Conservation appears from the theory of Japanese landscaping and systematic management about public parks was enforced, but the regular theory of Natural Environmental Conservation did not attain full growth. 2) The period of formation(1919~ 1954) In the period of formation, the base of Natural Environmental Conservation had been established. Parks and Open spaces were admitted as a public facilities in each city, and legislations which supported it had been continuously enacted and so on. In this period, the afforestation counter plan was emphasized on the side of territorial integrity. In the mountainous district. tree planting was emphasized to recover the forest which had been destroied by war. 3) The period of development(1955~ 1974) In the period of development, varied policies was institutionalized for the Natural Environmental Conservation. However, all sorts of development policy had performed simultaneously, thus development had complicated relation with preservation. But after 1970's the framework of system of Natural Environmental Conservation improvement was constituted to control the many kinds of development, and the spontaneous campaign of nature preservation by private lead was being taken root. This is the more progressive period. 4) The pried of root(after 1975) After the latter of 1970's, the role of Natural Environmental Conservation began to take root not in the direction of control but inducement, and, getting out of development - oriented policy, aimed at relation between human being and natural environment and the side of amenity of human environment. Besides, the current of Natural Environmental Conservation had been seperately progressed in the cities and forests. Since this period, it was the character that cities and forests began to be unified as 'amenity'space of man.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.106-115
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• 2009

Knowledge about how to stabilize soil structure is essential to conserve soil systems and maintain various biogeochemical processes through soil. In urban area, soil structural systems are degraded with inappropriate management and land use and become vulnerable to erosion. We analyzed the structural changes of surface soils with different land uses, i.e., forests, parks, roadside green area, riparian area, and farmlands (soybean fields), in the Anyang Stream Watershed in order to find the factors influencing the stability of soil structure and the implication for better management of surface soil. Soil organic matter contents of other land use soils were only 18~52% of that in forest soils. Soil organic matter increased the stability of soil aggregates in the order of soybean fields < roadsides < riparian < parks < forests and also reduced soil bulk density (increased porosity). The lowest stability of soybean field soils was attributed to the often disturbance like tillage and it was considered that higher stability of park soils comparing to other land use soils except forests was owing to the covering of soil surface with grass. These results suggest that supply of soil organic matter and protection of soil surface with covering materials are very important to increase porosity and stability of soil structure.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.3
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• pp.495-502
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• 2015

This study intended to provide basic data required in establishing policies for improving the forestry management and the compensation standard for the loss from non-timber forest products by examining the cost of cultivating key medicinal herbs and the earnings from them to analyze the income. According to the income analysis on the cultivation of medicinal herbs, the average annual income per unit area of Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara was the highest as it recorded 14,233,000 won/10a and was followed by Pleuropterus multiflorus TURCZ. which recorded 4,121,000 won/10a, Gastrodia elata Blume 3,766,000 won/10a, Epimedium koreanum Nakai 3,537,000 won/10a, Atractylodes ovata (Thunb.) DC. 2,655,000 won/10a, Aralia continentalis Kitagawat 1,048,000 won/10a, Paeonia lactiflora Pallas 1,025,000 won/10a, and Bupleurum falcatum L. 919,000 won/10a. Compared with the income from major nuts and fruits analyzed in 2014, the average annual income per unit area for medicinal herbs was relatively higher. For Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara and Aralia continentalis Kitagawat, soots are used for food and the roots for medicine, it appears that it can become a new income source for the farming and mountain villages. Meanwhile, the price for Paeonia lactiflora Pallas is dropping due to Chinese imports, and also damage to the income from other medicinal herbs due to Chinese imports is expected with the implementation of Korea-China FTA in the future.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.427-432
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• 2020

In order to establish an effective forest management plan, it is necessary to investigate tree management information such as tree height and DBH(Diameter at breast height). However, research on convergence and application of data acquisition technology to improve the efficiency of existing forest survey methods is insufficient. Therefore, in this study, tree management information was constructed and analyzed using point cloud data acquired through a 3D scanner. Data on the study site was acquired using fixed and mobile 3D scanners, and the efficiency of the mobile 3D scanner was presented through comparison of working hours. In addition, tree management information for object management was constructed by classifying vegetation by object using point cloud data, and by constructing information on chest height diameter and height. As a result of the accuracy evaluation compared with the conventional measurement method, the difference in tree height was 0.02-0.09m and DBH was 0.01-0.04m. If information on the location of vegetation and crowns of each object is constructed through additional research in the future, the efficiency of the work related to forest management information construction can be greatly increased.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.18 no.3 s.39
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• pp.171-190
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• 1990

It is the purpose of this study to address how to manage the urban vegitation using the concept of Urban Forestry which is relatively new to Korea. When we consider the Urban Forestry as a science, We should understand it interdisciplinary subject which includes Forestry, Horticulture, Urban Planning, Landscape Design, Landuse Planning, Business and Humanities. It may say that people and tree are the fundermental components of Urban Forestry. So there are two ways of Urban Forestry Applications-How people care for trees and How trees care for People-. For the application, this study places the focus on the monetary valuation, tree inventory system and traditional forestry application to urban forest management. Pubic Relation, Communication, Ordinances and Budget are also mentioned as a part of Urban Forestry Policy. Monetary valuation of trees and forests is very important for the proper cognition of their real value. So that, they may be equated and weighed against conflicting uses which would cause to be removed or severely mutilated. A tree inventory system which is the essential part of urban tree management can provide the pertinent information about the present condition of urban tree resource. It may aid in reducing the subjectivity of tree management decisions and stimulate them to be made rapidly and can help reduce potential municipal liability by identifying serious problems in time for corrective maintenance practices to be applied for the maximize community benefits and minimimize public nuisances or hazards. Managers can derive the information from the inventory and use it for the various management plan. When we see the structure of tree inventory system as one of the data base management system, Computer is the best equipment for the efficient management plan. Public relation and communication is also important factors to care the people for urban vegetation management. Volunteer management system is a good example for the public relation and communication. Those skills are need to develop for using the priceless, valuable human resources. Budget holds the key to the execution of Urban Forestry. Good inventory can provide for efficient budgeting stratiges through it's scientific analysis for the way of maximum benefits and minimum costs. Forest can be play a vital role for the aesthetic improvement and recreation in the city. This study suggests that the traditional sivicultural application not only improve the quality of scenic beauty and recreation but also the products of timber. So it is more needed to study for strong and scientific application to urban forest management.