• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2018

We studied natural and plantation forest ecosystem of Sarguja in Chhattisgarh, India in order to understand how vegetation biomass, carbon stock and its allocation patterns vary among the sites. For this, stratified random sampling was opted to measure the different layers of vegetation. Wide floral diversity was found in the natural forest site as compared to the teak stand. Overall, 17 tree species found in natural forest comprising 8 families while in the teak stand 6 species were recorded. In understory strata 23 species were recorded (18 herbs and 5 shrubs) in natural forest whereas in teak stand 20 herb species and 3 shrubs were found. Great variation was also seen in the population dynamics of the different vegetation stratum in concerned sites. The sapling, seedling and herb density was found to be highest in natural stand while tree and shrub density was more in teak stand. Results indicated that stand biomass of the natural site was $321.19t\;ha^{-1}$ while in the teak stand it was $276.61t\;ha^{-1}$. The total biomass of tree layer in plantation site was $245.22t\;ha^{-1}$ and natural forest $241.44t\;ha^{-1}$. The sapling, seedling, shrub and forest floor biomass was found highest under natural forest as compared to the teak plantation site. Carbon stock has similar trend as that of biomass accumulation in natural forest and teak stand. Higher biomass accumulation and carbon stock were recorded in the higher girth class gradation of the population structure. Proper efforts are required to manage these diverse ecosystems to obtain higher biomass and sustainable ecological services.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.337-344
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• 1992

A study on the secondary succession and species diversity was conducted at burned sites of which pinus densiflora forest and its floor vegetation was almost destroyed by the forest first in the mts. todok, sansong and palgong from 1977 to 1986. The changes of vegetation during period the year to 11th after fire occurred miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens $\rightarrow$ miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens-lespedeza cyrtobotyra $\rightarrow$ lespedeza cyrtobotyra $\rightarrow$ lespedeza cyrtobotyra-quercus serrata community. The biological spectra based on $SDR_3$(%) and SP(%) were $H-D_1-R_5-e$ types. The species diversity generally decrease from miscanthus to lespedeza stage and reached minimum at stage of lespedeza, and after that a litter increase for lespedeza-quercus stage. The species distribution curves showed a decrease from miscanthus to lespedeza stage and slight increase at lespedeza-quercus stage in evenness.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2018

The litter production, the nutrient concentration of each component of litterfall, and the amounts of nutrient into the forest floor via litterfall were assessed for 5 years from January 2009 through December 2013 in a Pinus densiflora forest in Mt. Worak National Park. The average amounts of leaf litter, branch and bark, reproductive organs(flowers and cones), and miscellaneous categories for 5 years were $1.940{\pm}0.21$, $0.505{\pm}0.15$, $0.259{\pm}0.09$, and $0.737{\pm}0.14t\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively. The average percentage of leaf litter, branch and bark, reproductive organs and miscellaneous categories for 5 years were 56.4, 14.7, 7.5, and 21.4%, respectively. The amounts of total litterfall in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013 were 2.810, 3.796, 3.268, 3.284, and $4.045ton\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively. The average amounts of litterfall for 5 years were $3.441{\pm}0.4ton\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$. The average amounts of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg returned to the forest floor via litterfall for 5 years in this Pinus densiflora forest were $22.73{\pm}4.92$, $1.05{\pm}0.42$, $4.26{\pm}1.69$, $8.48{\pm}4.62$, and $2.42{\pm}1.01kg\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.573-580
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• 2011

Litter production, nutrient concentration of each component of litterfall and amount of nutrients input to forest floor via litterfall were investigated for four years from May 2005 through April 2009 in Quercus variabilis forest at Mt. Worak National Park. Amount of litterfall in 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 were 5.181, 5.372, 5.314, 5.361 ton $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively. Average amount of litterfall for four years was 5.307${\pm}$0.09 ton $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$. Average percentage of leaf litter, branch and bark, reproductive organ and the miscellaneous for four years were 67.5${\pm}$1.9, 13.3${\pm}$0.8, 10.1${\pm}$0.5 and 9.1${\pm}$1.2%, respectively. Average amount of N, P, K, Ca and Mg returned to forest floor via litterfall for four years in this Q. variabilis forest were 44.47${\pm}$6.70, 2.50${\pm}$0.25, 12.26${\pm}$0.30, 17.23${\pm}$2.32 and 9.56${\pm}$0.54 kg $ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.6
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• pp.774-780
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• 2001

Aboveground carbon storage and increment of a 31-year-old pitch pine (Pinus rigida) stand were measured for five years (1997~2001) in the Jungbu Forest Experiment Station, Gyeonggi-do, Korea. The carbon concentration in each component of aboveground and soil depth decreased in the order of needle>branch>stembark>stemwood>forest floor>0-15cm soil depth>15-30cm soil depth. The carbon storage except for root carbon was 140,600kgC/ha and the tree accounted for 61%, soil 31% and forest floor 8% of the stand carbon storage. Due to high tree mortality by Fusarium subglutinans infection and spring drought in 2001, carbon increment except for 2001 data was 3,233kgC/ha/yr and was in the order of stemwood>branch>stembark>needle. Carbon storage and increment were attributed to stand density and site quality. Carbon storage and increment were higher in the high site quality than in the lower site quality plot on similar tree density. Also, the high tree density site on similar site quality showed more carbon storage and increment compared with the lower tree density. The results suggest that site quality and tree density are a key factor determining carbon storage and increment in this pitch pine stand.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.83-93
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• 2016

This study purposed to examine the water retention capacity of floor litter in deciduous forests. Water holding capacity(WHC) and interception storage capacity of Alnus hirsuta Turcz. ex Rupr., Quercus acutissima, Quercus mongolica litters were experimentally estimated. Physical characteristics of litters were also obtained to understand the relationships between water-retention capacity and litter characteristics. Experiments showed that WHC increases with specific volume of litter, varying 244.4% to 416.8% of its dry mass. Interception storage have estimated with rainfall simulation experiments. Maximum interception storage ($C_{max}$) and minimum interception storage ($C_{min}$) of litters were 220% and 138% of dry mass in Alnus hirsuta Turcz. ex Rupr., 218% and 137% in Quercus acutissima, and 240% and 156% in Quercus mongolica. Both $C_{max}$ and $C_{min}$ increased linearly with litter mass, and the values of $C_{min}$ in broadleaf litters have also linear relation to leaf area.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.157-162
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• 1997

Changes on soil physical and chemical properties following the forest fire in Kosung area in Kangwon province were examined. Twenty seven sampling plots[16 burned (8 low intensity fire, 8 high intensity fire) and 11 unburned plots] from Pinus densiflora community were chosen and soil samples from three depths(0-5, 5-15, 15-25 cm) under the forest floor were collected. Forest fire in the area affected soil chemical properties. Soil pH, available phosphorus, base saturation, K, Ca, and Mg on the surface soil(0-5cm) in the burned areas compared with the unburned areas were increased, while soil properties on the subsurface soil(5-25 cm) were not changed. Organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and exchangeable cations following the high in tensity fire on the surface soil were generally lower than those in the low intensity fire areas. This indicates that these nutrients on high intensity fire areas may be volatilized. The results suggest that the fire effects on soil chemical properties were confined mainly to the surface soil and were different between the high and the low intensity fire types.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.83-91
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• 2012

Crown density, which is defined as the proportion of the forest floor concealed by tree crown, is important and useful information in various fields. Previous methods of measuring crown density have estimated crown density by interpreting aerial photographs or through a ground survey. These are time-consuming, labor-intensive, expensive and inconsistent approaches, as they involve a great deal of subjectivity and rely on the experience of the interpreter. In this study, the crown density of a forest in Korea was estimated using KOMPSAT-2 high-resolution satellite images. Using the image segmentation technique and stand information of the digital forest map, the forest area was divided into zones. The crown density for each segment was determined using the discriminant analysis method and the forest ratio method. The results showed that the accuracy of the discriminant analysis method was about 60%, while the accuracy of the forest ratio method was about 85%. The probability of extraction of candidate to update was verified by comparing the result with the digital forest map.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.322-327
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• 2012

Fate of fenitrothion aerially sprayed to control pine wood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) was studied in a forest of Haman area. And the monitoring of fenitrothion was conducted in a stream flowed from forest area of Gijang sprayed fenitrothion. Fenitrothion 50% EC was diluted 100 times and applied two or three times using helicopter in Haman and Gijang, respectively. Average fenitrothion deposits on forest floor ranged from 6% of standard aerial application rate. Following to the second application, fenitrothion deposits in the pine needle ranged from 0.6 to 0.9 mg/kg and then rapidly decreased to 0.01 mg/kg after 109 days. Deposits on the plant washed off by rainfall and reached to soil surface was 1.3% of the application rate. All of fenitrothion on the ground resided in the forest floor covering the soil surface, where fenitrothion residues were decreased to a tenth at 109 days after the second application, but they were not detected in sol beneath it. And the only low level of fenitrothion residues, 0.0009 mg/L, was detected in runnel of the experimental forest just after aerial application. The concentration of fenitrothion in effluent from Gijang area was less than detection limit (0.0001 mg/L) during the entire period.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.46-56
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• 2008

This study examined the natural restoration of vegetation through monitoring of the development of a vegetation community from 2006 through 2007 after a forest fire. Approximately 5,000 $m^2$ in a forest near Topyeon-ri, Kangnae-myeon, Chungcheongbuk-do with Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) forest and its floor vegetation had been completely burned by a fire in April 2005. This area and another nearby Japanese red pine forest were selected as the experiment site and the control site, respectively. Vegetation survey was conducted at the experiment site and the control site. A seed bank experiment was carried out in the greenhouse to examine underground vegetation. Effective microorganism(EM) was applied to the seed bank experiment to estimate its effects on the direction of ecological succession. According to the results, a total of 36 plant species including shrub and herbaceous species were discovered in the experiment site. Quercus serrata, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, and Castanea crenata, Rubus crataegifolius, Oplismenus undulatifolius, and Carex lanceolata were among the most abundant species. Biomass in the experiment site reached 2.4 times biomass than those in the control site, indicating the productivities of shrub and herbaceous layers are better in the experiment site. According to the result of the soil seed bank experiment of the experiment site, a total of 182 plants of 14 species were recorded. In addition, a total of 13 plants of 2 species were found from soil seed bank of the experiment site applied by EM. If EM is applied to the burned site, it will control the budding of herbaceous plants, creating the gap between herbaceous plants. This loss of competition is expected to help the restoration of trees in the burned area.