• Journal of architectural history
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.7-20
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• 2023

The compositions of ethnic groups in Macau vary with time. Prior to the opening of the port, the majority of the residents in Macau were Chinese people, including those living on land and at sea. After the port was opened, with the increase of Portugal businessmen and missionaries, the population was divided into Chinese people and foreigners (so-called 'Yiren' or 夷人 in Chinese). Chinese people living on land were mainly of Hakka, Fujian, and Cantonese descent. Those living at sea were referred to as 'Tanka People' (named 'Danmin' or 蜑民in Chinese). They lived on floating boats for their entire lives and were similar to the 'drifters' in Japan. Since modern times, many refugees from mainland China and Southeast Asia flooded into Macau due to warfare. The development of industrialization required a larger number of laborers, and some 'coolies' entered Macau in legal or illegal ways, making it a multi-ethnic city. However, the Tanka people were not considered a minority ethnic group under the national ethnic policy of 56 ethnic groups since they did not have an exclusive language and shared dialects in different regions. As the ports inhabited by Tanka people gradually restored foreign trade, the boats and stilt houses used by Tanka people were dismantled to expand the infrastructure area of the ports. Many Tanka people began to live on land and marry people on land, leading to the disappearance of the Tanka group in Macau. The fishing boats and stilt houses used by Tanka people have also disappeared, with only a few remaining in areas such as Pearl River Delta and Hong Kong. This paper examines the natural and social environment of Tanka people in Macau from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the Republic of China, as well as the adaptive changes they adopted for the aforementioned environment in terms of living space and architectural type, on the basis of summarizing the historical activities of Tanka people. Finally, this study provides a layout plan and interior structure of the most commonly used boat for Tanka people from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the Republic of China, with the use of CAD and other technical software, along with reference to written historical documentation, and provides a case study for further research on the architectural history of Macau's inner harbor cities, from anthropological and folklore perspectives.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.1D
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• pp.1-10
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• 2008

Recently, the Seoul Metropolitan Government (SMG) has initiated several urban redevelopment projects to revitalize the downtown well equipped for transit oriented development (TOD). Since, TOD should incur higher density development in our context, it has negative impacts on travel patterns, congestion, and urban environmental quality. The purpose of this study is to develop new transportation service index which can facilitate higher density TOD. This study includes relevant foreign case studies, the development of multimodal transportation index, and the impact analysis of TOD when it is applied in the downtown Seoul. In chapter III, it developed a so-called ITLOS, new multimodal transportation service index which shows the possibility of accommodating further development by integrating roadway service index with public transportation service index. The study sets ten policy scenarios by varying densities, and run the Seoul Congestion Management Model (SECOMM) to estimate the sustainable transportation impacts of TOD in the downtown. Travel speed index that only represents the availability of road capacity for development reveal that higher density development in the downtown can deteriorate traffic congestion while improving region-wide transportation level of service in Seoul. Also, it is proved that higher density development is more feasible when using ITLOS as the index because it considers not only available road capacity but subway capacity in the analysis area.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.29-35
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• 2024

Recently, the Korean financial market has implemented a ban on unleveraged short selling, and leveraged short selling, which involves selling borrowed securities, is called general short selling. This study sought to come up with improvement measures to revitalize short selling from the perspective of individual investors. Short selling refers to selling stocks you do not own in the stock market, predicting that the stock price of the stock will fall, and borrowing stocks to sell them. Based on the results of this study, the short selling market's growth and improvement plans are as follows. First, a plan must be developed to expand short selling opportunities for individual investors. In the domestic short selling market, including KOSPI and KOSDAQ, foreign and institutional participants account for more than 95% of the market, and individual investors are very small. Therefore, its expansion is inevitable. Second, monitoring and punishment for unfair short selling transactions must be strengthened. Representative improvement measures that can minimize the side effects of short selling include strengthening monitoring of unfair trading and short selling, and raising the level of punishment. In addition, measures must be taken to further increase the level of punishment for short selling related to unfair transactions. Third, the short selling reporting and disclosure system needs to be improved. In the case of Korea, short selling transactions are not yet as active as in developed countries, but there is a need to expand the disclosure system to strengthen market transparency in preparation for future short selling transactions becoming more active. In conclusion, it is reported that if short selling regulations are excessively strengthened, losses may occur in terms of price efficiency and market liquidity, which may ultimately have a negative impact on the market. Therefore, policies related to short selling must be made while taking into account the positive aspects of regulatory effects and the negative impact on the market.

• Communications of Mathematical Education
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.145-165
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• 2024

The purpose of this study is to analyze the types of errors made by Korean language learners in the use of dual numerals and provides basic data for developing an effective teaching numeration using dual numerals. To this end, a case study was conducted to analyze the types of errors that appear in numeration using dual numerals targeting Korean language learners with diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds and different academic achievements in Korean and mathematics. Error types that categorized errors made by Korean language learners were used as an analysis framework. The conclusions obtained from the research results are as follows. First, it is necessary to provide students with opportunities to use them frequently so that they can become familiar with the use of native language numerals, which often causes errors. Second, when teaching Korean language learners with low-level Korean language academic achievement how to use Chinese numerals, it is necessary to pay attention to the multiplicative numeral system of Chinese numerals. Third, it is necessary to teach children to accurately read foreign word classifiers used with Chinese numerals accurately in Korean and distinguish between the classifiers 'o'clock' and 'hours'. There is a need to provide guidance so that native language/Chinese numerals can be used appropriately in succession along with Chinese classifiers. The results of this study may contribute to the development of an effective teaching numeration using dual numerals for Korean language learners with diverse linguistic and cultural backgrounds.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.147-154
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• 2024

Since the COVID-19 pandemic, art content platforms have evolved into content venues for the holistic experience of art, which is distinct from offline experiences, and possesses unique characteristics that are no longer just auxiliary means of information delivery. The purpose of this study is to explore the direction of platform development for art content in order to revitalize art experiences in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution by analyzing functional utility cases of art content platform services both domestically and abroad. To achieve this, factors for analyzing the functional utility of art content platforms were extracted through literature research. Then, the functions and services of domestic and foreign art content platforms were categorized into three groups, and based on the analysis factors of 'interaction', 'reliability', 'convenience', and 'diversity' extracted from the literature, the development direction of art content platforms was examined through a service and function analysis. The significance of this study is that it analyzed the overall user experience online and the development direction of art content platforms through functional utility analysis. Through this, it aims to provide implications by analyzing the various utilization possibilities of art content platforms and the perspective of users who experience art in the media environment.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.312-321
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• 2019

The Lao PDR is a developing country that heavily relies on rice farming. During off-season of rice farming, rural villagers produce non-timber forest products such as bamboo products. Until recently many villages have overexploited bamboo resources and supplied raw bamboo materials to foreign companies. Although the Lao government allocated harvesting quotas, most villagers keep on cutting bamboos due to no other income during the off-season. This study provides an alternative income model, bamboo handicraft, that can increase villagers' income while minimizing the use of bamboo resources. It also accesses the economic feasibility of the new income model for a mountain village, Nongboua village, where surveys were conducted on general incomes of 10 sample families who participated in the new income model voluntarily. A difference was made during the off-season when the sample families worked on cutting bamboos (previous income) or bamboo handicrafts (new income). A daily wage of $ 11.5 was used for the previous income, based on our surveys. For the new income, it was assumed that single family could produce 6 bamboo handicrafts daily with a unit price of $ 2.3, resulting in a daily income of $ 13.8. During the off-season, 8 and 14 working days in a month were assumed for the previous and new incomes based on surveys. Then the previous previous and new yearly incomes were estimated and compared using normality and paired t-tests. This study found that the new yearly income was significantly greater than the previous yearly income (p < 0.001): the former (rice farming and bamboo handicraft, $ 2,064) was 42% ($ 608) greater than the latter (rice farming and bamboo cutting, $ 1,456). These results suggested that the new income model could increase villagers' income significantly. If the bamboo handicraft model is applied for other areas with bamboo resources, it can provide an opportunity to improve the rural economies and livelihoods of developing countries.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.28 no.12 s.138
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• pp.1644-1654
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• 2004

As globalization has been accelerating in recent years, more people have opportunities to live abroad for an extended period of time, which is known to have strong influence on consumers. The main purposes of this study were to examine if and how sojourning experience could bring changes to people in general and in clothing styles with focus on Korean adults. The researchers conducted in-depth interviews on a total of thirty-six women and twenty-one men who lived in foreign countries more than two years and have been back in Korea longer than one year. The major results indicated that in addition to personalities, age, length of stay, activities during stay, gender, and cultural distances played important roles in bringing long-term changes on people. Re-established self-identity, changes in values, and openness toward diversity were major common changes observed in the interviewees. In addition, they became educated consumers with good knowledge of diverse brands and prices, and emphasized value as opposed to price. Changes in clothing styles were noted mainly among women. They placed high importance on having their own style, coordination and appropriateness, which were consistent with the general changes. Influences of different cultures were also noted.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.84-93
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• 2004

This study was carried out to select proper species for early stage replantation in granite forest roads cut-slope. From two to sixteen year elapsed forest roads in four regional areas of Gangwon-do, sample plots were selected, and their vegetations and environmental factors were investigated. Soil organic matter, total nitrogen, soil moisture content, and bulk density in the decomposed granite soils were below 1.32%, 0.08%, 10.0%, and above 1.24g/$cm^3$, respectively. The result indicated that the soil was not good for plant growth. The environmental factors affecting distribution of species in the granite forest roads were the elapsed year, cut-slope, elevation, and cut-slope aspect. Species with high frequency in the granite forest road cut-slope ordered Lespedeza bicolor, Rubus crataegifolius, Pinus densiflora, Lysimachia clethroides, Amorpha fruticosa, Dactylis glomerata, Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Festuca arundinacea, Spodiopogon sibiricus, Artemisia stolonifera, and Weigela subsessilis. Herbs seeded in earth stage such as Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne, and Festuca arundinacea had changed into perennial herbs such as Carex lanceolata, Poa sphondylodes, Patrinia villosa, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Spodiopogon sibiricus, Melica onoei, Artemisia keiskeana, Artemisia stolonifera, Astilbe chinensis var. davidii, Spodiopogon sibiricus, and those had changed into shrubs such as Rubus crataegifolius and Weigela subsessilis, and those had changed into trees such as Salix hulteni, Salix koreensis, and Fraxinus rhyncholhylla according to elapsed year of forest roads. Legumes such as Lespedeza sp., Pueraria thunbergiana, Amorpha fruticosa, etc., herbs such as Artemisia keiskeana, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Artemisia stolonifera, Astilbe chinensis var. davidii, Spodiopogon sibiricus, Miscanthus sinensis, etc., and woody plants such as Pinus densiflora, Rubus crataegifolius, Weigela subsessilis, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Rhododendron mucronulatum, etc., with foreign herbs were considered as proper species for replantation in granite forest road cut-slope.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.203-212
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• 2014

It is important to explore ways that reinforce teachers' curricular expertise at the school level as the school curriculum autonomy expands. This study investigated teachers' curricular expertise that is required for teachers' professionalism, autonomy, and accountability to cope with the increasing school curriculum autonomy. Teachers in the future school are expected to explore and develop school level curriculum within a given school context. Through literature reviews, domestic and foreign case studies, and survey of teachers, this study examined difficulties in science teachers' exercise of their professionalism on curriculum organization and implementation at the school level. Difficulties in exercising teachers' curricular expertise include lack of actual autonomy in curriculum operation at the school level, inadequate infrastructures, demanding accountability based on students' achievement results, lack of time for reflection, and lack of recognition for teachers as independent curriculum designers. In the conclusion section, a couple of ways to solve these difficulties are suggested including expansion of actual autonomy, activation of teachers' participation in policy decision making, reinforcement of qualitative components in school assessment, diversification of the teacher's career ladder, and activation of teachers' participation in professional learning communities.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.363-376
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• 2020

Various policies and institutional efforts are being made for mature democracy and more sustainable administration of our society. In this respect, the importance of civic participation, considered essential in environmental impact assessment, has been consistently emphasized in the relevant theories and practices. Although various methods and forms of public participation are taking place in Korea, criticism is widely understood that collecting citizens' opinions in the decision-making process has become ineffective and formal. Starting from these issues, this paper seeks to learn lessons from the foreign cases in the international context. Extensive literature review was conducted to examine the meaning and objectives of public participation in EIA and the tactical principles. Based on this, the participatory systems and procedures in the United States, Britain, Germany, Japan, and Canada were critically reviewed, and the implications were derived through specific cases. The results are, first, the provision of specific public participation guidelines, second, the securing of transparency in the decision-making process, third, the expansion of procedural participation levels, and lastly, the guarantee of participation opportunities. This paper is meaningful as a basic study to enrich discussions on public participation in the domestic EIA hoping to help research through more diverse empirical cases in the future.