• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.309-316
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• 2004

This experiment was carried out to assess the growth and development of five rye(Secale cereale L.) cultivars based on the Feekes scale in relation to sowing date at the Experimental Livestock Farm, Seoul National University(SNU), Suwon from 30 September 2001 to 4 May 2002. The experiment was conducted in split plot design with three replications. The main plots consisted of two sowing date such as early(30 September) and late(15 October). The subplots consisted of rye cultivars of five different maturity groups such as 'Kodiak', 'Koolgrazer', 'Danko', 'Homil22' and 'Olhomil'. The plant height of early sowing rye cultivars was higher than that of late one. Among the rye cultivars tested, plant heights of early maturing cultivars were higher than those of the other cultivars. The tiller number at early sowing(48.0) was higher than that of late(24.3), however, late maturing cultivars were higher than those of the other cultivars among the rye cultivars tested. Growth and development in the early sowing were generally three days earlier than those of late sowing cultivars. Growth and development in 'Olhomil' rye cultivars was earlier than 'Danko' rye cultivars when sown in early, but 'Olhomil' and 'Koolgrazer' rye cultivars showed an early maturity than 'Danko' rye when sown in late. Therefore, the developmental stages of winter rye cultivars could be categorised the following maturity; 'Olhomil' and 'Koolgrazer' are early in maturity, 'Homil22' is medium, and 'Kodiak' and 'Danko' are late in maturity.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.249-256
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• 2006

The object of this experiment was to suggest the optimum autumn sown small forage crops as next forage crops harvested maize in Daejeon area. The field trials was conducted from 2002 to 2004 at Chungnam National University in order to evaluate the dry matter yield and qualities of the autumn sown small forage crops. The experiment was consisted of split plots (main plot : forage crops as rye, barley and wheat, and sub plot 4 harvest stages as boot, heading, milk and dough) design with three replications. The average DM yield for 2 years of rye was higher than that of other forage crops (p<0.01). As stages proceed, the DM yield tended to increase in all forage crops (p<0.01). In chemical composition, they had a difference on forage crops and stages. The crude protein (CP) was higher in barley (p<0.01), but fibrous contents such as NDF, ADF, cellulose and lignin were lower in wheat than in the other forage crops (p<0.01). In Daejeon area, although barley and wheat at milk and dough stages were observed with maximum yield and high quality as autumn sown forage crops, due to late harvesting periods, it is difficult to utilize them as previous forage crops seeded in maize. Based on the result mentioned above, it is concluded that rye harvested at boot to heading stages is the most suitable fur autumn sown small forage crops in Daejeon area. Meanwhile, in order to have the option of nutritional value in wheat and barley, they need to be supplied early maturing and high-yield variety of wheat and barley.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.237-244
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the cropping system of forage crops and application of cattle slurry on productivity of forage crops and soil fertility. The field experiments were conducted on the silt clay loam at Gongiam, Kwangju, Kyung-gi province in Korea for two years. This study was arranged in split plot design with three replicates. Main plots were the cropping systems, such as single crop and mixed crops. Subplots were the application rate of cattle slurry, such as 0, 150 and 300 kg N/ha. The yields of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) were hardly influenced by the cropping system, whereas DM and N yields enhanced as increasing the rates of cattle slurry application (p<0.05). The contents of crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were hardly influenced by the cropping system, whereas CP content increased as increasing the rates of cattle slurry application (p<0.05). TDN was not differentially influenced by cattle slurry application. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents were hardly influenced by the cropping system and application of cattle slurry. Organic matter (OM) content in soil samples collected at the end of the experiment were remarkably higher than those in the beginning of the experiment. The OM content of soil was significantly increased by application of cattle slurry (p<0.05).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.201-206
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• 2004

This experiment was performed to evaluate the agronomic characteristics and dry matter yields of the early maturing cultivars(c.v.'Koolgrazer', '9909,' 'Ol-homil' and 'Jlee select') the medium maturing cultivar(c.v. 'Homil 22') and late maturing cultivars(c.v. 'Danko', 'Kior', 'Amilo' and 'Spooner'.) Seeds were sown on October 3, 2002 and October 8, 2003, respectively at the Livestock Experiment Farm of Keimyung College, Seongju, Kyeongbuk Province. Forage rye was harvested on April 22, 2003 and April 23, 2004, respectively. The height of early maturing cultivars were higher than that of late maturing cultivars at the harvest. Fifty percent heading date of the early maturing cultivar was on April 14 and that of late maturing cultivars were on April 24. In the first year, dry matter(DM) yield of 'Jlee select' was significantly the highest in among all cultivars(p < 0.05). DM yield of early maturing cultivars were higher than that of medium and later maturing cultivars. In the second year, DM yield of '9909' was significantly the highest in among all cultivars(p < 0.05). The early maturing cultivar of 'Koolgrazer' and 'Ol-homil' were similar and 'Jlee select' was low, late maturing cultivar of 'Danko', 'Kior', 'Amilo' and 'Spooner' were lower than early maturing cultivar. According to the results obtained from the study, it is suggested that the early maturing cultivar would be recommendable for fall sown rye for double cropping forage production.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.161-169
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• 2016

Purpose: To improve the insufficient mechanized forage harvesting system, an integrated forage harvester that produces midsize round bales was developed. Methods: The harvesting performance of the developed harvester was tested in a forage plantation. The harvesting performance was evaluated by investigating the bale production performance and residue ratios of the harvester at three levels of tractor driving speeds. Results: The bales outputs per hour by driving speed shown by the harvester were 30 bales (6.8 MT) at 2.3 km/h, 36 bales (8.4 MT) at 3.2 km/h, and 44 bales (10.5 MT) at 5.1 km/h in the case of rye-straw. In the case of rice-straw, they were 43 bales (8.8 MT) at 4.3 km/h, 44 bales (9.7 MT) at 5.0 km/h, and 48 bales (10.7 MT) at 6.2 km/h. In the case of Italian ryegrass (IRG), they were 35 bales (10.7 MT) at 7.0 km/h, 37 bales (12.0 MT) at 8.3 km/h, and 38 bales (13.2 MT) at 9.5 km/h. The average ratios of residues to the available quantities were 2.61% in the case of rye-straw, 1.89% in the case of rice-straw, and 1.57% in the case of IRG. When residues smaller than 200 mm, which cannot be collected, were excluded, the residue ratios of all crops were good, as they did not exceed 1.0%. Conclusions: Since the baling and wrapping functions, which had been separately operated, were integrated into the developed harvester, the developed harvester is expected to maximize bale production efficiency and increase labor productivity, thereby increasing farming profitability.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.315-322
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• 2008

This experiment was conducted to investigate the selection of regional double cropping system for production of organic forage in southern region of Korea. The species of forage crop used in this experiment were com, sorghum$\times$sudangrass hybrid and japanese millet for summer crops and rye and Italian. ryegrass for winter crops. In organic cultivation condition, sorghum$\times$sudangrass hybrid showed higher DM (dry matter) and TDN (total digestible nutrient) yield than that of com. Dry matter yield of com which cultivated in organic condition decreased to about 35% that of control because of weed. In winter crops, DM and TDN yield of rye is similar to that of Italian ryegrass. We could not find out the difference of nutrient value between each treatments. It means that the amount of nutrient is affected by DM productivity of each crop. The result of this study indicated that sorghum$\times$sudangrass hybrid (summer crop) and rye (winter crop), sorghum$\times$sudangrass hybrid (summer crop) and Italian ryegrass (winter crop) cropping system could be recommended as producing high yield of organic forage in southern region of Korea.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Grassland Science Conference
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• 2002.09b
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• pp.5-56
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• 2002

The problems in the current domestic forage production were evaluated, and the prospective improvement was suggested in this paper. Grassland development in forest, production of high quality forages in upland and paddy land, efficient utilization of rice straw, development of new varieties of forages suitable for our environmental conditions and imported forages were described Among them, preferential production and utilization of forages using paddy field after rice harvest . should be enlarged for domestic supply of forages in Korea. Several studies were carried out to select the promising forage crops and barley cultivars for whole crop silage production, to determine productivity, nutritive value and production cost of forages produced in paddy field, and feeding effect of forages with Hanuwoo and milking cow for whole crop silage with forages produced in paddy field, 1999 to 2001, and also discussed restraint factors and activation plans for enlargement of forage production in paddy land. The promising forage crops in paddy field were rye and barley for Middle region, and rye, barley, early maturing Italian ryegrass and wheat for Southern region. The promising barley cultivars for whole crop silage in paddy field were Albori in Suwon, Keunalbori, Milyang 92, Saessalbori, and Naehanssalbori in Iksan, and Keunalbori, Albori, Naehanssalbori, and Saegangbori in Milyang, respectively. Silage production, quality and animal palatability of silage by trench and round bale were also compared. The production yields of whole crop barley silage(WBS) were 17,135kg as a fresh matter, and 6,011kg as a dry matter per ha, and the quality of WBS was 2∼3 grade, while that of rice straw silage was 4 grade as a farm basis. The production cost of WBS per kg was 83won as a fresh matter, and 238won as a dry matter. Feeding of WBS as forages on Hanwoo was very desirable for the improvement of live-weight gain, beef quality and farm income, particularly in growing stage of Hanwoo. Milk production and income were also increased, and feed cost was decreased by feeding of WBS. The daily voluntary intake of WBS in milking cow was 26.3kg as a fresh matter(DM 7.7kg) per head. Milk production when WBS was fed, was very similar to that of imported hay feeding such as Kentucky bluegrass or domestic corn silage. The issues to be solved in near future f3r stable forage production and supply in paddy land are sustainable livestock-forages policy, development & seed production of new varieties of barley, rye, Italian ryegrass and other promising forages, efficient demand & supply system of forages, solidification for mass production and utilization of forages, efficient application management of animal slurry on paddy field considering environmental agriculture/livestock industry, and break k development of bottleneck technique in production field. Domestic production & supply of high cost agricultural machine (round baler, wrapper, handler and so on), plastic wrapping film, and silage additives are also important.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.457-468
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of mixed-sowing of legume forage and applying of cattle manure on the productivity of rye in order to produce the organic roughage to be effectively reducing the environmental contamination and to provide Hanwoo rearing farmer with safe organic animal products. The present study also aimed to evaluate optimal applying level of cattle manure and carrying capacity of Korean native cattle (Hanwoo) per unit area. The annual amount of crude protein (CP) of rye in Gyeongju were higher than those of in Gyeongsan and Yeongju, and the mixed-sowing of forage pea was the highest (p<0.05) compared with the single-sowing. The amount of CP were increased proportionately corresponded to the applying level of fermented cattle manure, and found significantly (p<0.05) high at the level of 100 and 150 kg/ha groups. With feed value of forage, CP was tended to be higher in the mixed-sowing of legume than the single-sowing of rye at the wintering experimental sites of legume, and in particular the forage peas was higher (p<0.05) than other crops. Carrying capacity of organic Hanwoo (head/ha) was higher (p<0.05) in Gyeongju (3.28 head) than that in Gyeongsan (1.94) and Yeongju (1.50). The carrying capacity in the single-sowing of rye also was lower than that in the mixed-sowing of legume, and the forage peas was the highest among the mixed-sowing groups (p<0.05). Overall, the present results showed that it would be recommended to take into account the wintering for mix-sowing of legume. The fermented cattle manure may be applied for legume in the wintering unavailable regions. In addition, the applying the fermented cattle manure at the level of 100~150kg/ha and the mix-sowing of legume with forage peas may increase the productivity per unit area and feed value including CP for improving carrying capacity of organic Hanwoo.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.243-250
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• 1998

This study was conducted to evaluate mineral content of Winter Rye, Nitrogen Balance, Soil chemical characteristics and NO,-N level in infiltration water as affected by different slurry application on the basis of N contents respectively and was arranged as a randomized complete block design with seven treatments (chemical fertilizer 160kg Nha, cattle slurry 160 . 320 - 480kg Nha, swine slurry 160 - 320 - 480kg Nha) and conducted at National Livestock Research Institute, RDA, in Suweon fiom Sep. 1996. to Apr. 1997. The results obtained are summarized as follows : Nirogen, Phosphorous, Calcium and Potassium of Winter Rye slightly increased as slurry application level was increased (p$NO_3$-N content ($\mu$g/g) of Winter Rye was shown fiom 780 to 1,462 in all treatments, especially , the swine slurry plots were significantly higher than that of cattle sluny plots (p < 0.05). As slurry application increased, show a marked trend toward surplus N input in all treatment. The pH of the topsoil (0~IOcm) was shown 6om 5.1 to 5.4 except the plot of chemical fertilizer before experiment pH of 5.1, but the pH of the subsoil (10~20cm) tended not to be regular. The content of available ,TEX>$P_2O_5$ inaeased with the increased application of slurry, particularly, the topsoil (O- 1Ocm) were much higher than the subsoil (10~20cm). The $NO_3$-N content of infiltration water (depth:lm) was increased as affected by sluny application.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.153-156
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• 1987

With a purpose of evaluation rye crop as winter green feed, a cultivar was sown in autumn and harvested at booting, heading, milk, dough and yellow-ripe stages, and processed into silage. The quality of the silage was assessed in terms of ammonia-N, recovery rate in dry matter, pH, and the composition of organic acids. The results obtained are: 1. The recovery rate in dry matter from the silage was the highest when harvested at yellow stage (P<0.01). The ratio of ammonia-N to total-N was low when the rye crop was harvested during milk (9.4%) and dough ( 12.7%) stages (P$NH_3-N$. 3. Silage quality based on the composition of organic acids was highly evaluated when the crop was harvested during milk, and dough stages. 4. Considering both the DM yield and quality of the silage, it was found that rye crop should be harvested at dough stage and ensiled.