• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.241-250
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• 2010

This study was conducted to improve the kimchi intake for high school students of various kimchi sub-ingredients and foods using kimchi. The students believed that kimchi is good for health. The overall satisfaction, baechu quality and the taste and degree of fermentation of kimchi was high, but there was a low preference for offered kimchi kinds, kimchi subingredient, foods using kimchi. The types of kimchi preferred and often offered in school meals were baechu-kimchi and kkakdugi. The common kimchi sub-ingredients were radish and welsh onion in vegetables, squid and oyster in sea foods, saeu-jeot and myeolchi-jeot in salted fish, and pear and apple in fruits. The preference for kimchi sub-ingredients were high for sesame leaf and yeolmu in vegetables, saeu-sal and squid in sea foods, saeu-jeot and nakji-jeot in salted fish, and pear and apple in fruits. The foods using kimchi preferred and often offered with school meals were kimchi-jjigae, bokkeumkimchi, kimchi soup, kimchi-bokkeum-bap, and kimchi-jeon. The kimchi sub-ingredient for which students had the greatest preference was meats. Among the foods using kimchi with meats, the most preferred were kimchi-pyeonyuk bossam, doejigogi kimchi duruchigi, and kimchi galbi-jjim. Among the foods using kimchi with noodles, the most preferred were kimchi- bibimmyeon, kimchi -naengmyeon, and kimchi-cheese spaghetti. Among the foods using kimchi with vegetables, the most preferred were kimchi-pa-jeon, kimchi- deopbap and kimchi- goguma gui. Of the foods using kimchi with processed foods, the most preferred were kimchi-mandu, kimchi-bacon jumeok-bap and kimchi- cheese omelet. Among the foods using kimchi containing sea food, kimchi-haemul bokkeum-bap, kimchi-hoe-deopbap, and kimchi-saeu-jjim were most preferred. Overall, these results suggest that various kimchi sub-ingredients and foods using kimchi should be improved for kimchi intake of school meals.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.526-541
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• 2009

This study surveyed the Korean Kimchi preference for Chinese, potential Kimchi improvement for Chinese market adaptation and Kimchi application for Chinese cuisine, with the aim of spreading the recognition of Kimchi throughout the world, especially in China, by giving information and developing local types which could be expected to be suitable for utilization of Chinese food life. The subjects were consisted of 298 Chinese(male 108, female 190) residing in Weihai, Yantai and Qingdao, in Shandong province. The questionnaire form was developed and used for self administered evaluation. The collected data were analyzed by SAS package. Baechu Kimchi was found to be the most well-known Kimchi for Chinese, and Kkakdugi, Oi Kimchi, Yoelmu Kimchi and Nabak Kimchi were followed in order. Baechu Kimchi(75.9%) was found to be the most favorite Kimchi for Chinese, and Oi Kimchi(59.3%), Kkakdugi(52.8%), Nabak Kimchi(39.3%) and Yoelmu Kimchi(37.7%) were followed in order. The subjects knew about the Korean foods made with Kimchi, such as Kimchi kimbap(74.8%), Kimchi bibimbap(71.5%), Kimchi bokkeumbap(61.7%), Kimchi guk(58.1%) in order. But the experience of consumption for Korean foods made with Kimchi was low compared to the knowledge of the Korean foods made with Kimchi. Chinese's most favorite foods made with Kimchi were Kimchi bossam, Kimchi bibimbap, Kimchi bokkeumbap and Kimchi kimbap, Kimchi bokkeum, Kimchi tteoksanjeok and Kimchi jeon in order. Among the 9 kinds of new Chinese foods made with Kimchi, Kimchi chao zhurou(fried pork with Kimchi), Kimchi chao mian(fried noodle with Kimchi), Kimchi chao youcai xiaren(fried rape and prawn with Kimchi), Kimchi zhuroushuijiao(dumpling with pork and Kimchi), Kimchi gedatang(wheat flakes soup with Kimchi) and Kimchi hundun(dumpling with Kimchi), and Kimchi youbing(panfried flour with Kimchi), Kimchi lamian(handmade knife-cut noodle with Kimchi) and Kimchi tangyuan(tangyuan with Kimchi) were preferred foods by the subjects in order.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2005

This study was conducted to provide data on awareness and use of traditional foods, suggesting the desirable ways to succeed and develop traditional foods, and the possible direction of policies and applications for food industry. The study also aimed to figure out awareness of traditional food and dietary life behaviors of married women in order to offer or draw attention to new information for better healthy life styles. Five hundred and ten married women in parts of Seoul and Kyongki area were surveyed to figure out their awareness and use of traditional foods including some of fermented foods, such as Kimchi, Doenjang(soybean paste), and Gochujang(hot pepper paste). The results were summarized as follows. First the overall satisfaction degree with traditional foods reached as high as 74.4%. They preferred traditional foods because they are healthy(38.8%), seasonally celebrated(29.9%), and well known for a variety of fermented foods(28%). Second, Kimchi, Doenjang and Gochujang, home-made or factory manufactured in an old-fashioned way, were preferred. Third, the most frequently cooked traditional foods were Kimchi Chigae and Doenjang Chigae. The most preferred cooking methods using Gochujang were Jorim(stewing) and Bokkeum(roasting). These results showed that Kimchi, Doenjang, and Gochujang were still used in cooking by married women in parts of Seoul and kyongki area, which says those are still the traditional foods most of women think as important and essential. The producers of traditional foods have to consider the safety and improvement of taste and quality of ingredients in addition to the convenience in cooking, More researches should be conducted to enhance these aspects and to develop functional foods to satisfy various needs of consumers and to improve their health.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2015

Traditional cuisine reflects cooking traditions shaped by political, economic, social, cultural, and environmental conditions characterized by authenticity and uniqueness. Traditional food is not only a part of our cultural heritage but also a knowledge resource. Application of food science and technology in Korean traditional foods was reviewed from six points of view, including food preservation, fermentation, changes in food materials, utilization of food functionality, and packaging and development of cooking appliances. Books from disparate times were chosen in order to cover a wide range of materials from the past to the present. Food preservation and fermentation techniques were applied to various food materials. Combination of science and skills contributes to the accessibility of diverse food materials and better quality foods. Koreans use assorted and resilient plants, which have an abundance of functional substances such as food materials. Among cooking appliances, microwave oven and refrigerator are the most innovative products with huge influences on food eating patterns as well as lifestyle. Packaging effectively reduces post-harvest preservation losses, and better packaging has technical improvements for storage and distribution. Kimchi was chosen as an example in order to study technology from the past to the present. Availability of Kimchi cabbage, enrichment of functional ingredients, identification of useful microbial species, standardization of recipe for commercialization, prevention of texture softening, introduction of salted Kimchi cabbage and Kimchi refrigerators, and packaging were reviewed. The future of traditional foods in the market will be competitive. First, traditional foods market should be maintained to protect the diversity of food materials. Secondly, tailored foods for individuals should be considered using foods with functional properties. Information on health benefits would provide insights into health and traditional food products. Third, speedy transfer of new technology to the traditional food industry is needed to ensure food quality production and new opportunities in the market. Fourth, safety of traditional foods should be ensured without sacrificing the essential characteristics of culturally important foods. Improvement of logistics, distribution, and facility should be carried out. As demand for convenience foods increases, traditional foods should be developed into products.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.71-81
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• 2008

The purposes of this study were to investigate the eating status and to analyze expenditures of the traditional fermented foods. A structured questionnaire survey was conducted from 370 housewives in Jeonbuk province and there were 300 usable samples(81.1%) valid for analysis. For the statistical analysis, the data was analyzed by $x^2$-test using SPSSIPC 12.0 for windows. The results of this study were as follows : 1. In the investigation on the eating status of the traditional fermented foods, Kimchi showed highest intake frequency(over once a day) and next Doenjang, Gochujang, Ganjang were consumed $2\;{\sim}\;3$ times per week. Jeotgal and Jangajji consumption showed the significant difference frequencies between the age groups(p < 0.001). The frequencies of using the home-made fermented foods were either similar or decreased, while the manufactured products were either similar or increased. The reasons behind the decreasing consumption were 'because of appetite change(47.0%)', 'the effect of western food(25.2%)' and 'dislike of salty food(17.4%)'. 90.7%(Kimchi), 54.9%(Doenjang), 54.8%(Gochujang), 53.2%(Cheongkukjang) of respondents knew the methods of preparation, while 62.5%(Ganjang), 41.1%(Jeotgal,) 31.2%(Jangajji) of respondents didn't know the methods of preparation. 2. In the analysis of the expenditure for the purchasing of the traditional fermented foods, most of the respondents procured Kimchi, Doenjang, Gochujang from their families or relatives, but they bought Ganjang, Jeotgal, Jangajji in the markets. And most of the respondents bought the fermented foods in the general merchandise stores or the department store except Kimchi. The places of buying Kimchi were specialty stores(34.6%), general merchandise stores or department stores(25.0%). Overall scores of satisfaction for the quality of manufactured fermented foods showed 3.29 of 5 - point scales. The average cost per month of Kimchi was 19,550won and Gochujang 7,878won, Doenjang 5,764won, Jeotgal 5,439won, Jangajji 5,412won, Ganjang(for soup) 4,714won, Cheongkukjang 4,677won, Ganjang(for seasoning) 4,464won, and total cost was 20,920won. The reasons behind purchasing the traditional fermented foods were 'because of convenience(58.4%)', 'no time to make by oneself(23.0%)' and 'for not knowing the making methods(12.8%)'. The problems of the manufactured traditional fermented foods were 'worry about safety of the raw materials or additives(71.2%)', 'lack of sanitation(12.0%)'. The most important thing considered in purchasing was 'materials and origins(86.6%)' and next 'quality(64.1%)' was another important thing.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.367-373
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• 2005

The study investigated the recognition and preference of foreigner to Korean foods in different nationality. Questionnaires consisted of two languages- Chinese and English were given to 180 residing foreigners in Insa-dong and COEX mall areas and interview methods were used. A total of 157 questionnaires were analyzed for statistical analysis. The statistical analysis was completed using SPSS Win(ver 11.0) for descriptive analysis, ${\chi}^2-test$, ANOVA and Tukey's test. Main results of this study were as follows: First, the factors foreigners considered when they chose food of other countries were; 1.new taste, 2.curiosity, 3.foreign culture, 4.foreign tradition. People from European and Asian countries were inclined to 'New taste' first, while people from American and Oceanian countries were inclined to "curiosity". Second, most of respondents have tried Bulgogi and Galbi before and many of them also have tried Kimchi, Kimbop, and Bibimbop as common Korean foods. Third, the preference was different according to their origins. Asian people liked diverse cuisines including Bulgogi, Galbi, Kimchi, Dubu Doenjan chige, and Samgaetang, while European and Oceanian people liked Bulgogi, Galbi, and Bibimbop. The preference for Kimchi was considerably high among Asian people, however, low among American and Oceanian people(p<0.05). Fourth, Deviation was little on the taste, color, and table settings of Korean foods; most of the respondents was satisfied on those factors. European and Oceanian people who were familiar with table setting according to time were satisfied at table setting of Korean foods, which focused on space, rather than time. Fifth, most of the respondents, especially Asian people, remarked that Korean foods were spicy. The opinion on the taste of Korean foods was variable according to their nations. Currently many of culinary companies from Korea were leading their active business in foreign countries such as China and United States. Their domain was not limited to traditional Korean foods, but expanding to various fields such as fast foods, bakery goods, and fusion snacks.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.131-142
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• 2009

The principal objective of this study was to investigate regional characteristics in the consumption of home-cooked varieties of kimchi and jangajji. Data obtained from the third Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III(KNHANES Ⅲ), which was conducted in 2005, were utilized in this study. A total of 7,810 data were included in our statistical analyses, which were conducted using SPSS 14.0. The total number of home-cooked kimchi and jangajji were 22 and 11, respectively, and Korean cabbage kimchi, young radish kimchi, and kkakdugi were the top 3 varieties of kimchi. Leaf jangajji, green pepper jangajji, and garlic jangajji were most frequently consumed. Additionally, the results of this study revealed significant correlations between neighboring areas in the ranking of consumption of kimchi varieties, whereas the jangajji varieties did not evidence results as distinct as were noted with kimchi. Different kimchi and jangajji variety consumption patterns were noted between the Middle West and South areas, coastal and inland areas, and cities and provinces. Spicy kimchi varieties, in particular, were enjoyed more frequently by households in the South than those in the Middle West. Further analysis using PROXSCAL multidimensional scaling demonstrated the proximity between areas in terms of kimchi and jangajji consumption patterns. In conclusion, more effort should be extended to encourage the consumption of home-cooked regional foods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.379-395
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• 2003

Regional foods is influenced by weather, local and social environment etc. The purpose of this study was to understand that regional foods in the middle of Chosun Dynasty through Domundaejac. Some of representative dishes of the Hansung and Kyonggi-do Area is duck(rice cake) of seasonally celebrated days, hangua(korea confectionary) and rice wine. Typical foods in Chungchong-do Area is included persimmon, jujube, watermelon and wax gourd. Some of the well-known food in Kangwon-do Area is pear, bangpungchuk(gruel), sukebyung(rice cake), woongjijunggua(korea confectionary) and sanat-kimchi(picked mustard leaves and stem) that is seemed characteristics of mountainous section. Some of the famous dishes in Cholla-do Area is backsanja(korea confectionary), tea, chuksun kimchi(bamboo shoot pickle), citrus fruits and ear shell. Kyongsan-do Area ia famous persimmon, bamboo fruit, dasik(korea confectionary) and yakban(glutinous rice cake). Hwanghae-do Area is famed pear and choshi as assumed the eatly form of gochujang(thick soypaste mixed with red pepper). Representative dishes are deljjuk(blue berry), herring, sangat-kimchi(picked mustard leaves and sterm) in Hamgyong-do Area and daemandu(big dumpling) in Pyongan-do Area. The coast area is famous for using lots of sea food. Fresh seafood is consumed raw, and clams, fish and seaweed are liberally added to soups and other dishes. The East coast is catched salmon, flatfish, codfish, sandfish and mackerel The West coast is catched yellow corvenia, lobster, tiny shrimp and large-eyed herring. The South coast is catched sea mussel, codfish and laver.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.243-261
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• 2000

Damyang is famous for the bamboo and various foods. It is urgently needed that native foods in this area are studied and modernized. Developing new foods and redeveloping local economy. Bamboo shoots can be raw materials for kimchi, canned goods, salted goods, Korean cookies, bread, tea, beverage, and so on. This study aims to invent new traditional foods using local product such as bamboo shoots will contribute to boost the recipe. to explore the new method of production and to modernize the traditional dishes. In the final analysis, economic and cultural consideration would be attached in this study.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.341-353
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate dietary patterns and assimilation of dietary culture of Korean descendants in Yanbian, China compared to Korean. A dietary survey was conducted using one 24-hour recall method from 730 adults over 30 years of age in Yanbian, China and 695 adults over 25 years of age in Kuri, Korea. The average number of food items consumed per day was 14 in Yanbian and 20 in Kuri and there was a significant difference between the two regions(p<0.001). The foods consumed most frequently were rice, salt, the M.S.G. in Yanbian and rice, green onion and garlic in Kuri. The foods consumed most by amount were rice, cucumber, Soju in Yanbian and rice, Kimchi and grape in Kuri. The average number of dishes consumed per day was 6.4 in Yanbian, 9.4 in Kuri and the difference between the two regions was significant(p<0.001). Total number of dishes appeared in the survey was 253 in Yanbian and 494 in Kuri. The dishes consumed most frequently were cooked-rice, beverages, Kimchi, stir-fried eggplant in Yanbian and cooked-rice, Kimchi, coffee, soybean paste stew, in Kuri. The dish groups appeared most frequently were rice, stir-fried foods, vegetables and Kimchi in Yanbian and rice, Kimchi, beverages and fruits in Kuri. Male subjects in Yanbian Consumed alcohol frequently while adults in Kuri consumed coffee more frequently than Yanbian. The major meal patterns were rice+side dish, rice+soup, rice+side dish+Kimchi in Yanbian and rice+soup+side dish+Kimchi, rice+side dish+Kimchi, rice+soup+Kimchi in Kuri. Stir-fried foods, which were consumed 46.6% of all the meals, were dominant side dish in Yanbian, but stir-fried food, seasoned vegetables and grilled food appeared aver 10% in Kuri. There results show that variety of diet of Korean-Chinese in Yanbian was lower than Kuri. Korean-Chinese tend to keep traditional Korean dietary patterns of consuming rice as staple but were adapted to Chinese dietary patterns of consuming stir-fried side dishes. Efforts should be directed toward preserving Korean traditional patterns of dietary culture among Korean-Chinese population.