• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.117-127
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• 1999

This study was carried out to provide the improvable way of foodservice management to dietitian in the elementary schools. For this purpose the serving pattern of food, menu planning, nutrition education, leftover management and difficulties in foodservice were investigated. The survey was conducted through questionnaires, which were collected from 249 dietitions randomly selected in Taejon and Chung Nam. Data were analyzed by SAS program. The main results of this study are as follows. The children in Taejon took foods in the class room(65.7%) and those in Chung Nam in the dinning hall(89.9%)(p<0.01). In menu planning the balance of nutrition(42.6%) was mainly considered and then food preference(19.7%), variety of menus(16.1%), food cost(16.1%), composition of food color, taste and texture(3.2%), skills of food making(1.6%) and the number of students(0.8%). They referred cooking magazines(47.7%), the previous menu(42.2%), children's opinion(7.2%) for planning menu. The insufficiency of implements and devices for food(24.1%) and lack of season's food(20.4%) were indicated as difficulties in their job. 34.5% of dietitians used a standard menu, 79.5% investigated food preference of children, 74.3% evaluated taste of foods before serving, and 80.7% regularly checked leftover. The major reason for leftover was careless of the teacher in charge in Taejon and bad taste of foods nutrition in Chung Nam(p<0.001). 98.5% of them answered that they had the responsibility for nutrition education in elementary school. They had a hard time in relationship with the staffs in school(40.6%) and employees for food(39.8%), and lack of market information(38.2%). To efficiency of dietitian's work can be enhanced by reflecting the results of children's food preference and leftover, by using standard cooking method and proper cooking utensil, and by performing nutrition education for children by themselves.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.649-660
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• 2006

This study was performed to estimate serum 2S-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) level in wintertime and to evaluate the relationship between serum 25-OHD level and associated factors in 50 premenopausal working women aged 30-49 y in Busan. The serum 25-OHD level was measured by radioimmunoassay. Data for physiological characteristics, lifestyle factors, physical activity and nutrient intake was assessed by questionnaire including information about outdoor activity time, daily activity diary and 24hr recall method. The mean vitamin D intake was $4.24{\mu}g$, which corresponded to 84.9% of the Korean RDA. The mean level of serum 25-OHD was 25.7 ng/mL. Vitamin D deficiency (25-OHD < 7nmol/L) and toxicity $(25-OHD{\geq}75\;nmol/L)$ were not found in the subjects. However, the prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency (25-OHD < 15 nmol/L) and hypovitaminosis D (25-OHD < 30 nmol/L) were 12% and 60% respectively. The serum 25-OHD level showed positive significant correlations with the duration of outdoor activity per weekdays (p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that hypovitaminosis D was common in the subjects in wintertime. So nutritional education for increasing outdoor activities is needed for premenopausal working women to increase vitamin D status in wintertime.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.150-158
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• 2020

Objectives: This study was conducted to estimate usual meat intake distribution, which may have been over/underestimated when estimations were made using only the third food codes of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Methods: For this purpose, 24-hour recall data from the 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, which conducted a partial 2-day survey of food intake, were used. The Multiple Source Method (MSM) was used to estimate the distribution of the usual intake of red and processed meats. Results: The results of this study show that the mean intake of red meat was 45.07 g while that of processed meat was 4.33 g. These results are slightly higher than the consumption calculated using only tertiary food code, and the difference was statistically significant. Furthermore, characteristics of the estimated usual intake distribution were a smaller standard deviation, increased lower percentiles, and decreased upper percentiles compared to the 2-day mean intake distribution for both red and processed meats. The proportion of individuals not consuming red meat decreased substantially from approximately 37% to 0.7%. The proportion of consumption that exceeded 90 g, which is the upper limit of red meat intake recommended by the National Health Service (NHS), was only approximately 10% in the distribution of usual intake. Conclusions: As the consumption of processed foods is expected to continuously increase, caution is needed regarding the processes used to calculate food (group) intake to avoid over/underestimation. Moreover, use of KNHANES data to calculate the proportion of the population at risk of insufficiency or excess intake of certain nutrients or food (group), based on one day intake that does not address within-individual variation, may lead to biased estimates.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.367-373
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• 2004

The prevalence of type-2 diabetes increases remarkably in post-menopausal women, possibly because insulin secretion fails to compensate for the insulin resistance induced in various tissues by estrogen insufficiency. However, this has not been fully defined. Therefore, the present study investigated whether an ovariectomy (OVX) would increase insulin resistance and decrease the $\beta$-cell function and mass in female rats with and without a $90\%$ pancreatectomy (Px). Female rats aged 15 weeks were divided into four groups: 1) OVX + Px, 2) SOVX (sham operation of OVX) + Px, 3) OVX + SPx (sham operation of Px), and 4) SOVX + SPx, and given a $30\%$ fat diet for 8 weeks. At the end of the experimental period, the islet function and insulin resistance were determined using a hyperglycemic clamp and a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp, respectively. The OVX only increased the body weight in the SPx rats, which was partially related to the food intake. Yet, the OVX did increase the peripheral insulin resistance, while the Px increased this resistance further. The OVX and Px both exacerbated the islet function, as measured by the insulin secretion pattern, while delaying and decreasing the first-phase insulin secretion. The OVX only decreased the proliferation of $\beta$-cells in the Px rats, while increasing apoptosis in both the Px and SPx rats. As a result, the OVX decreased the $\beta$-cell mass in the Px rats, but increased the mass in the SPx rats. In conclusion, an OVX was found to accelerate the development and progression of diabetes by increasing the insulin resistance and decreasing the $\beta$-cell mass. Therefore, menopause can be a risk factor for type-2 diabetes, mainly due to a deceased proliferation of $\beta$-cells.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.153-160
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• 2017

Data are limited on biological mechanisms underlying the associations of sleep insufficiency with obesity and dyslipidemia. To explore these mechanisms, we investigated appetite-regulating hormones, stress-related hormones, and cardiometabolic indicators in association with sleep fragmentation, which is a type of sleep disorder. In an experimental study, we randomly allocated 40 Wistar male rats aged 7 weeks into four groups; rats with ad libitum sleep and ad libitum intake (Control), those exposed to sleep fragmentation (SF), those with diet restriction (DR), and those exposed to sleep fragmentation and diet restriction (SF+DR). Amongst them, 13-day chronic sleep fragmentation was applied to the SF and SF+DR groups while 50% reduction in chow intake was applied to the DR and SF+DR groups for 13 days. After these experiments, blood lipid and lipoprotein profiles, leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, cortisol, epinephrine, and norepinephrine levels were compared among the four groups. In the results, the SF group showed the highest levels of serum ghrelin (P<0.001) and the lowest levels of serum adiponectin (P<0.01). All experimental groups showed higher levels of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) than the Control (P<0.001). LDL-C levels and the ratio of LDL-C and high density lipoprotein-cholesterol were positively correlated with ghrelin levels (P<0.05) in the SF group, but not in the DR and SF+DR groups. In the SF group, the highest levels of serum free fatty acids were also observed and correlated with lower levels of serum adiponectin, which reflects insulin resistance (P<0.05). Based on these findings, we suggest that chronic sleep fragmentation may induce disturbances in lipid metabolism and appetite-regulating hormones independent of food intake, and these metabolic disturbances may be worse due to insulin resistance related to overeating, which is indicated by elevated ghrelin levels in sleep fragmentation. For persons with sleep insufficiency, anti-atherogenic dietary interventions may be recommended to prevent cardiovascular disease.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.25-44
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• 2013

This study aimed to analyze about the perception in obesity and body somatotype of university students in Korea and in China. This study provides the basic data of nutrition education for university student healthy weight program in China. The subjects were selected 240 university students of Korea and China. Two types of qualitative and quantitative questionnaires were used to analyze the attitude and body somatotype of subjects. The results of this study were as follows: The average BMI of Korean and Chinese male students was 22.3 and 22.5, respectively while the average BMI of Korean and Chinese female students was 19.8 and 19.7, respectively. In the past three years, the weight gain of Chinese students was higher than that of Korean students. Chinese students preferred the overweight body somatotype more compared to the Korean students. The overweight and obese students had more obvious insufficiency in body somatotype perception. The overweight and obese students had higher tendency to 'eat more meat', 'drink carbonated beverages', 'eat convenience food', 'take fast food' and 'drink alcohol' than the normal and low weight group. The major reasons for Korean students to control weight were 'appearance' and 'self confidence', while the major reasons for Chinese students were 'health' and 'employment'. From the results of associative group analysis (AGA), Chinese students had different semantic value of 'obese' than Korean students. Considering of the food transition status in China, it may be necessary to develop more suitable education programs for weight control for Chinese university students.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.187-196
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• 2010

We have come to a conclusion below after studying about the cause of limb hyperhidrosis through references, putting the result into practice clinically from Hyungsang remedy point of view, examining the effect of treatment. The cause of limb, palm and sole hyperhidrosis. The cause of limb hyperhidrosis is stomach heat(Yangmyung heat), weakness and coldness of stomach, moisture and heat of spleen and stomach, energy insufficiency of spleen and stomach, weakness of Yin of spleen and stomach, heat by weakness Yin meridian, unspread energy of liver, severe heat of heart, weakness of heart, shortage of blood, the functional disorder of kidney meridian and heart meridian(disposition of water ascension and fire descent), heat of blood(the functional disorder of heart) etc. The cause of palm hyperhidrosis is blood insufficiency of heart and liver or the functional disease of heart and stomach. The cause of sole hyperhidrosis is the functional disease of heart and kidney or the functional disease of kidney. Types classified by the cause of limb hyperhidrosis. The case of stomach heat, moisture and heat of spleen and stomach is found a lot in Yangmyeong and Fish Type. The case of weakness and coldness of stomach or insufficiency energy of spleen and stomach is found in Bangkwang and Ki Type, the shape of disorder of transfer and transformation of spleen and stomach. The case of severe heat of heart, the functional disorder of kidney meridian and heart meridian(disposition of water ascension and fire descent), heat of blood(the functional disorder of heart), heat by weakness of meridian of Yin is found a lot in Dam, Bird and Shin Type. Limb sweat caused by unspread energy of liver is found a lot in Horse Type. Palm sweat is found a lot in Bird or Yangmyeong Type. Sole sweat is found a lot in Fish or Taeum Type. Jeokbokryung-tang was good especially for type limb hyperhidrosis falling under the shape of the small intestines heat which conforms to the person having a short perpendicular furrow of the upper lip or lifted upper lip. Palmul-tang was good for type limb hyperhidrosis tending to having leaking liquid and humor because of the disorder of transfer of Jung, Ki, Shin, Hyul. Dossipyungwi-san and Hyangsapyungwi-san were good for type limb hyperhidrosis caused by stomach heat by food accumulation and Ki depression.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.448-454
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• 2018

Artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm has attracted significant interests recently for solving the multivariate optimization problem. However, it still faces insufficiency of slow convergence speed and poor local search ability. Therefore, in this paper, a modified ABC algorithm with bees' number reallocation and new search equation is proposed to tackle this drawback. In particular, to enhance solution accuracy, more bees in the population are assigned to execute local searches around food sources. Moreover, elite vectors are adopted to guide the bees, with which the algorithm could converge to the potential global optimal position rapidly. A series of classical benchmark functions for frequency-modulated sound waves are adopted to validate the performance of the modified ABC algorithm. Experimental results are provided to show the significant performance improvement of our proposed algorithm over the traditional version.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.159-173
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• 2004

The desire for the healthy life is increasing as a result of rapidly changing social and economic environment in Korea. Because of the need, informations on health, food and nutrition are being introduced through the mass media. The object of this study is to investigate and analyze the quantity and quality of informations about health, food and nutrition in women's magazines. Six representative domestic monthly magazines(Lady Kyunghyang, Women Donga, Women Chosun, Women JoongAng, Women sense, Jubu Senghwal) were selected for this study. The results of monitoring from June 2002 to September 2002 for the women's magazines were summarized as follows; 1. The percentage of the articles on health, food and nutrition by total area of the women's magazines was 23.1%. There were total 595 articles on health, food and nutrition. Among these, 400 articles(67.2%) were about food and nutrition. 2. The percentage of the advertisements on health, food and nutrition was 35.3% by total area of the woman's magazines. There were 2,353 advertisements on health, food and nutrition. Among these, 1,574(66.9%) advertisements were about food and nutrition. The most frequently advertised advertisements on food and nutrition were about processed foods (527 cases, 33.5%). The second most frequently advertised advertisements were about diet (374 cases, 23.8%). The third one was healthy foods (345 cases, 21.9%). 3. The contents of 215(53.8%) articles (the total number of articles was 400) was suitable. The contents of 89 advertisements(22.3%) did not have accurate informations on health, food and nutrition. For the advertisements in women's magazines (the number of total articles was 2,203), the percentage of the advertisements which was not able to capture the feature of the advertisements was 27.9%, insufficiency of reliable sources was to 21.9%, and exaggeration of the contents in the ads was 16.0%. Articles and advertisements should be backed by scientific research or reliable sources and also the opinions of people with expertise in order to report accurate informations to the general public. In order to achieve these results, there should be continuing monitoring activity for the women's magazines.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 2016

Purpose: Vitamin D status is associated with several chronic diseases related to obesity. In this study, we evaluate the nutritional status of vitamin D and its relation to obesity indices in Korean women. Methods: A total of 156 healthy women participated. Vitamin D status (serum $25-OH-vitamin\;D_3$ level) and obesity indices (body mass index, body fat mass, waisthip ratio, and body fat percentage etc.) and serum lipid profiles and serum adipokine (leptin and adiponectin) levels were analyzed. Results: The $25(OH)D_3$ level showed an extremely skewed distribution from 4.1 ng/ml to 24.4 ng/ml and mean $25(OH)D_3$ level was $9.0{\pm}4.0ng/ml$. With cut-off level for vitamin D deficiency (< 12.0 ng/ml), insufficiency (12-19.9 ng/ml) and sufficiency (${\geq}20ng/ml$), 77.6%, 19.2%, and 3.2% of subjects showed vitamin D deficiency, insufficiency, and sufficiency status, respectively. The $25(OH)D_3$ level showed positive correlation with weight (r = 0.2461, p < 0.01), body mass index (r = 0.2913, p < 0.001), body fat contents (r = 0.1691, p < 0.05), fat free mass (r = 0.2330, p < 0.01), and waist hip ratio (r = 0.1749, p < 0.05) after adjusted by age. The $25(OH)D_3$ level showed no significant correlation with serum lipid profiles and adipokine levels. Conclusion: Most subjects (76.6%) in this study, who had a vitamin D deficient status and serum $25(OH)D_3$ level, showed positive correlation with several obesity indices, however further research based on a large Korean population is needed to confirm the relationship.