• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the dietary nutrient intake status and hair mineral content of Korean young children. Methods: Fifty-five children who visited Seoul National University Bundang Hospital were divided into three groups by age: infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. The 24-hour recall method was used to collect the food intake data of the subjects. Hair mineral analysis was conducted using a Mass Spectrometer. Serum iron, ferritin, and calcium were also measured. Results: The mean energy intakes of the subjects were 730.3 kcal, 994.3 kcal, and 1,482.9 kcal for each age group. The mean percentage of energy intake compared to recommendation was 101.4% and was not different by age group. Toddlers of 37.8% and preschoolers of 54.5% consumed less than the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) of calcium. Infants of 28.6%, toddlers of 10.8% and preschoolers of 9.1% consumed less than the EAR of iron. In the case of zinc, copper, and selenium, only 0% to 5% of toddlers and none of the preschoolers consumed less than the EAR of those minerals. The hair calcium, iron and copper concentrations were lower in toddlers and preschoolers than those in infants. Serum calcium levels of preschoolers were significantly lower than those of infants, whereas serum iron and ferritin levels were not. Conclusion: Hair calcium, iron, and copper concentrations were significantly lower in toddlers and preschoolers than in infants. Insufficient dietary intake of calcium and iron seems to be related with decreased hair mineral contents in young children.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.283-297
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between the nutrient intake and level of depressive symptoms. A total of 5,761 subjects with depression were selected for the main data analysis from a Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, KNHANES (2016), and were divided into low depressed and high depressed groups. The data were analyzed by descriptive analysis, ${\chi}^2-test$, logistic regression, and t-test using SPSS 24.0 statistics. The results revealed significant differences in the prevalence of depression according to sex (P<0.001), age (P<0.001), income (P<0.001), and education (P<0.001). Regarding the health behavior, higher stress levels (P<0.001) and smoking habit (P<0.001) appeared to be strongly associated with high levels of depression. On the other hand, the possibility of experiencing depressive symptoms was lower when the number of walking days per week was more than 3 days (P<0.05), when the number of working days per week was more than 5 days (P<0.01), and the rate of aerobic physical activity was higher. Based on the 'Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans 2015', the subjects in the low depression group showed better intake of energy and 22 nutrients than the high depression group.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.831-845
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• 2009

Hypertension and obesity are important modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in Korea. Therefore, we assessed the association between dietary pattern and obesity in hypertensive patients to formulate health promotion strategies for the older population. Dietary information was collected from hypertensive patients visiting community health education and information center by using 24 hour recall method. The 2005 DRIs for Koreans was used to evaluate the dietary adequacy. When subjects were categorized by body mass index (BMI) as normal, overweight and obese, no significant difference in energy intake was found among groups. Dietary intakes of folate, and vitamin C in obese hypertensive patients were significantly lower than in normal weight patients (p < 0.05). When we compare the nutritional status by waist circumferences, dietary intakes of zinc, vitamin A, thiamin, vitamin C and folate were significantly lower in the obese group. Vegetable intake was significantly lower in the obese group according to BMI as well as waist circumference. Energy intake from carbohydrate was significantly higher in obese hypertensive patients (p < 0.05). Obese hypertensive patients had a higher risk of nutritional inadequacy compared to normal weight patients. Our results indicated the need for developing interventions that encourage greater consumption of vegetables while cutting down salt intake with wise selection of staple foods, for obese hypertensive patients.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.256-262
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the accuracy of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) for estimating the energy requirements of older adults, and to develop and validate new equations for predicting the energy requirements of this population group. MATERIALS/METHODS: The study subjects were 25 men and 23 women with a mean age of $72.2{\pm}3.9\;years$ and $70.0{\pm}3.3\;years$, and mean BMI of $24.0{\pm}2.1$ and $23.9{\pm}2.7$, respectively. The total energy expenditure (TEE) was measured by using the doubly labeled water (DLW) method, and used to validate the DRI predictive equations for estimated energy requirements (EER) and to develop new EER predictive equations. These developed equations were cross-validated by using the leave-one-out technique. RESULTS: In men, the DRI equation had a -7.2% bias and accurately predicted the EER (meaning EER values within ${\pm}10%$ of the measured TEE) for 64% of the subjects, whereas our developed equation had a bias of -0.1% and an accuracy rate of 84%. In women, the bias was -6.6% for the DRI equation and 0.2% for our developed equation, and the accuracy rate was 74% and 83%, respectively. The predicted EER was strongly correlated with the measured TEE, for both the DRI equations and our developed equations (Pearson's r = 0.915 and 0.908, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The DRI equations provided an acceptable prediction of EER in older adults and these study results therefore support the use of these equations in this population group. Our developed equations had a better predictive accuracy than the DRI equations, but more studies need to be performed to assess the performance of these new equations when applied to an independent sample of older adults.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.297-305
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• 2001

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of food behavior and life-style behavior on the health-status of male industrial workers in the Masan region. The average age of the 173 male subjects was 42.9 years and 59% of the subjects were labor workers, 25% office workers, and 70% of them earned 1 - 1.5 million won monthly. The subjects were categorized into one of three groups : normal group, health-concerned group, and disease-suspected group classified by the criteria of the data (blood pressure, blood glucose, blood hemoglobin, serum total cholesterol, and serum triglyceride) obtained from a health examination. Forty seven belonged to the normal group, 71 to the health-concerned group, and 55 to the disease-suspected group. The health-concerned group, and disease-suspected group had significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose, and serum total cholesterol than the normal group, and the disease-suspected group showed a significantly higher serum triglyceride level than the normal and health-concerned groups. The disease-suspected group consumed carbohydrate foods, such as cereals more frequently and protein foods such as beans and eggs less frequently than the normal group and health-concerned group. However, there was no difference in nutrient intakes among the three groups. The disease-suspected group and health-concerned group smoked more cigarettes and drank more frequently than the normal group, and the disease-suspected group exercised less as compared to the normal group. The kinds of diseases diagnosed in the disease-suspected group were hypertension, hyperlipidemia, liver disease, and neurological disease. The results of this study indicate that nutrition education and monitoring should be implemented for industrial workers to prevent chronic diseases and to reduce medical cost for the treatment of disease.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.517-527
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• 1996

The food consumption of 148 healthy infants from 4 to 6 months of age have been measured. Three groups were assigned to change of feeding pattern. Formula group(FF, n=102) were fed formula from birth till 6 months of age. Convert 1 group (C1F, n=14) and Convert 2 group (C2F, n=32) were fed breast milk and mixed milk at 2months of age afterthat switched to formula milk, respectively. All infants received solids (solid foods) from 4 months of age. No significant difference was found in the intake of nutrients among three feeding groups excluding carbohydrate intake of C1F-female at 4 months of age. No significant difference was found in the intake of nutrients among three feeding groups excluding carbohydrate intake of C1F-female at 4 months of age. The FF-female(70.9g/d) and C2F-female(66.9g/d) had significantly higher carbohydrate intake when compared to the C1F-female (54.3g/d). The average total energy intake at 4, 6 months were 648.3 and 709.7kcal/d among all infants. At 4 and 6 months of age, mean intake of nutrients was as follows. Calcium intake was 526.7mg/d and 760.0mg/d at 4 and 6 months of age respectively. Iron intake was 8.3mg/d and 10/5mg/d at 4 and 6 months of age respectively. Calories from solids provided 22.5% of total energy intake at 4 months of age, and nearly 32% at 6 months of age. The average energy and protein intakes of all infants were less than the RDA for calcium and iron at 4, 6 months of age.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.34-38
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to compare the energy expenditure of normal-weight and overweight Korean middle-aged women (40-60 yr). Middle-aged oveweight ($BMI\;{\geq}\;25$, n= 20) and normal-weight women were ($BMI\;{\leq}\;23$, n = 20) were recruited in Seoul. Anthropometric measurements, body composition, energy intake, daily activity time, and energy costs of some daily activities were measured. Energy expenditure at rest and while reading the newspaper, washing dishes, mopping the floor, and walking on a treadmill at 1.0, 2.0, 3.5mph were measured by indirect calorimeter and total daily energy expenditure was estimated by summation of energy costs of different activities. The overweight group had significantly higher values of body weight, triceps skinfold thickness, thigh circumference, waist circumference, hip circumference, BMI, WTR, WHR, body surface area, percentage body fat, fat mass, fat free mass (FFM), and muscle mass compared to normal-weight group. The energy intakes of both groups were close to RDA and other nutrient intake status was also satisfactory. There were no significant differences in intakes of energy and nutrients between the two groups. Overweight subjects showed lower energy expenditure per kg body weight for reading the newspaper, washing dishes and mopping the floor, and walking on a treadmill at 2.0 and 3.5 mph, however, energy expenditure per kg FFM did not differ between the two groups. Daily energy expenditure for all activities was significantly higher in the overweight compared to the normal-weight group due to higher body weight. Both overweight and normal-weight groups showed negative energy balance between energy intake and energy expenditure, and there was no significant difference in energy balance between the two roups. Total daily energy expenditure correlated highly with FFM and body surface area. The result of present study does not offer an explanation on the energy imbalance and weight gain of overweight women.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.227-246
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• 2022

This study was conducted on the nutritional status of 1,805 patients with allergic diseases (atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, and asthma) aged 19 to 64 years according to their state of depression, based on the data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was used to diagnose depression. Subjects with a score of 10 or more were categorized into the depression group (n=152) and the rest into the non-depression group (n=1,653). The results of this study were as follows: The proportion of women (75.7%) was higher than that of men (24.3%) in the depressed group (P<0.01). In terms of energy intake per 1,000 kcal, both men and women in the depressed group showed a lower energy intake than the non-depressed group and this intake was less than the estimated energy requirement (EER). The nutrient intakes of protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron, vitamin A, thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, folic acid, and vitamin C were below the estimated average requirement (EAR). Also, the intakes of fiber and potassium were less than the adequate intake (AI) (P<0.001). In the lifestyle parameters, the ratio of eating alone at lunch was 54.1%:33.1%, indicating that more than half of the depression group ate alone. In conclusion, it was observed that the nutritional status of allergic disease patients was imbalanced. The nutritional imbalance was due to insufficient energy intake and inadequate intake of nutrients, which was below the average requirements of vitamins and minerals and this was more evident in the depression group than in the non-depression group.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.21 no.2 s.53
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• pp.139-146
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary chungguajang powder on blood glucose level and hepatic activities of antioxidant enzymes in normal and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Sprague-Dawley male ratt ($200{\sim}220g$) of six groups including normal group fed normal diet (N), diabetic group fed normal diet (C), diabetic groups fed chunggugjang powder diet (DC-1%, DC-5%, DC-10%, DC-20%) were used for the experiments. Diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin as a dose of 70 mg/kg body weight. After 3 weeks the animals were sacrificed and hepatic activities of antioxidant enzymes, serum level of glucose and organ weight were evaluated. Food and water intakes were higher in diabetic groups than normal group. Body weight gain and food efficiency ratio were lower in diabetic groups. However, they were higher in chunggugjang diet groups (DC) than normal diet group (C). The serum glucose levels were significantly lower (p<0.05) in the diabetic groups fed chunggugjang diet (DC-10%, DC-20%) than diabetic group fed normal diet (C). Hepatic activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase were lower in diabetic groups than normal group and they were significantly lower in diabetic groups fed chunggugjang diet (DC-20%) compared to diabetic rats fed normal diet (p<0.05). In conclusion, these results indicated that chunggugjang powder would have antidiabetic and antioxidant effects in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2008

The Purposes of this study were to assess high school students' nutrient consumption at the ordinary time and to analyze nutrient contents and nutrition consumption of lunch. The questionnaires for self-reported food consumption were distributed to 210 students enrolled in a boy's high school and a girl's high school located in Seoul area. A final response rate was 87.1%, excluding responses that had significant missing data. Data of self-reported food consumption and BMI(Body Mass Index) were analyzed with descriptive analysis and t-test using SPSS Win(ver. 12.0). To measure the serving size and the waste amount, data were collected for three meals in a three day period at each school. A weighed plate method was employed to measure plate wastes and consumption of the menus served. Nutrient analyses for the served and consumed menus were performed using CAN-PRO. The result of nutrient intake determined by self-reported food consumption demonstrated 74.2% of boys and 70.0% of the girls did not meet EAR(Estimated Average Requirement) for calcium. In addition, the data collection showed that 60.2% boys and 26.7% girls did not consume EAR for Vitamin B$_1$. Nutrient analyses of the served and consumed menus at school lunch were compared with 1/3 of the Dietary Reference Intakes(DRIs) for this age group. The served menus did not meet 1/3 of the Recommended Intake(RI) for calcium, iron, and vitamin B$_2$. In contrast, the menu provided to students exceeded almost five times(490%) more than the sodium needed for 1/3 of the Adequate Intake(AI). Considering the amount of the students' plate waste, intake of vitamin A and vitamin C were below 1/3 of the RI, and calcium, iron, and vitamin B$_2$ intake were also reduced. Students' sodium consumption still exceeded 1/3 of the AI at 340.0%.