• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.419-429
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• 1999

This study was conducted to investigate the dietary habits and assess the dietary intake of preschool children. Food habit, preference and nutritional supplement status were investigated using a questionnaire answered by the mothers of 453 subjects aged 3 to 6 years old. Also, a dietary intake survey using a 24-hour recall method was performed by mothers of the children. It was found that 81.2% of subjects had milk, dairy products, cookies, fruit and bread between meals once or twice per day. As well, 60.3% of subjects had an unbalanced diet and 20.7% had an overeating habit. Thus, unbalanced diet was a serious problem for many of the subjects. Due to weight controls, digestion problems and allergies, 11.7% of subjects had special dietary consideration. And 26.4% of subjects were using nutritional supplements. From the 24-recall survey, it was found that all nutrient intakes were higher than the Korean RDA except calcium and vitamin A. Nutrient intakes for protein, calcium, phosphorus and vitamin B2 were significantly different by sex, and also increased with age but not significantly. Children received 35% of daily energy, 44% of daily fat and 52% of daily calcium from snacks, so snacks clearly play an important role in dietary intake. The average number of foods consumed per day by subjects was 17.6 and that dishes was 11.0. Most children consumed 4 or 5 food groups per day. In conclusion, the dietary intake of children aged 3 to 6 were deemed adequate judging from nutrient intake and dietary diversity. More attention should be paid to the nutritional value of snacks in this age group.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of atopic dermatitis in infants is increasing worldwide. However, the nutrient intake status of infants with atopic dermatitis has not been studied properly. This study was conducted to compare the nutrient intake status of infants in the weaning period with atopic dermatitis by feeding type. MATERIALS/METHODS: Feeding types, nutrient intake status and growth status of 98 infants with atopic dermatitis from age 6 to 12 months were investigated. Feeding types were surveyed using questionnaires, and daily intakes were recorded by mothers using the 24-hour recall method. Growth and iron status were also measured. RESULTS: The result showed that breastfed infants consumed less energy and 13 nutrients compared to formula-fed or mixed-fed infants (P < 0.001). The breastfed group showed a significantly lower intake rate to the Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans than the other two groups (P < 0.001). In addition, they consumed less than 75% of the recommended intakes in all nutrients, except for protein and vitamin A, and in particular, iron intake was very low, showing just 18.7% of the recommended intake. There was no significant difference in growth by feeding type, but breastfed infants showed a significantly higher rate of iron deficiency anemia (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Continuous management programs should be prepared for breastfed infants with atopic dermatitis, who are in a period when rapid growth takes place and proper nutrient intake is essential.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.688-700
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• 2001

Nutrient intakes estimated using a 24-hr recall, a dirt record and a food frequency questionnaire(FFQ) were compared in a group of ninety-four elderly people(21 males, 73 females) in Cheongju, a city in Chung-Buk province. Mean intakes for energy, protein, Ca, p, Na, K thiamin and niacin obtained from the diet record were higher than those from the 24-hr recall. Mean intakes for energy, protein, Ca, P, Na, K thiamin, niacin and vitamin C from the FFQ were higher than those obtained from the 24-hr recall or the diet record. Correlation coefficients between the nutrient intake values from the 24-hr recall and those from the diet record ranged from 0.84 to 0.95 and were significantly correlated(p < 0.001). About 80% of the subjects in the lowest quintile by the 24-hr recall were also in the lowest two quintiles by the diet record. While the percentage fallen into the opposite category ranged from 0% to 15%. For most nutrients, at least 65% of the subjects when classified by the 24-hr recall fell into the same quintile when classified by the diet record, and the mean kappa value was 0.7. About 52% of the subjects in the lowest category by the 24-hr recall fell into the lowest two categories by FFQ. The mean percentage of the subjects in the lowest quintile by the diet record or in the lowest two quintiles by the FFQ was 51%. For most nutrients, at least 24% of each of the subjects when classified by both the 24-hr recall and the diet record fell into the same category when classified by the FFQ. The kappa values between the 24-hr recall or the diet recall and the FFQ were 0.17. These data indicate that in elderly subjects the 24-hr recall can provide very similar information to that obtained from the diet record but the FFQ can not provide good information if the right FFQ method is not used for only elderly subjects.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.1124-1130
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of copper supplementation on mineral utilizations in rats. Intakes, excretions, and tissue levels of Fe, Zn, Cu, Ca, Mg, Na, K were compared in rats fed diet with 100, 200, 400% of copper requirement(1Cu, 2Cu and 4Cu, respectively) for 6 weeks. The feed intake was significantly higher in 2Cu compared to 1Cu group, however, body weight gain was not significantly different among the three groups. While the serum level of Fe was significantly decreased, that of Cu was significantly elevated by Cu supplementation. The liver and kidney levels of Mg and Na, intakes of all the minerals, urinary excretions of Fe, Cu, Ca and Mg were significantly higher in 2Cu and/or 4Cu compared to 1Cu. The fecal excretions, retentions and absorptions of all the minerals were not affected by Cu supple mentation. In summary, these results suggest that dietary Cu supplementation has no effect on mineral utilizations, but effect on distribution in tissues of rats.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.143-151
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of iron and selenium intakes on utilization of manganese in rats fed adequate, 2-fold, 4-fold iron and adequate, high selenium for 6 weeks. There was no difference feed intake across iron and selenium containing diet groups. Body weight gain in 2-fold iron and high selenium group(MFeHSe) was significantly higher than those in other groups. Serum iron level was increased with iron increment, and liver iron content was decreased with selenium supplementation. Selenium and manganese contents in tissues were decreased with iron increment. In the case of manganese balance, manganese excretion through feces was significantly increased as iron intake was increased. However, retention and apparent absorption of manganese were not significantly affected by dietary iron. From these results, it could be suggested that the supplementations of iron and selenium affected the manganese utilization. Therefore, it must be considered interaction with various minerals in micro-nutrient supplementations.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.419-431
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate nutrient intake and food behavior according to the nutrition knowledge of middle school students residing in Seoul and Kyunggi-do, Korea. Anthropometric measurements and questionnaires, including 24-hr recall of dietary intake, were collected from 543 male and female middle school students. They were assigned to one of five groups according to their nutrition knowledge : very high group (VHG ; 90 - 100 score), high group (HG ; 80 - 90 score), normal group (NG ; 70 - 80 score), low group (LG ; 60 - 70 score) and very low group (VLG ; < 60 score), and comparisons were made. The mean age of the subjects was 13.7 years old. The mean height, weight, and BMI of male and female students were 161.9 cm, 52.6 kg and 20.2 kg/$m^2$, 157.0 cm, 50.4 kg, and 20.4 kg/$m^2$ respectively. Female students skip breakfast and dinner more frequently than male students do. Male students skipp lunch and eat fast foods more frequently than females do. Protein, calcium, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin B$_2$, niacin, vitamin C, fat, and animal protein intakes in females are shown to be related to their nutrition knowledge. Calcium, protein, animal protein, vitamin B$_2$and niacin intakes are significantly lower in the VLG than in the others. However, vitamin B$_1$and vitamin C intakes are significantly lower both in VHG and VLG. Fat intake in VHG is lowest. Nutrition knowledge of male students is correlated with mothers knowledge, nutrition attitude and nutritional status. On the other hand, in female students, nutrient consumption was lowest in subjects whose nutrition knowledge was highest and lowest. Therefore, nutrient consumption is affected by nutrition knowledge. However, in female students, possibly due to wrong information on diet or prejudice and outlook, nutrient consumption was low even when they scored high in nutrition knowledge. In conclusion, nutrition knowledge of male students is affected by the mothers nutritional knowledge and attitude. Therefore, nutrition education for mothers is very important. In male students, as their nutrition knowledge is low, their nutrient consumption is affect. These results indicate nutrition education and correct information for body image, balanced diet, regularity of meals and food selection for middle school students are required at both school and home.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.324-335
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• 2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: We examined dietary fat intake and the major food sources by young children in Korea. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 1,041 children aged 1-5 years were identified from the 2013-2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Data on total fat and fatty acid intake were obtained by a single 24-h dietary recall. Food sources were identified based on the amounts of total fat and fatty acids consumption according to each food. Fat and fatty acid intakes and their food sources were presented by age group (1-2-y, n = 401; 3-5-y, n = 640). Fat and fatty acid intakes were also evaluated according to socioeconomic characteristics. RESULTS: The mean intake of fat was $27.1{\pm}0.8g$ in the 1-2-y group and $35.5{\pm}0.7g$ in the 3-5-y group, and about 23% of the total energy was obtained from fat in both age groups. The mean intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was $10.5{\pm}0.3g$ in the 1-2-y group and $12.7{\pm}0.3g$ in the 3-5-y group, with the 1-2-y group obtaining more energy from SFA than the 3-5-y group (9.2% vs. 8.3%). The mean intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was $6.3{\pm}0.1g$ in the total subjects, with $0.8{\pm}0.03g$ of n-3 fatty acids and $5.5{\pm}0.1g$ of n-6 fatty acids being consumed. Milk, pork, and eggs were major food sources of total fat, SFA, and monounsaturated fatty acids, and soybean oil was the main contributor to PUFA in both age groups. In the 1-2-y group, children in rural areas had significantly higher intake of PUFA and n-3 fatty acids than did those in urban areas. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide current information on dietary fat intake among young Korean children and could be used to establish dietary strategies for improvement of health status.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2012

This study investigated the relationship between total sugar intake and obesity indices in 362 female university students. This study was conducted using an anthropometric checkup and 3-day dietary records. Subjects were categorized according to the total sugar intake as < 33.3 g (group I, n = 90), 33.3-56.1 g (group II, n = 91), 56.1-83.8 g (group III, n = 91), ${\geq}$ 83.8 g (group IV, n = 90). No significant differences in age, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), or the percentage of body fat were observed among the four groups. Based on BMI, 20.2% were overweight, and the percentage of body fat was > 30% in 67.1% of all students sampled. Energy intake in each groups was 1,164.7 kcal, 1,488.6 kcal, 1,590.0 kcal, and 1795.8 kcal, respectively (p < 0.001). Total sugar intake in the groups was 20.5 g, 44.6 g, 68.3 g, and 111.8 g, respectively (p < 0.001). Carbonated beverages were identified as the most significant food source for total sugar intake in female university students. The next major foods were ice cream, milk, coffee, fruit, sugar, cookies, bread, chocolate, corn syrup, rice, onion, maple syrup, pickle, and sweet potato. As intake of total sugar increased, intake of energy also increased significantly. Mean daily intakes of fat and calcium/1,000 kcal were significantly higher in group IV than those in the other groups. Mean daily intakes of vitamin C and vitamin E/1,000 kcal were significantly higher in group III than those in the other groups. The percentage of subjects who consumed nutrients below the estimated average requirement was less in the higher total sugar intake group than that in the lower intake group. The obesity indices (weight, BMI, % body fat) were not associated with total sugar intake in the subjects. We conclude that total sugar intake does not seem to influence obesity indices in female university students.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.378-389
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the status of magnesium, iron, copper and zinc nutrition in 28 normal and 28 obese male elementary school students who have over 30% obesity index. The anthropometric measurements, dietary intakes and serum levels of magnesium, iron, copper and zinc were determined by 24-hr recall method and blood analysis, respectively. The mean age, height, weight, and obesity index were 10.9years, 147.4cm, 61.1kg, and 50.5% in obese group and 10.8years, 145.4cm, 40.2kg, and 3.3% in normal group. There was no significant difference in average daily food intake between obese and normal group, but meats(p＜0.05) intake of obese group was significantly lower than that of normal group. The intakes of energy, magnesium, iron, copper were not significantly difference between obese and normal group, but heme iron(p＜0.05) intake of obese group was significantly lower than that of normal group. Zinc(p＜0.05) intake of obese group was significantly higher than that of normal group. Serum magnesium(p＜0.001) level of obese group was significantly higher than that of normal group, but there were no significant differences in serum iron, copper, zinc levels between obese and normal group. There was a significantly positive correlation between serum magnesium and weight(p＜0.05), and obesity index(p＜0.05). There was a significantly positive correlation between serum magnesium and energy intake(p＜0.05), protein intake(p＜0.05), animal protein intake(p＜0.05), phosphorus intake(p＜0.05) and animal iron intake(p＜0.05). There was a significantly positive correlation between serum magnesium and seaweeds intake(p＜0.05), milks intake(p＜0.001). Also, there was significantly positive correlation between serum copper and oils and fat intake(p＜0.05). These results suggest that there should be careful considerations for micronutrients nutrition status among male obese elementary school students.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.317-322
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• 2010

Prevalence of childhood obesity is increasing significantly worldwide due to energy imbalance perhaps stemming from undesirable dietary behavior and physical activity level. The objective of the study was to examine the effects of physical activity level on nutritional status in elementary school students. The subjects were comprised of 287 elementary school students between 4th and 6th grades in Seoul, Korea. The level of physical activity was scored with a modified Godin leisure-time exercise questionnaire and was categorized as active, moderately active, and sedentary. Dietary intakes were obtained using a 24-hour food recall method. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to test for global significant differences of nutrient intakes by physical activity level. Boys were more active than girls. Daily intakes of energy in moderately active boys were significantly higher than in the sedentary group, but intakes of calcium and iron in moderately active boys were lower than active boys. For girls, physical activity level did not affect nutrient density at all. Intakes of calcium, vitamin C, and folate for both boys and girls were below 50% of recommended intake. Physical activity did not affect nutrient density and our participants were exposed to nutritional imbalance. Therefore, the results suggest that nutrition education regarding balanced diet and optimum physical activity is required for children's health and growth.