• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.366-377
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to compare intake of energy nutrients, physical characteristics, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to protein intake group. Methods: Subjects were 827 men aged 40-65 years. The results presented were based on data from the 2012-2013 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and analyzed using SPSS. The odds ratio (OR) of metabolic syndrome was assessed according to the protein intake group and intake pattern of protein-rich foods. Results: The mean of protein intake was $73.96{\pm}0.71g$. According to level of protein intake, four groups (deficient, normal, excess 1, excess 2) were created and their percentages were 8.3%, 39.6%, 37.1%, and 15.0% respectively. The mean of daily energy intake was $2,312.33{\pm}24.08kcal$. It was higher in excess group 2 than in the deficiency group (p < 0.001). Moreover, the intake of all energy nutrients increased significantly with protein intake group (p < 0.001). The main contribution to daily protein included mixed grains ($10.96{\pm}0.32g$), milled rice ($7.14{\pm}0.30g$), chicken ($3.50{\pm}0.21g$), and grilled pork belly ($3.04{\pm}0.16g$). With regard to physical characteristics, and blood pressure and blood test results, only body mass index increased significantly according to protein intake groups (p < 0.05). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in subjects was 38.5%, and there was no significant correlation with protein intake group. The OR of metabolic syndrome increased with protein intake, and was higher 4.452 times in excess group 2 than in the normal group (p < 0.05). Conversely, the OR of metabolic syndrome according to the frequency of protein-rich food intake did not show a significant correlation. Conclusions: The results of this study can be used as significant supporting data to establish guidelines for protein intake in middle-aged men.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2008

This study was performed to understand recognition and behaviors related to sodium intake of Korean adults. The data were collected from subjects including 267 male and 285 female adults in nationwide and compared by gender and by age. We found that the male group showed significantly higher smoking, alcohol drinking, and exercise does the female group. The older group (40 to 59 years) revealed significantly higher exercise and lower alcohol drinking; however general disease and hypertension prevalence, diet therapy practice, and meditation for hypertension were higher. Recognizing sodium levels of foods containing high-sodium, and sodium-nutriture labels when purchasing foods, and knowing differences between salt and sodium of the male group or recognizing sodium levels of foods containing high-sodium of the older group was worse than the other. Among the 32 food behaviors, only 12 were identified as significantly correlated to sodium intake levels including behaviors of preferring Chinese and Japanese foods to Western foods, preferring kimchi to raw vegetables, completely consuming soup, stew, noodle liquid, liking of dried fish and salted mackerel, frequent eat-outs or delivered foods, and so forth. There were significant differences between gender or age groups in terms of sodium intake-increasing behaviors; the male group showed higher behaviors of preferring salty taste and eating all broths. And the older group revealed higher behavior of adding table salt as well as the previous two, however, the younger group showed more behaviors of eat-outs or delivered foods and not the liquid of kimchi.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.49-61
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• 1987

The main purpose of these studies was the improvemen of nutritional supply and of the future physical coditions. The two groups which were regional difference were chosen and research for the nutritional status of elementary school students. The nutritional status of lunch-box between one elementary School of 98 students in the 6th year grade(hence-forward it was called "A-Group"), located at the center of Masan City, being provided the milk and the other elementary School of 134 students in the 6th year grade(hence-forward it was called "B-Group"), located in the small farm and fishing villages of Kusan-myun, Euichang-kun, Kyungnam province, were seweyed from the period of Nov. 20, 1986 to Dec. 4, 1986 and conclusion were as follows: 1. Nutritional status of lunch-box 1) It is indicated that in the case of A-Group, the nutirtional intake except animal protein and vitamin A were lower than the Recommended Daily Allowances of Korenas and in the case B-Group, was also lower than except vitamin A respectively and especially in both groups, the percentage of Fe was lowest and intended difference between A Group and B was that B-Group in the intake of calorie, fat, Ca, Fe and etc were lower than A-Group. 2) The total calorie-intake was short of the extent to approx. 83.8% as compared to the RDA. On the viewpoint at ratio of intake of caloric nutrients, A-Group appeared to be 69.5 : 16.5 : 14 and B-Group, 77.5 : 19.5 : 13 in order carbohydrate, protein and fat. As a result of the above ratio, B-Group depended upon carbohydrate as a staple food more than A-Group. It can be considered that the total calorie-intake is short, and that the amount of lunch-box was greatly insufficient for taking optimal nutrition. 3) Calorie, carbohydrate, vitamin B, and niacin were taken nutrition from a staple food and protein from at similar ratio of staple and subsidiary food and fat, Fe, vitamin A, vitamin B1, adn vitamin C were mainly taken from a staple food. It was indicated that B-Group was higher at the supply-ratio by a staple food than A-Group. 3. The realities of improvement of physical conditions The improvement of physical conditions of the two groups were lower in accordance with Korea Children's Growth Standard, but B-Group was inferior to A-Group. 4. Seeing that the total intake of nutrition being taken at lunch time was lower as campared to the RDA intakes between the two Groups were remakably different, a lot of efforts should be made to improve the calorie-intake for the purpose of the farm and fishing villages. For balanced intake of nutrition, selection of foods and various cooking ways are important, therefore, throughout the expansion of the lowest stratum of elementary schools for milk-supply, high-quality protein, fat, Ca, vitamin B2 and etc should be supplied to the growing students. That can narrow the gaps of the intake of nutrition and physical condition between the students who live in cities and the students who live in the country.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.364-377
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• 2011

This study was conducted to provide basic information on toothbrushing habits, snack intake frequency, and current dental caries in elementary school students. A total of 188 students (105 boys and 83 girls) in Changwon city participated in this study. Dental examination was conducted by two dental hygienists in July, 2010. The results were as follows. Exactly 86.2% of students were shown to have dental caries, which includes a sealant and removed teeth due to decay. The average number of teeth with dental caries per student was 3.8. Exactly 60.6% of students were shown to maintain correct toothbrushing habits to prevent dental caries, but only 12.8% brushed their teeth immediately after a meal or snack. Exactly 82.4% percent of participants received toothbrushing education, 47.1% of them received it from an expert, 43.9% received from their parents, and 28.2% used tooth paste with fluorine. Regarding snack intake frequency, ice cream was the most consumed cariogenic food and white milk was the most consumed protective food. The >=7 teeth with dental caries group consumed higher frequency of carbonated beverages intake than the 'no dental caries' group (P<0.05), and the '5~6 teeth with dental caries' group consumed higher frequency of chocolate intake than 'no dental caries' group (P<0.05).

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.375-382
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• 1997

This study was performed to evaluate the nutrient intake status according to coffee intake among Korean female college students. Two-hundred subjects were asked for their daily coffee intake using a questionnaire. Daily intakes of nutrients and food groups were calculated 3-day food records. The mean height and weight of the subjects were 161.6cm and 51.2kg. The mean daily intake of coffee and milk were 0.5 and 0.6 cups, respectively. When nutrient intake was compared to RDA for Koreans, intakes of energy, iron, vitamin A were short of recommendations. The mean intakes of calcium, sodium, vitamin B$_2$ in BMI＜20 group were significantly higher than those in BMI $\geq$20 group. The mean intakes of calcium and phosphorous in no-coffee group were significantly higher than those in $\geq$2 cup-coffee group. The mean intake of beverage and others significantly increased as the level of coffee intake was increased. However, intake of milk and its product decreased. There were significantly negative correlation between coffee and calcium intake, and positive correlation between milk and calcium intake. These results indicate that coffee consumption decreases calcium intake because of decrement of milk and its products. Therefore, it could be suggested that there is increased need for nutritional education on proper eating patterns for female college students.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.321-330
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• 2019

Objectives: This study examined the relationship between the presence of allergic rhinitis and the nutritional intake levels of Korean infants. Methods: The study involved a total of 1,214 infant subjects aged 1~5 months from the 2013~2016 KNHNES (Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey). The Subjects were classified into two groups based on the presence of allergic rhinitis: Non-allergic rhinitis infants (NARI, n=1,088) and allergic rhinitis infants (ARI, n=126). The general characteristics and family history of allergies, nutrient intake status, nutrient supplement intake, and breast milk and baby food start period data of the two groups were compared. All statistical analyses accounted for the complex sampling design effect and sampling weights. Results: The mean age was 0.5 years old in the ARI group compared to the NARI group. In the residence, the rate of urban was higher in ARI. The family history revealed a significant difference between the two groups, particularly those of mothers rather than fathers. The nutrient intake levels were high in energy, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, iron, riboflavin, niacin, and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Breastfeeding was significantly higher in the ARI group than in the NARI group. The baby food start period was 0.3 months earlier in NARI group than in ARI group. The height, body weight, and birth weight were higher in ARI group than NARI group. The result of Odds ratio analysis showed that excess energy, protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron, riboflavin, and niacin intake increases the risk of allergic rhinitis. Conclusions: These results can be used as data to develop nutrition guidelines for allergic rhinitis infants.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.461-474
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to explore the difference in nutrient intakes between normocholesterolemia and hypercholesterolemia. The subjects were classified as normocholesterolemia and hypercholesterolemia based on The Guideline for Korean Hyperlipidemia. A semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to measure the dietary intakes of the subjects. The results obtained are summarized as follows. Intakes of nutrients such as energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, minerals, and antioxidant vitamins were not significantly different between the normocholesterolemia group and hypercholesterolemia group. However, antioxidant vitamins and folate intakes in the hypercholesterolemia group tended to be lower than those in the normocholesterolmia group. Intakes of vitamin A, vitamin E, and Ca in normocholesterolemia was much less than the RDA for those nutrients in normocholesterolemia. Cholesterol intake in the hypercholesterolemia group was significantly higher than that in the normochoesterolemia group. However, mean cholesterol intake(240 mg/day) of the hypercholesterolemia group was much less than that of Americans whose cholesterol intake was 400 - 500 me/day. Fatty acid intakes were not significantly different between normocholesterolemia and hypercholesterolemia groups but the hypercholesterolemia group tended to consume $\omega$3 fatty acids less than the normocholesterolemia group. Out data indicate that cholesterol intake is man important determinant of serum cholesterol levels in postmenopausal women. The results of this study provide information that is important in designing appropriate dietary guidelines for hypercholesterolemia in postmenopausal women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.64-74
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution patterns of serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels and the influence of environmental and dietary factors in 201 healthy male subjects. The subjects were found to be 53.7% for the normal, 15.4% for the TC, 17.4% for TG and 13.5% for TC.TG group, respectively. Among general characteristics, smoking significantly affected serum lipid levels of subjects (p < 0.05). Among anthropometric factors, body weight, BMI and PIBW significantly influenced the blood lipid patterns. Body weight of TG group was significantly higher than that of normal group (p < 0.05). BMI and PIBW of TG group and TC.TG group were significantly higher than those of normal group (p < 0.05) . In addition, diastolic blood pressure of TG group was significantly higher than that of normal group (p < 0.05). For the food intake, average intake of fruit was significantly higher in normal group than that of TG group (p < 0.05). For nutrient intake, calcium intake was significantly higher in TC group than those of normal and TC.TG group (p <0.05). Intakes of vitamin $B_2$ and C were significantly higher in TC group than those of in TG group (p < 0.05). Serum HDL-cholesterol level was negatively related to meat, poultry, and their products (p <0.05), but serum total cholesterol level positively related to animal lipids (p < 0.05). The results of this study suggest that it is crucial for maintaining adequate serum lipid levels to reduce smoking, blood pressure and to lose body weight. As far as food intake concerned, fruit intake was important in maintaining serum triglyceride level normal, while animal food intake affected serum total cholesterol level adversely. (Korean J Nutrition 36(1): 64-74, 2003)

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.662-669
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related disease are drawing a lot of attention in Korea as one of the serious health problems. Bone health status may be influenced by the general dietary quality and dietary pattern. SUBJECTS/METHODS: To determine the relationship between dietary quality and intake patterns and bone health status, the %RNI, NAR, DDS, and food group intake patterns were assessed according to their bone health status for 847 postmenopausal women using the 2010 KNHANES data after eliminating those of likely changing their diet under the advice of doctors or those taking estrogen. RESULTS: Bone health became worse as dietary quality deteriorated. All NAR and %RNI values were highly associated with bone health levels and the consumption frequency of Ca sources, DDS and the food group intake patterns also confirmed the findings. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirmed that dietary quality and dietary patterns were important for bone health. Nutritional education on eating foods from the five basic food groups has to be emphasized to prevent osteoporosis among older women.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.539-546
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Women's bone health status is closely related with environmental factors and lifestyle factors. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the dietary risks of osteoporosis and osteopenia for Korean postmenopausal women. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The data from 1,433 subjects from the 2010 KNHANES were used and divided into three groups: normal, osteopenia, and osteoporosis group using bone mineral density (BMD). Nutrient intakes and food intake frequency were evaluated. Logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the odds ratios for osteoporosis and osteopenia. RESULTS: The RNI percentage of each nutrient and food intake frequency from 12 food groups decreased as bone mineral density status deteriorated. Risk for osteoporosis of low calcium (Ca) intake, under the EAR, showed an odds ratio of 2.13(95% CI; 1.26-3.61, P < 0.05). Higher intake frequency showed preventive effect from osteoporosis compared to lower intake frequency in such food group as dairy products (ORs 0.40, CI 0.21-0.75), beans (ORs 0.49, CI 0.29-0.83), seaweeds (ORs 0.55, CI 0.32-0.94), fish (ORs 0.56, CI 0.32-0.98), and fruits (ORs 0.42, CI 0.23-0.79) after adjusting for age. CONCLUSION: To prevent osteoporosis in later life, sufficient Ca intake and more frequent intakes of foods containing Ca such as dairy products, beans, fish, seaweeds, and fruits, which help in Ca absorption, should be stressed for Korean postmenopausal women.