• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.5-17
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• 2008

Purpose: To understand the dietary habits and factors influencing the dietary habits in adults of an urban community. Method: The data were collected via questionnaires that investigated dietary habits, health behaviors, health-related factors, and general characteristics. A total of 302 subjects were selected from those who had visited an urban public center over a 2-week period. The data of 294 subjects were analyzed using descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression, after 8 questionnaire were excluded due to incomplete data. Results: The degree of dietary habits was in the middle range. The most positive dietary habit was 'intake fibers from vegetables, fruits, and cereals', followed by 'not enjoy salty food and salt' and 'eating breakfast everyday'. The significant predictors influencing dietary habits were age, present smoking behavior, perceived health status, and drinking frequency, and these variables accounted for 27.3% of the variance in the dietary habits score. Conclusion: Health care providers should focus on health promotion planning regarding dietary habits and other health-related behaviors in combination and use integrated strategies regarding the factors that influence dietary habits and other health-related behaviors.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.119-128
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• 2000

Lifestyle and dietary behavior intervention as the primary prevention of lipid disorder seems safe and compatible with other treatments of cardiovascular diseases. Cross-sectional associations between lifestyle factors and dietary behavioral factors with plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels were analyzed in 189 middle-aged men in Suwon, Korea. Overnight fasting plasma levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein(HDL)-cholesterol, triacylglycerol and glucose were analyzed. Blood pressure and anthropometric data were also measured. Lifestyle factors such as smoking status, alcohol consumption and frequency of physical exercise were evaluated by a self-administered questionnaire. Questions regarding dietary behavior were also asked. The subjects were 43.8%${\pm}$7.9 years old, and 23.8%${\pm}$2.6kg/m$^2$. From stepwise regression analyses, significant correlates with total cholesterol level were body mass index(BMI), alcohol intake(negative), age and coffee drinking(model R$^2$=14.3%). BMI, breakfast-skipping, age, and sleeping hours were significant for triacylglycerol level(model R$^2$=15.8%). BMI, alcohol drinking(negative), age, and coffee drinking were significant for low-density lipoprotein(LDL)(model R$^2$=11.7%). Age(negative), BMI(negative), alcohol drinking, stress level(negative), physical exercise, and cigarette smoking(negative) were significant for high-density lipoprotein(HDL)(model R$^2$=12.1%). From stepwise regression analyses, excluding BMI and age as factors in the model, alcohol intake(negative) and coffee drinking were significantly correlated with total cholesterol level(model R$^2$=4.4%) : breakfast-skipping with triacylglycerol(model R$^2$=3.2%) : alcohol intake (negative) with LDL level(model R$^2$=3.4%) : alcohol intake, physical exercise and stress level(negative) with HDL level(model R$^2$=6.3%). The findings suggest that a healthy daily lifestyle and dietary behavior may have an anti-atherogenic effect by altering plasma lipid and lipoprotein levels in middle-aged Korean men. (J Community Nutrition 2(2) : 119∼128, 2000)

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.29-47
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• 2012

The purpose of this research is to identify the everyday life culture, housing satisfaction and housing importance of older Korean-Chinese living in Harbin, China. Social survey research using the questionnaire was conducted from August to October in 2011. A total of 94 usable samples were analyzed by the SPSS version the 18.0 statistical program using frequency, percentage, cross-tabulation, factor analysis, and Pearson's correlation. The major findings were as follows. Firstly, older Chinese in Harbin were assimilated into Chinese culture such as national holidays and respectful people, but acculturated in terms of their daily food, and their preference to live in a Korean-Chinese village. Secondly, they had mainly lived in multi-story houses, the so called Chinese-style apartments. The average size of their living space was $80.33m^2$ and they were usually unsatisfied with their neighbors and floor treatment lacking Ondol(溫突). Thirdly, 5 factors affecting on housing value orientation were 'physical characteristics','emotional characteristics', 'economic characteristics', 'social characteristics', 'neighbor characteristics/reputation of the house' and they explained 73.9%. 2 factors affecting on housing satisfaction were 'inner complex/inner space' and 'neighborhood environment' and they explained 69.4%. In conclusion, some policy is needed for Korean Chinese living in Harbin for their well-being when it comes to their housing needs and conditions. Given the nature of big city, Harbin and its attraction, younger Korean-Chinese tend to be rapidly assimilated into Chinese culture. However older people in Harbin think that it is important for their children to learn both countries' languages and cultures in order to be successful, so some concrete policies and supports are needed.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.615-623
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• 2000

Under the assumption that people go through stages in making dietary behavior change, this study was attempted to apply the stages of a change model for fat intake by examining the associations of social psychological variables with stages of change in dietary fat reduction. Derived from social psychological theories, 10 social psychological variables on motivational beliefs(6), social influence(3) and self-efficacy(1) related specifically to selecting every day diets low in fat were constructed. Fat and energy intakes were assessed by a short form semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The associations of stages of change with motivational beliefs, social influence, and self-efficacy variables and energy and fat intakes were assessed in 333 female adults from large cities in Korea. Dietary stage groups differed significantly on most of the social psychological variables in ways predicted by theory. Motivational factors that lead to a psychological state of readiness to take action were important in the early stages of the dietary change process. Social influences were more important in the stages as people decide to take action. Self efficacy and motivational beliefs, particularly, reduction of perceived barriers were important in maintaining fat reduction behavior. The results of our study indicate differences in stages of change in fat reduction behavior in terms of nutrient intakes and social psychological correlates and suggests that adding a time dimension to social psychological models increases our understanding of dietary change, which assist us in designing nutrition education interventions that are more appropriately targeted by stage of change. (Korean J Community Nutrition 5(4) 615∼623, 2000)

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.214-224
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to propose the marketing strategy for the local foodservice industry which can lead to successful business in keen competitive foodservice industry by adapting community residents' dining-out behaviors. A total of 350 adults (291 collected, 102 men and 188 women) was surveyed with a questionnaire about the frequency of dining-out, company when out to eat, proper price for one meal, reasons why one chooses a specific restaurant, and general information. Data was analyzed by SPSS/win 7.5. Over the 1/3 of residents (36.3%) ate out 1-2 times a week and slightly over the 1/4 of residents (26.4%) did so 1-2 times a month. Usually men did more dining out than women. Teachers/ professors' (52.6%) dined out 1-2 times a week. Respondents with 1-2 million won of monthly income (46.4%) ate out 1-2 times a week. Almost 3/4 of respondents chose Korean restaurant. The main factors affected selecting the specific restaurant were 'cleanliness of food and atmosphere of restaurant', and 'reasonable price'. More than 1/3 of respondents (38.9%) answered 5,000-8,000 won was reasonable price for eating-out. Respondents in 20's dined out with friends (70.4%) and friends (43.0%) chose the specific restaurant; on the other hand, the other age groups usually dined out accompanied by family (60.7 - 73.7%) and respected spouse or children's opinion when selecting a restaurant. Thus, the menu must be reevaluated from the customers' view point and nutritional status for the well-being of community residents.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.210-222
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• 2004

In recent years, the number and proportion of Korean elderly have grown rapidly, and elderly individuals show a disproportionate risk for poor nutritional status. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of sociodemographic background to nutrient intake of persons 65 years of age or older, living in 15 cities in Korea. Data on 1973 subjects (603 males, 1370 females), who participated in the Korean Elderly Nutrition Survey (2000), were analyzed. Their mean age was 72.3 years and their mean body mass index (BMI) was 24.2 kg/$m^2$. Basic sociodemographic data were obtained through personal interviews. The 98-item semi-food frequency questionnaire, developed and previously validated for Korean middle-aged and elderly subjects, was administered. “Percentage of subjects who consumed under 75％ Korean RDA,” “number of nutrients consumed below 75％ Korean RDA,” “mean nutrient adequacy ratio,” and “nutrient density” were used to determine nutritional status. Male elderly had better nutritional quality than female elderly. Nutritional quality decreased with age, especially in older elderly (over 75). Elderly who were underweight (BMI 〈 20 kg/$m^2$) showed poorer nutritional quality than those who were normal weight (BMI 20∼25 kg/$m^2$) and overweight (BMI $\geq$ 25 kg/$m^2$). Elderly who lived alone had significantly poorer nutritional quality than those who lived with a spouse, and/or with children. Lower education level and economic dependence also showed lower nutritional quality. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to examine the effects of specific sociodemographic factors on nutritional quality. For number of nutrients under 75％ RDA as a dependent variable, education level explained 4.8％ of the variance, followed by living status, age, body mass index, gender, and living expense support (Model $R^2$ = 0.091). For mean nutrient adequacy ratio as a dependent variable, model $R^2$ was 0.098. Therefore, sociodemographic variables such as gender, age, body mass index, living status, educational level, and economic status influenced elderly nutrition status. These results indicate that an elderly nutrition intervention should focus on subjects who are poorly educated, living alone, age 75 or older, and/or underweight.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.330-335
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• 2013

Data are limited on the association between dietary patterns and screen time among Korean adolescents. The present study identified dietary patterns of 691 adolescents, aged 13-18 years, who had participated in the Third Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES III) and analyzed their associations with screen time. Screen time was defined as the time spent watching TV, using a computer, or playing video games was calculated as a sum of all these times. Dietary patterns and their factor scores were derived from a food frequency questionnaire using the factor analysis method. To analyze the association between dietary patterns and screen time, we conducted multiple linear regression analysis. We also performed multiple logistic regression analysis to estimate odds ratios (OR) of excessive screen time (2 hours or longer per day) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). We identified 2 dietary patterns labeled "the Korean healthy dietary pattern" and "the Western diet and fast foods pattern". The former included mixed grains, legumes, potatoes, red meat, eggs, fish, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, seaweeds, and mushrooms, whereas the latter included noodles, bread, red meat, poultry, fast foods, snack, and soft drinks. After controlling for potential confounding factors, factor scores for the Korean healthy dietary pattern were inversely associated (P-value for trend < 0.01) and those for the Western diet and fast foods pattern were positively associated with the screen time (P-value for trend < 0.01). Adolescents in the top tertile of the scores for the Korean healthy dietary pattern had a multivariable-adjusted OR [95% CI] of 0.44 (0.25-0.75) for excessive screen time compared with those in the lowest tertile. On the basis of these findings, adolescents who have excessive screen time may need to be encouraged to consume a more healthy diet.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.141-149
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study examined the association between refined grain consumption by subtype and the incidence of hypertension from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study data. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In total, 5,018 participants (2,439 men and 2,579 women) from 40 to 69 years without hypertension were recruited at the beginning (2001-2002). Blood pressure and antihypertensive medication use were assessed biennially for the incidence of hypertension during the 8-year follow-up period (2009-2010). Hypertension was diagnosed as systolic blood pressure ${\geq}140mmHg$ or diastolic blood pressure ${\geq}90mmHg$ or antihypertensive medication use. Dietary intake including refined grains was assessed by a food frequency questionnaire at baseline and the follow-up (2005-2006). A multivariate Cox proportional hazard model was used to examine hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incident hypertension according to refined-grain consumption. RESULTS: A total of 1,377 cases of hypertension (710 men and 667 women) were newly ascertained. Frequent noodle consumers (${\geq}5servings/week$) among the women had a 2.3-fold higher risk of hypertension than infrequent noodle consumers after adjustment for potential confounders (HR = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.33-4.01, P for trend = 0.0001). However, no significant association was found among the men. The intake of other refined grain products such as white rice and breads was not associated with the incidence of hypertension. CONCLUSION: Frequent noodle consumption was positively associated with a risk of incident hypertension in South Korean women.

• 대한치위생과학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.39-51
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• 2021

Background: Limited information is available regarding the associations of various nutrients and periodontitis in Korea. Furthermore, these associations have been controversial in previous studies. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the associations between several nutrients and periodontitis. Methods: Pooled data from the 2007~2010 and 2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) were used for the present study. Periodontitis was defined using the World Health Organization (WHO) Community Periodontal Index. All participants completed the Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), which was analyzed using CAN-Pro 4.0. Vitamins A, B₁, B₂, and C, iron, phosphorus, calcium, and protein were selected for analysis. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) for periodontitis. Results: Lower intake of phosphorus (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.86), calcium (AOR = 1.25), and protein (AOR = 1.52) were associated with periodontitis in males, and lower intake of vitamins A (AOR = 1.32), B1 (AOR = 1.21), B2 (AOR = 1.24), and C (AOR = 1.21), iron (AOR = 1.25), phosphorus (AOR = 1.33), and protein (AOR = 1.27) showed significant relationships with periodontitis in females. In the sociodemographic, somatic, and health behavior-adjusted models, lower phosphorus (AOR = 2.68) and protein (AOR = 1.68) intake in younger males, and lower vitamin A intake (AOR = 1.37) in middle-aged females were significantly associated with periodontitis. Conclusions: The results of the present study demonstrated a significant association between periodontitis and nutrient intake. To avoid an insufficient nutrient supply for a patient with periodontal disease, the patient's diet should be closely monitored.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.248-265
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the dietary behaviors of preschool children using the nutrition quotient for preschoolers (NQ-P) and analyzed the difference in the scores of the children's dietary behaviors in regards to the parents' health consciousness. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The subjects were 257 children aged 3-5 years and their parents residing in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. The questionnaire is composed of demographic characteristics, the NQ-P questions, and health consciousness. All data were statistically analyzed by SPSS program (ver. 25.0) and the statistical differences in variables were evaluated by χ2 test, Fisher's exact test, t-test, 1-way analysis of variance and Tukey's multiple comparison test. RESULTS: There was a significant difference on the intake frequency of processed meat by region and fast foods by age, region, and weight status (P < 0.05). There was also a significant difference in not moving around while eating by weight status and parents' effort to have healthy eating habits by sex (P < 0.05). The mean score of NQ-P of the total subjects was 59.47, which was within the medium-low grade. The mean score of balance was 61.62, and the boys were significantly higher than girls (P < 0.05). As the age of children increased, the mean score of the moderation was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The scores of NQ-P (P < 0.05), balance (P < 0.01), and environment (P < 0.05) were significantly higher in the high group of parents' health consciousness than the low group. CONCLUSIONS: According to the results of the evaluation by NQ-P, the dietary behaviors of preschoolers residing in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do need to be improved. For improving their eating behavior and nutritional health status, parents and children need customized nutrition education programs based on sex, age, region and weight status of preschool children as well as the degree of parents' health consciousness.