• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.366-378
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to develop a sodium index, which is a tool for estimating and assessing sodium intake easily and quickly, to assist in the prevention of various diseases induced by excess sodium intake in Korean adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The 24-h urine collection and dietary behavior surveys were performed on 640 healthy people in 4 regions of South Korea, and an equation for the estimation of 24-h sodium intake was developed. The validity and reliability of the equation were verified with 200 adults. The sodium index was developed by converting the estimated sodium intake using the equation. Finally, the sodium intake status of 1,600 adults was assessed using the sodium index. RESULTS: The equation included sex, age, body mass index, eating habit and dietary behaviors related to sodium intake. In validity test of the equation, the mean bias between sodium intake using 24-h urine analysis and using the equation from the Bland-Altman plots was -1.5 mg/day. The sensitivity and specificity of the equation for estimation of sodium intake were 80.5% and 64.4%, respectively. In the reliability test of the equation, there was no significant difference between the first and second sodium intakes calculated using the equations, and Spearman's correlation coefficient between the 2 sodium intakes was 0.98. Sodium intake can be assessed as 'very moderate' for 75-100 on the sodium index, 'moderate' for 100-150, 'careful' for less than 75 or 150-200, and 'severe' for 250 or more. When sodium intake was assessed using the sodium index in 1,600 subjects, 54.3% and 24.3% of the subjects were assessed to be in the 'careful' and 'severe' categories, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Using a simple questionnaire, the sodium index can be used to monitor and assess sodium intake status, assisting in nutrition education and counseling in a large population.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.73-86
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• 2018

본 연구는 선형계획법을 이용하여 현재의 식품섭취패턴에서 크게 벗어나지 않으면서 영양섭취기준을 충족하는 한국 성인의 최적 식품섭취패턴을 설계하였고, 주요 결과는 다음과 같다. 식품품목별 실제섭취량과 최적섭취량을 비교하였을 때 실제섭취량보다 최적섭취량이 높게 나타나 영양섭취기준을 충족하기 위해서 현재보다 섭취량을 더 늘릴 필요가 있는 식품품목으로 모든 집단에서 공통적으로 채소류, 50 ~ 64세 남성을 제외한 집단에서 우유 유제품류인 것으로 나타났다. 50 ~ 64세를 제외한 여성에서는 채소류, 우유 유제품류 이외에도 과일류도 섭취량을 더 높여야 하는 식품품목으로 나타났다. 모든 남성 집단과 19 ~ 29세를 제외한 여성 집단에서 김치의 최적섭취량이 실제 섭취량보다 낮게 나타나 김치는 덜 섭취해야 하는 식품품목인 것으로 파악되었다. 또한 조미료에 대해서는 모든 집단에서 공통적으로 최적섭취량이 0 g으로 산출되었다. 이에 선형계획법을 이용해서 설계한 최적 식품섭취패턴에서 조미료의 최적섭취량이 실생활에서 실현 불가능한 0 g으로 산출되었기 때문에 설계한 최적 식품섭취패턴의 실현성을 높이기 위해서는 나트륨의 목표섭취량을 실제섭취량이 고려된 보다 현실적인 기준으로 재설정할 필요가 있다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.380-389
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between intake experience of mother's milk intake/baby food intake, present eating habits, and atopy symptoms in elementary school students in Chungnam province. More frequent intake of mother's milk was associated with less atopy symptoms. Subjects who had good attitudes for baby food in the past had less unfavorite foods. In addition, subjects that ate fruits and vegetable-baby food had better eating attitudes for a balanced diet. Unbalanced diet was associated with worse behavior characteristics. Frequency of eating breakfast affected behavioral characteristics. As this study had regional and size limitations, it is necessary to further investigate the relationship between past intake experience of mother's milk/attitude towards baby foods and present eating habits/physical growth. Based on these results, past intake experience of mother's milk/attitude towards baby foods might affect present physical growth/development and eating habits of subjects.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.560-572
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate the food habits score, nutrients intake and dietary quality with regard to coffee consumption of college students in Incheon. The data were collected with a self-reports questionnaire with a total of 190 subjects, comprised with 101 male and 89 female college students. We classified these subjects into three groups using percentile of coffee intake to assess the nutrients intake and dietary quality. The correlations among coffee intake, food habits score, nutrients intake and dietary quality were evaluated. The average coffee intake of male and female college students were 156.8 mL and 157.4 mL, respectively. The coffee preferences with respect to specialty coffee were caramel macchiato, cafe latte, americano, cafe mocha, and cappucino in male college students, and caramel macchiato, americano, cafe mocha, cafe latte, and cappucino in female college students, in preference order. The coffee intake motivation score of the high 1/3 percentile group according to coffee intake was higher than that of the low 1/3 percentile group according to coffee intake in emotion motivation and utilitarian motivation. The highest scores were 'flavor and aroma' in emotion motivation, and 'prevention of sleepness' in utilitarian motivation. The average food habits score of "I often eat the natural food" was significantly higher in the low 1/3 percentile group according to coffee intake compared with the other groups (p < 0.05). There was a significantly positive correlation between coffee intake and 'I purchase the processed food after examining nutrition labels' of food habits score (r = 0.280; p < 0.01) in female college students. The energy intake of the high 1/3 percentile group according to coffee intake was significantly higher in that of the moderate 1/3 percentile group according to coffee intake in male college students (p < 0.05). Therefore, it may be necessary for college students to undergo a well-planned nutrition education regarding proper coffee intake, choice of coffee, energy intake related to coffee intake, and dietary habits.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제16권sup1호
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• pp.134-146
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• 2022

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Accumulating evidence has shown the beneficial effects of isoflavone on health. There is limited information on the usual isoflavone intake for Koreans. This study examined the usual intake of total isoflavone and its major food sources in Koreans according to age and gender. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The dietary intake data of 21,271 participants aged 1 yrs and older from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) VII 2016-2018 were analyzed. The average isoflavone intake was estimated based on the 24-h dietary recall data in KNHANES and the isoflavone database from the Korea Rural Development Administration (RDA) and literatures. The usual isoflavone intake was estimated by applying the ratio of within- and between-participant variance estimated from the 2009 KNHANES data to the 7th KNHANES (2016-2018) data. The variance of the isoflavone intake was calculated using MIXTRAN macro with intake data for two days in the 2009 KNHANES. Complex sample analysis with stratified variables and integrated weights was conducted. RESULTS: The mean total isoflavone intake in the Korean population aged 1 yrs and older (n = 21,271) was 139.27 mg/d, which was higher than the usual intake of 47.44mg/d. Legumes were a major contributing food group (91%), with arrowroot being a major individual contributor to the isoflavone intake (67.2%), followed by 21.3% of soybean, 5.4% of bean sprouts, and 2.1% of tofu. The usual isoflavone intake was highest in the participants aged 50 to 64 yrs old and increased with age until 50 to 64 yrs and then decreased with further increases in age. The usual isoflavone intake of participants aged 65 yrs and older was higher for men than for women, showing gender differences. CONCLUSIONS: The usual dietary intake of isoflavone varied according to age and gender in the Korean population. This study showed that the usual isoflavone intake was lower than the average isoflavone intake. The difference between percentiles of the usual isoflavone intake was similarly smaller than the average intake. An estimation of average intake can be hindered by the occasional consumption of foods high in isoflavones, suggesting that the usual intake estimation method can be more appropriate. Further research will be needed to establish isoflavone dietary guidelines regarding the effects of isoflavone intake on health outcomes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.598-607
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to develop a software system for computer nutrition counseling based on food intake and level of exercise measurements. Various software programs were developed using Powerbuilder 5.0 and categorized according to their function: 1) inputting general data including age, sex, weight, height, degree of acitivity and exercise amount of individuals, 2) inputting food intake based upon a 24-hour dietary recall method, 3) calculating energy and general nutrient intake and evaluating dietary status with respect to the Korean recommended dietary allowances, 4) calculating dietary intake of fatty acids, 5) calculating PUFA : MUFA : SFA and $\omega$6 :$\omega$3 ratios, 6) reporting the results of nutrient analysis, and 7) assessing the nutritional status of individuals and practicing nutrition education. This study provides various information on the assessment of nutritional status.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.463-468
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• 2014

BACKGROUNDS/OBJECTOVES: Family has an impact on dietary intake of children as a proximal food environment and family structures are changing and becoming more diverse. This study was performed to identify the association between family structure and food group intake of children aged 3-18 years in Korea. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 3,217 children with complete data on variables for household information, dietary intake and sampling weights were obtained from 2010-2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Children's family structure was classified into 3 groups (Living with both parents, Living with one parent and Living without parents). To evaluate children's food group intake, scores of individual food groups ('Grains', 'Meat, Fish, Eggs and Beans', 'Vegetables', 'Fruits' and 'Milk and Dairy products') was calculated from percent adherence to the recommended servings of the Korean Food Guidance System (KFGS). 'Food group mean score' was obtained by calculating the average of five food group scores. RESULTS: After adjusting for age, sex, number of family members, and household income, children living with both parents had higher scores in 'Fruits' (P < 0.01), 'Milk and Dairy products' (P < 0.05), and mean score of individual food group score (P < 0.001) compared to children living with one parent. Individual food group scores and mean scores of individual food group scores were associated with different socio-demographic factors in study children. Family structure was associated with 'Fruits,' 'Milk and Dairy products' score and mean scores of food group scores. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that different approach might be required to solve nutrition problem in children depending on their family structure and other socio-demographic factors.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.478-490
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• 2013

Dietary habit of excess sodium consumption is formed mainly by excessive salt intake from the younger age and this may lead to hypertension, stroke, and stomach cancer. This study was performed to estimate the salt content in kindergarten meals and provide basic data on meal providers' dietary attitude to sodium intake for nutrition education. We collected data on161 food items from 16 institutions in Gyeonggi-do and salt content was calculated from salinity and weight of individual food items. The average salt content from lunch meals was 2.2 g, which was about daily adequate intake of sodium for children aged 3 to 5 years old. Greatest contributor to the salt content in a meal was soup and stew (47.8%). The most salty dishes were sauces and kimchi followed by stir-fried food, deep-fried food, braised food, and grilled food. The salt content was higher in soup and stew despite of low salinity, due to the large quantity per serving. The salt contents of soups and kimchi were 40.6% and 14.3%, respectively of the total salt content in dish groups. Staff members and caregivers at home who prepared food for the child showed preference for one-dish rice meal, dried fish and salted mackerel, and broth when eating soup, stew, and noodles. Caregivers showed higher sodium index score and had higher preference for processed food such as Ramen, canned food, and ham compared with staff members (p < 0.05). These results suggested that monitoring salt content of kindergarten meals and nutrition education for those prepare meals for children are needed to lower sodium intake in childhood.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.503-509
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• 2013

There is little information on dietary vitamin K intake and nutritional status of daily requirements of vitamin K in Korea. The objective of this study was to investigate the vitamin K intake and major food sources of Vitamin K in Koreans. The survey data from the 2010-2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 7,792 subjects (aged 19-64 years) were examined. Total vitamin K intake was calculated from 24-hour dietary recall using a vitamin K food database, Computer Aided Nutritional analysis Program and the United States Department of Agriculture database. The geometric mean of vitamin K was estimated as $322.40{\pm}6.33ug/day$ for men and $271.20{\pm}4.92ug/day$ for women. Daily vitamin K intake increased significantly with age (p for trend < 0.001). The main food source of vitamin K was vegetables (72.84%), including cabbage kimchi (19.26%), spinach (17.38%), sesame leaves (7.11%), radish leaves (6.65%), spring onions (6.28%), and laver (4.82%), followed by seaweed, seasonings, and fat and oils. We observed that the vitamin K intake of Koreans was relatively higher than that reported by other studies in Western countries and differed depending on age.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.44-51
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to compare dietary behavior and food intake in relation to physical complaints, such as farmer' syndrome(FS) and gastro-intestinal(GI) problem among Korean farmers. The questionnaire was composed of 24 Cornell Medical Index (CMI), 8 farmers' syndrome, and 5 GI problem questions. Food intake data was gathered by the semi-quantitative food frequency method. The subjects(male 226, female 415) who had FS and Gi problem were 12./8% and 8.3%, respectively. The physical complaints were higher in female and the elderly group. In the FS group, lower activity was seen that in normal groups. The lower health status and fatigues were found in the physical complaint groups. Dietary behavior showed low appetite in the physical complaint group, irregular lunch in FS, and irregular breakfast in GI problem group. Changes in dietary behavior were shown in the aspects of lower amount of intake quantity(40.8%), lower consumption in fat(32.8%) and salty(38.8%) foods, and diverse food items(47.8%). Quantity of food consumed was significantly different withing groups with FS. Kinds of food consumed, intake of protein source foods, milk and calcium and total animal foods were lower in the FS group. But milk and calcium source food and all animal food intakes were higher in the GID problem group. The results suggest that dietary behavior and food intake differ within the group of physical complaints.