• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.143-155
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• 1998

This study was conducted to compare dietary intake and quality obtained by food frequency questionnaire(FFQ) and 24-hour recall method among 1249 Korean adults living in rural area. The survey was conducted twice; first with 65-items FFQ by interview and then with 24-hour recall method two years later. Nutrients intake estimated from two dietary methods showed significant difference. For nutrients except fat and iron, average intake value estimated from the FFQ were significantly higher than that from the 24-hour recall method(p<0.001). Ranking of the subjects by nutrient intake levels obtained by two methods were significantly correlated, but correlation coefficients were low. Percentage of subjects in the lowest or in the highest quintile by 24-hour recalls who belong to the nearest two categories by FFQ ranged from 45% to 61%, while the percentage falling into the opposite category ranged from 7% to 15%. Subjects' percentile rank of nutrient intake by 24-hour recall correlated with their average rank of nutrient intake by FFQ. Information on food groups by two method were not comparable because of the limited number of food items in FFQ. For most nutrients, RDA% or NAR from FFQ were higher than those from 24-hour recall, but INQ from 24-hour recall were higher than those from FFQ. From the results, results of 24-hour recall method seems to be useful in classifying subjects according to their nutrient intake if sample size is large enough.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.479-492
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• 2004

The objectives of this study were to investigate 1) the foods intake as well as nutrients intake, 2) the nutritional knowledge, and 3) the relations between the foods and nutrients intakes and nutritional knowledge in adolescent rhythmic gymnasts (RGs). The results are summarized as follows. Average daily intakes of energy, calcium, iron, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$ vitamin B$_2$ and niacin were in 45-74％ of the RDAs for Koreans. Average daily energy intake was only about 50％ of energy expenditure by physical activities. Average daily intakes of each food group were generally lower, but intakes of breads and confectionaries, sugar and sweets, milks and dairy products, and instant foods were higher in the RGs compared to the nonathletic students of the same age from the National Health and Nutrition Suvey. The contribution of empty-calorie foods such as breads and confectionaries, beverage and instant foods to the major energy nutrients were high. Mean of total nutritional knowledge score of RGs was 28.4 of total score 50. In categorical score of nutritional knowledge, the RGs make a best score on food sources and they get the lowest marks for food exchange. Among the nutrients, intakes of crude fiber, animal Fe, Na, K, vitamin A, carotene, vitamin B$_1$ niacin and vitamin C and, among the food groups, intakes of mushrooms, fruits and meats had relations with one of the total or categorical nutritional knowledge scores in the RGs. In conclusion, nutritional status of adolescent RGs was poor due to their unbalanced diet composed of empty-calorie foods, and their undesirable food intake pattern was supposed to be related to the low nutritional knowledge score of them. These results indicate that the RGs should be given more nutritional knowledge to improve their nutritional status and the exercise performance.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.309-316
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• 1990

The relationship between diet diversity and nutrient intake was studied. Diet diversity, caloric intake and dietary nutrient density values were examined as contributors to the level of selected nutrients with the use of data obtained from 14-day dietary records of 60 college women. The subjects were grouped into quartiles on the basis of level of intake of each of the specific nutrients. The indexes of diet diversity were the number of different food items and Shannon & Weaver's diversity index. Differences in diet diversity were found among nutrients and indexes. In general, calorie and protein intake were more diverse, on the other hand, intake of vitamins A and C were less diverse. With the exception of calcium, iron, vitamin $B_1$, niacin and vitamin C, the number of food items increased at each quartile of intake of specific nutrients. It was concluded that for some nutrients(as with fat), the number of food items consumed may be useful in estimating nutrient intakes. For other nutrients(as with calcium), utilization of nutrient-specific diversity indexes is necessary. Increased nutrient intake was accompanied by increased caloric intake(except vitamins A and C) and dietary nutrient density for all nutrients.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.338-348
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• 2000

This study was carried out to survey dietary intakes of 739 elementary students, 4-6grades, in Won-Ju area, in 1998, to enhance the effect of school foodservice. The results were as follows : 1. Most investigated students had nuclear family with one brother or one sister. 2. The average height of boys and girls was $141.0{\pm}7.7cm\;and\;141.4{\pm}8.0cm$, and the average weight of them was $35.7{\pm}8.5kg\;and\;36.1{\pm}8.5kg$, respectively. There was no significant difference between boys and girls. 3. The rates of obesity were 12.2% in urban, 7.4% in rural and 0% in remote rural area by Rohrer index and 22.9% in urban 13.9% in rural and 0% in remote rural area by the rate based on standard weight. 4. All nutrients intake of investigated students were sufficient according to recommended dietary allowances. All nutrients intake of boys were higher than those of girls. Calcium intake of children with well educated mother was higher than that of children with poorly educated mother. Children in remote rural area had lower carbohydrate, calory and calcium intake than those in other areas. 5. Students without breakfast had lower protein and iron intake and higher calory from snack than those with breakfast. 6. Students who thought themselves to be obesity had low intake of carbohydrate, total calory and calory from snack and students with regular exercise had high intake of protein, iron, calcium and calory from snack. 7. Students with unbalanced diet, snack intake in large quantities and irregular meal had lower protein, fat, iron and calcium intake and higher calory from snack than other students. As a result, Students without breakfast often had lower all nutrients except calory from snack than other students, significantly. Problems of nutrients intake of elementary students in Won-Ju area were high rate of obesity, high intake of protein, unbalanced nutrients intake of students without meal or students with excessive eating and limited calcium intake of students with poorly educated mother. It is important to confirm desirable food habits for balanced nutrients intake in all areas and to increase calcium intake of students in remote rural area.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.135-148
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• 2023

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: In times of disaster, simplified and minimized nutritional standards are necessary for a quick response to provide nutritious relief food. This study aimed to develop nutrient-based nutritional standards for foodservice at shelters during disasters in the Republic of Korea (South Korea). SUBJECTS/METHODS: The standards were developed in 2 phases. First, nutrients to be included in the standards were selected. Initial candidates were selected considering 3 aspects: preceding standards, insufficient intake during disasters, and inadequate intake among South Koreans. Final selection was made by excluding nutrients for 3 reasons: nutrients for which there is no deficiency concern in South Korea, nutrients whose intake data were not available, or nutrients whose values presented by Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans are difficult to achieve based on the current diet among South Koreans. Second, the reference values of energy and the selected nutrients were calculated. The reference values for the entire population who were 1-year-old and over were calculated by multiplying the estimated energy requirements or the recommended nutrient intake and the proportion of each age and sex group. Respective reference values were also calculated for 4 different age groups (1-5, 6-11, 12-64, and ≥ 65-year-old). RESULTS: The standards for the entire population were 2,000 kcal for energy, 55 g for protein, 650 ㎍ retinol activity equivalents for vitamin A, 95 mg for vitamin C, 1.1 mg for thiamin, 1.3 mg for riboflavin, 14 mg niacin equivalents for niacin, 350 ㎍ dietary folate equivalents for folic acid, 750 mg for calcium, and 11 mg for iron. Four additional standards corresponding to each age group were developed. CONCLUSIONS: The nutritional standards during disasters were developed for South Korea, including energy and 9 nutrients with reference values for the entire population and 4 different age groups. The standards will contribute to maintaining the health of disaster evacuees in South Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1997

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the differential effects caused by the interviewers and the days of the week using the 24-hour dietary recall method on the dietary evaluation of nutrient intakes. Thirteen subjects were interviewed by three trained interviewers on a Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. The consumption of nutrients by the subjects during each day was assessed. The average intake of nutrients was found to be sufficient except in calcium, iron, and vitamin A. there was a significant difference between the food intake on the weekdays and that o the weekend. However, the were no significant differences between the interviewers assessments on the intake of nutrients consumed by the subjects. The standardization of the portion size, interview skill and experience may be a few of the reasons explaining the elimination of the potential error created by variations among the interviewers. This study suggests that repeated 24-hour recalls during weekdays and weekends may be a better method for estimating the nutrients consumed by the subjects.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.507-516
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study aimed at evaluating the dietary intakes of Korean adolescents affected by food insecurity, in comparison with those who were food secure. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The study used one day 24-hour dietary recall data from the $6^{th}$ Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The study subjects consisted of 1,453 adolescents of whom 695 were middle school-aged and 758 were high school-aged. Food security status was assessed using the 18-item questionnaire. Nutrient intake was evaluated in terms of nutrient density, insufficient intake, and excessive intake for selected nutrients, in addition to meeting the appropriate range for total energy intake and energy intakes from carbohydrate, sugar, protein, fat, and saturated fatty acids. Food intake was evaluated in terms of food group servings and dietary diversity score (DDS). RESULTS: The percentages of food insecurity were 11.1% for middle school-aged adolescents and 16.8% for high school-aged adolescents. Food insecure middle school-aged adolescents had higher intake of carbohydrate (P = 0.006) but lower intake of fat (P = 0.010) and saturated fatty acids (P = 0.005) than their food secure counterparts although the intake of both groups was in the recommended ranges. Nutrient intake among high school-aged adolescents was generally similar regardless of food security status. Both food secure and insecure adolescents showed insufficient intake of vitamin A, vitamin C, and calcium, and excessive sodium intake. They additionally had low prevalence of meeting appropriate intake ranges for energy, carbohydrate, and sugar. Food intake in terms of food group servings and DDS was also similar regardless of food security status among both age groups, with low intakes of foods from fruit and dairy groups. CONCLUSIONS: Except for a few nutrients among the middle school-aged adolescents, dietary intakes among Korean adolescents did not differ by food security status in this study.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.882-889
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• 2000

This study was conducted to examine contribution of specific foods to absolute intake and between-person variation in nutrients consumed by 2037 adults living in Korean rural area using one day 24-hour recall method. To measure contribution of food to absolute nutrient intake, all foods consumed were ranked by percentages calculated as the sum of the nutrient intake contributed by a given food divided by the total nutrient intake from al categories. To assess between-person variability in nutrient intake, stepwise multiple regression analysis was used with total nutrient intake from al foods as the dependent variable and the nutrient amount from each of all foods as independent variables. The kind and the number of foods necessary to account for the variation in nutrient intake among persons varied significantly depending on the nutrient. The nutrients contributing more than 80% of total intake with a few number of food items were ${\beta}$-carotene(ll), vitamin C(15) and vitamin A(16). Foods sometimes overlooked as important sources were found in some instances to be quantitatively important to population intake. Even though rice and Korean cabbage kimchi do not contain much nutrients in quantity, they made a major contribution to most nutrient intake of subjects because of large serving size and high frequency of intake. The food items and contributing order for between person variance was different from those of absolute intake. A large fraction of the variability of nutrient intake in this population was explained by a small number of foods. Fewer foods were required to explain a given proportion of the between-person variance in intake than to account for the same proportion of the popylation\`s total intake. These data may be useful in the development of dietary assessment instrument and in nutrition education. (Korean J Nutrition 33(8) : 882-889, 2000)

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.345-355
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to develop a software program for nutritional counseling by assessment of nutrients intake status and health degree by using semi-quantitative frequency food intake method and the questionnaire of Cornell Medical Index(CMI) and farmers' syndrome. This program is composed with three parts, nutrients intake, health status with body complaints, and nutrition counseling contents for diet therapy of each body condition states. First, nutrient intakes with percentage of Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances, and quantities of other nutrients intake were calculated and presented in an out-put screen. Second, the different body complaints(farmers' syndrome, anemia, hypertension, gastrointestinal problem, and cardiovascular complaints) were divided 3 groups of health status as normal. suspected and ailment. The contents of nutritional counseling with recommended food kinds. intake quantities. and recommended preparation methods were shown by button click of each health state of body complaints. And also this program could serve several times for one person to compare nutrition education and counseling effect by use of pre and post presentation results. This programs would be effect to home extension workers of rural development administration for farmers' nutrition counseling.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.203-214
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• 2001

Maternal stress was very common symptom that every pregnant women could have experienced during pregnant period. We found that the causative factors of stress for subjects were physical change(50.8%), family relationship(13.6%), change of body image(7.4%), concern baby(6.8%), economic difficulties(6.4%), depress(4.3%), morning sickness(3%), and miscellaneous(3.5%). According to our study, maternal stress during the first trimester negatively correlated with food and nutrients intake of pregnant women and gave low weight gain during pregnancy and low birth weight of infants. It also significantly correlated with monthly income(p<0.001) and monthly food cost(p<0.001) during pregnant period. Mean intake of Calcium and Iron were $47{\sim}60%$ of RDA and $35{\sim}48$ of RDA, respectively. With the Iron supplement the total intake of Iron exceeded 100% of RDA. We also found majority of food items, except seaweeds, fruits and vegetables, were negatively correlated with maternal stress during three trimesters. Additional support system projected by professionals in health-care field could mediate maternal stress and lead to healthy pregnancy outcome.