• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.689-698
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between the diversity of food intake and nutrient intake among Korean college students participating in a nutrition education class via the internet. The subjects were 796 college students throughout South Korea (278 males, 518 females). A 3 days dietary recall survey was conducted and results were analyzed using the Computer-aided Nutritional Analysis Program. Dietary variety was assessed by DDS (dietary diversity score), MBS (meal balance score), and DVS (dietary variety score). Dietary quality was assessed by NAR (nutrient adequacy ratio), and MAR (mean adequacy ratio). As the DDS, MBS and DVS increased, the NAR and MAR improved. The subjects with a DDS of above 4 or a MBS of above 10 or a DVS of above 11 met two-thirds of the Korean recommended dietary allowance for most nutrients. The DDS, MBS and DVS correlated positively and significantly with the NAR and MAR. Associations between the NAR and high levels of DVS were more positive than those between the NAR and the DDS. Based on these results, the food intake of these subjects was not adequate. Specially, the dietary intake of calcium and iron were not adequate. Therefore, dietary guidelines should be made considering nutritional characteristics so as to improve the intake from all of the major food groups and provide a variety of foods in their diets.

• Food Quality and Culture
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.80-84
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• 2008

In this study, sixth grade school children in the Guri area were surveyed via questionnaire regarding their sociodemographic characteristics, snacking patterns, and intakes of different food groups and sugared snacks. Students with employed mothers had more frequent snacking events and were more dependent on store-purchased snacks compared to those having an unemployed mother. A high consumption of snack sugar was associated with a higher dietary diversity score. There was a positive relationship between snack sugar intake and the intakes of meat and dairy products and foods in the oil and nut group, respectively. A high snack sugar intake had a negative effect on fruit intake. Specific nutrient intake data will be required before conclusions can be made on whether nutrient imbalances are a concern in elementary school children having sweet snacks. Yet, the current data indicate that an increased snack sugar intake can decrease fruit intake, which could result in certain nutrient deficits. Specific dietary guidance may be necessary to address the snacking habits of elementary school children.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.143-152
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• 2004

A dietary survey was conducted using 24-hour recall method in 80 male elementary school children, 83 high school students, 87 adults and 98 elderly people over 65 years of age to discuss food and nutrient intakes among different age groups. In observing food intake by age groups, the percentage of plant foods to total food intake was significantly higher in the elderly than other groups and that of animal foods was the highest in the children. The children consumed significantly higher amounts of milk and dairy products. Carbohydrate energy percent in the elderly people was 68.0%, significantly higher than other age groups. All age groups consumed Ca below Korean RDA and especially, 65.1% of the adolescents and 68.4% of the elderly consumed below 75% of RDA. Nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of most nutrients was lowest in the elderly. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR), an index of overall dietary quality, was 0.94 for the children, 0.84 for the adolescents, 0.84 for the adults, and 0.73 for the elderly. The above results suggest that food and nutrient intakes have been differently affected with advancing age, and overall dietary quality of the elderly people is lower than that of other age groups. (Korean J Nutrition 37(2): 143-152, 2004)

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2000

The association between nutrient intake and nutritional status was investigated with anthropometric measurements, body composition and blood biochemical indices in 56 healthy young men fed balanced diet for two years. Compared with Korean recommended dietary allowances (Korean RDA), all nutrient intakes were adequate. Height and body weight were significantly (p < .01 - p < .05) positively correlated to the intakes of energy, protein, sodium, potassium vitamin A and vitamin $B_1$. The lean weight was significantly (p < .001 - p < .05) correlated to the intake of energy, protein, sodium, potassium, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$. niacin and vitamin C. The skinfold thickness of triceps and suprailiac was significantly (p < .01 - p < .05) correlated to the intake of energy, sodium, potassium, but that of thigh was not correlated. The significant correlations neither between nutrient intake and blood biochemical indices nor between nutrient intake and blood pressure were shown. These results suggest that nutritional status as anthropometric indices and body composition is associated with nutrient intake in young healthy adults on balanced diet, however, the nutritional status as blood biochemical indices of active people is neither endangered nor improved in comparison with less active ones.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.74-82
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• 1999

This study evaluated the quality of meals served by the elementary schools in Muan based on nutrient contents and food diversity. The contents, nutrient densities and nutrient adequacy ratios(NAR) of most nutrients were higher than those calculated from the Korean RDA. However, the content, nutrient density, and NAR of iron were lower than those calculated from the RDA for 10 to 12 year old girls. The content of sodium was somewhat high. The average number of different kinds of food and dishes per meal were 19.2 and 6.0, respectively. The more the number of dishes, the higher the NARs of calcium, calories, niacin, phosphorus and protein. However, the NAR of iron showed no correlation with the number of dishes. The meals belonging to the food group intake pattern containing fruits had more vitamin C and fiber, and less protein, lipid, and phosphorus than those belonging to the food group intake pattern not containing fruits. In conclusion, the quality of nutrition of meals served by school lunch program(SLP) was considered fairly good. However, the nutritionists should consider the iron for 10 to 12 year old girls and cut down the amount of sodium. In addition, unless the children prefer the foods served by SLP or adjust to the general aspects of SLP, SLP can't accomplish its purposes. Therefore, we suggest that nutritionists should survey children's food preference and satisfaction with the general aspects of SLP.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.426-440
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• 2017

Objectives: The valid assessment of food and nutrients intakes using appropriate dietary intake method is necessary to improve the nutritional status of the hemodialysis (HD) patients. This study was conducted to compare the method between newly developed, semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (Semi-FFQ) and 7-day dietary records (7-DRs) for hemodialysis patients. Methods: We conducted both methods on 53 maintenance HD patients in two university hospitals. We calibrated the frequency, portion size and daily intake of 47 food items reported in Semi-FFQ. The food and nutrients intake was compared and the correlation of the two methods was analyzed. Also each nutrient intake was compared to recommended dietary allowance for Korean (KDRIs) and recommended nutrient reference value for HD patients. Results: Energy and energy-yielding nutrients intakes were significantly higher in the two methods (p<0.01). These support the possible reliability between Semi-FFQ and 7-DRs that is similar with regard to most mineral and vitamin intakes. Thus, the Semi-FFQ used in this study for the assessment of nutrient intakes of HD patients can be reliable for the assessment of the nutrient intake along with the 7-DRs. The correlation coefficients were higher for foods consumed daily, such as steamed rice, meat and chicken, bean, egg, milk, coffee and alcohol than for those of foods eaten rarely (p<0.01). Conclusions: The Semi-FFQ used in this study can be a reliable tool for the assessment of the HD patients' nutrient intake along with the 7-DRs, despite its limitations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.1215-1220
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• 1997

This study was undertaken to estimate heath status, meal management, and seasonal variation of nutrient intake of rural women. The study was carried out in three seasons ; farming season(June), harvest season(October), nonfarming season(February). General characteristics, health status, and meal management of subjects were assessed using questionnaire and interview. Nutrient intake was measured by 24hr recall. Only 39.5% of subjects felt healthy. 21.1% of subjects often skipped meal each day. In farming & harvest seasons 92.1% of subjects participated in agriculture but 78.9% of subjects had the same or less appetite and 63.2% of subjects ate the same or less than usual. The mean intakes of energy and riboflavin in all seasons, calcium in June & February, and protein, vitamin A, and thiamin in February were below Recommended Dietary Allowances(RDA) for Koreans. All nutrient intake was significantly low in February but was not significantly different between in June and October.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.42-52
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• 2014

The aim of this investigation was to assess the relationship between food habits and nutrient intake in college female students. Nutrient intakes of 149 female subjects aged 19.3 y were determined by using 24-hr recall. The questionnaire included general characteristics and food habits (frequency of breakfast and fast food intake). Body composition was determined by bioim- pedance analysis. Nutrient analysis was performed with Can pro software. Statistics were generated using SAS 9.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Mean intake of energy, fiber, calcium, potassium. vitamin $B_2$ and vitamin C by the subjects ware below KDRIs. The nutrients for which the largest proportion of subjects showed inadequate intakes (less than the RI or AI) were potassium, calcium, vitamin C and fiber. Subjects that consumed fast food ${\leq}6$ times showed significantly lower intakes of calcium, potassium, fiber, vitamin A, vitamin $B_6$ and vitamin C. Subjects who skipped breakfast more frequently showed significantly lower intakes of energy, carbohydrate, fiber, calcium, iron, potassium, vitamin $B_2$ and vitamin C than subjects who ate breakfast more frequently. This is strong evidence that higher intakes of nutrients such as potassium, fiber, and calcium are associated with increased frequency of eating breakfast or decreased frequency of eating fast food. Low calcium, fiber, and potassium intakes may thus lead to chronic diseases. Nutrition education can be an important facilitator for improving nutrient intakes.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.199-210
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mutual relationship between food preference and nutrient intake status of high school students, based on the their personal characters which are sex, age, family type, number of family, mother's age, occupation, and school career. 439 students were selected with random stratified cluster sampling method. The study used a self-administrated questionnaire and 24-hour recall method for 5 days as instrument tools. Statistical methods applied to analyze the data were frequency, percent, Willcoxon Rank-sum test, Kruskal-Wallis test, ${x^2}-test$ by contingence table, and Spearman's correlation coefficient in non parametric statistical methods. Some of interesting results are as follows : 1. The correlation between sex and the set of characters of mother's age, school career and income is highly significant. However there is no any significant difference on the kinds of job and the types of family. 2. The relation between the preference of main dishes and the nutrient intake show a significant difference except to the noodles. This marks that preference of main dishes shows a direct proportion with the nutrient intakes except for the fat, vitamin A, vitamin C. 3. The preference of animal food marks a direct proportion with the nutrients such as energy, protein, fat, fiber, phosphorus, iron, vitamin $B_{1}$, vitamin $B_{2}$, and niacin 4. The preference of vegetable food gives some influence on the nutrient intake but the preference of soup is insignificant, the preference of Kimchi is in reverse proportion, and the preference of vegetable marks a direct proportion with the nutrient intake. 5. The preference of snacks marks a direct proportion with all kinds of nutrients intake except for the vitamin A, and vitamin C.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.309-316
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• 1990

The relationship between diet diversity and nutrient intake was studied. Diet diversity, caloric intake and dietary nutrient density values were examined as contributors to the level of selected nutrients with the use of data obtained from 14-day dietary records of 60 college women. The subjects were grouped into quartiles on the basis of level of intake of each of the specific nutrients. The indexes of diet diversity were the number of different food items and Shannon & Weaver's diversity index. Differences in diet diversity were found among nutrients and indexes. In general, calorie and protein intake were more diverse, on the other hand, intake of vitamins A and C were less diverse. With the exception of calcium, iron, vitamin $B_1$, niacin and vitamin C, the number of food items increased at each quartile of intake of specific nutrients. It was concluded that for some nutrients(as with fat), the number of food items consumed may be useful in estimating nutrient intakes. For other nutrients(as with calcium), utilization of nutrient-specific diversity indexes is necessary. Increased nutrient intake was accompanied by increased caloric intake(except vitamins A and C) and dietary nutrient density for all nutrients.