• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.668-676
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to determine anthropometric measurements, dietary nutrient intakes, simple food intake frequencies, and rates of obesity in Cambodian women. A total 186 women, aged 20-69 years, living in Kampong Spue province of Cambodia and having the responsibility to prepare family meals participated in this study. Height and weight were measured body mass index (BMI) was calculated, and one-day 24-hour recall and food frequency questionnaires were conducted. In total, 18.8% were underweight, 49.5% were normal weight, 13.4% were overweight, and 18.3% were obese according to the World Health Organization BMI standard for Asians. No significant difference in height by obesity level was determined ($p{\geq}0.05$). The mean energy intake was 1571.2 kcal/day and protein intake was 43.6 g/day. There were significant differences in protein, niacin, and vitamin C intakes by obesity level (p<0.05). The prevalence of subjects consuming vitamins and minerals less than 75% of Recommended Dietary Allowances was 73-99%. All Cambodian women consumed rice ${\geq}1time/day$. Approximately 50% of subjects reported ${\geq}1time/day$ intake frequency of bread, cookies, and chips. In total, 35% indicated no intake of beans or bean products. For intake frequencies of carbonated beverages and sports drinks, there was a significant difference by obesity level (p<0.05). These results may be very helpful to prepare nutrition education programs for Cambodian women.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.81-97
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• 2007

To assess the food intake and diet quality by the interrelationship of DDS and DVS of high school girls, this dietary survey was conducted with 253 subjects living in Iksan and Seoul areas using a 24-hour recall method. The average amount of total food intake was 1,133.2 g, with 79.9% of food intake being supplied by vegetable food and 20.1% by animal food and higher in Seoul area. The food consumed most frequently was rice, green onion, garlic, soy sauce, sesame oil, onion, and Kimchi. The food consumed in the largest amounts were rice(303.3 g), milk(62.2 g), and Kimchi(53.4 g). Diet quality was assessed by food group pattern, dietary diversity score(DDS), and dietary variety score(DVS). When investigating the consumption pattern of major five food groups(grain, meat, dairy, fruit, vegetable groups), nobody consumed all five food groups in each meal. The groups most frequently missing were fruits and dairy products. The average number of food consumed per day was 12.1(DVS) and Iksan area scored lower(11.7) on DVS than Seoul area(12.6). The higher DDS and DVS of subjects were, the more MAR and NAR of energy, calcium, vitamin A and C increased. The number of major food groups(DDS)(p<0.01, P<0.05) and that of food items (DVS)(p<0.01) correlated positively NAR(nutrient adequacy ratio) and MAR (mean adequacy ratio) significantly.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.134-142
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: North Korean refugees (NKRs) in South Korea are a unique population as they must adapt in a new country with similar cultural traits but different social, political, and economic systems, but little research has been conducted on diet and nutrition in this population. This study examined food security, dietary behaviors, and nutrient intakes among adult NKRs living in South Korea and compared them to those of South Koreans. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The subjects were 139 adult NKRs (25 men, 114 women) living in the Seoul metropolitan area, and 417 age- and sex- matched South Korean controls (SKCs; 75 men, 342 women) selected from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Food security and dietary behaviors (meal skipping, eating-out, meals with family, nutrition education and counseling, and nutrition label knowledge and utilization) were obtained using self-administered questionnaires. Nutrient intakes were assessed by 24-hr recall. The statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS ver. 23.0. RESULTS: In South Korea, food security had improved over the previous 12 months, but remained significantly poorer for NKR women than SKC women. Meal skipping was three times more frequent than for SKCs and eating-out was rare. Average energy intake was 1,509 kcal for NKR men and 1,344 kcal for NKR women, which was lower than those of SKCs (2,412 kcal and 1,789 kcal, respectively). Significantly more NKRs (men 24.0%, women 21.9%) showed simultaneously deficient intake in energy, calcium, iron, vitamin A, and riboflavin than SKCs (men 2.7% (P = 0.003), women 7.0% (P < 0.001)). NKR women had a significantly higher index of nutrient quality (INQ) for some nutrients than SK women. CONCLUSIONS: This study reports significant differences in food security, dietary behaviors, and nutrient intakes between NKRs and SKCs. Generally, NKRs reported lower intakes despite improved food security, but relatively good INQs across nutrients. Further research is needed to understand processes of food choice and consumption among NKRs to provide appropriate support aimed at improving diets.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.940-955
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to compare the degree nutrient intake, health status and other characteristics of females aged 65 years and over in a longevity area according to family arrangement. For analysis, 585 female elderly were recruited from the Kugoksoondam area (Kurye, Goksung, Soonchang and Damyang counties), known as the longevity-belt region in Jeonla province, Korea. The subjects were categorized into three groups according to family arrangement (living alone, living with spouse only and living with family). Demographic characteristics were collected, as well as information on physical measurements, blood tests for biochemical indicators, health status and health-related life style, dietary behavior, favorite food groups, consumption frequency of food groups, nutrient intake and mini nutrition assessment. In the group living with their spouse only, the highest education, physical activity, diverse food intake, frequency of eating meats and fish, energy and nutrients intake, and score on the mininutrient status assessment (MNA) were found to be significantly favorable factors. Taken together, these results demonstrated that the group living with their spouse only had relatively superior nutrient intake and the quality of diet. In contrast, the group living alone showed the lowest self-rated economic status, diversity of food intake, and physical activity, with the highest frequency of drinking, smoking and regular exercise for almost everyday compared with the other groups. On the other hand, those living with family demonstrated the lowest intake of supplements or functional foods, and levels of hemoglobin hematocrit MCH, but the highest HBA1c and blood sugar. Therefore, the group living with family was assumed to be at risk of anemia and diabetes. These results could be useful to plan effective strategies to increase the health-life expectancy of Korean elderly people living in rural areas, according to family arrangement.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.280-288
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutrient and food intake status in underweight female college students living in Seoul. 126 underweight(BMI<20) and 74 normal weight (20$\leq$BMI<25) students were asked for their daily food intake and eating habits by using 3-day food records and questionnaire. We analyzed the amounts of the nutrient intakes and food groups as the subjects. The mean of height and weight were 162.1cm and 49.0kg in underweight and 160.6cm and 54.9kg in normal weight subjects. The mean energy, iron, and vitamin A intakes among the students were smaller than RDA for Koreans. The mean calcium(p<0.01), sodium(p<0.05), and vitamin B$_2$(p<0.05) intakes in underweight subjects were significantly higher than those in normal weight subjects. Total food intakes of underweight and normal weight students were 1235.8g and 1078.1g, respectively. The mean of the pulse group in the underweight was significantly higher than that in normal group(p<0.01) Frequently consumed food or dish items of the subjects were Kimchi, cooked rice, and milk. In the relation between BMI and dietary factors, the BMI was found to have a significant negative correlation with calcium intake(p<0.05), pulse intake(p<0.01) and eating habit score(p<0.01) Eating habit scores about quantity of food and lipid intake showed a significant difference between underweight and normal students.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.41-46
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• 1979

Almost all Korean women in rural area breast feed their children for average 18 to 24 months. Since they breastfeed their children for long period the need for the lactating mot­hers to be nutritionally refurnished becomes evidently great. However the studies on the nutrient intake level of these mothers has been very scarce. We have studied the food and nutrient intake level of 93 lactating women randomly selected from rural areas of South Korea. Thirty one well trained and experienced surveyors conducted the dietary survey by the. combination method of precise weighing and interview for two 'consecutive days. Briefly stating the findings 1) The dietary pattern of the lactating women in rural Korea was not different from the ordinary Korean diet-i.e no conscientious effort to improve the quality of the diet was apparent. 2) Consequently over 90% of the total food intake was made up with the typical rice­kimchi diet. 3) The quantity of the total food intake was greater than the national average sufficient intake of calorie was observed. 4) No milk or the milk products were consumed by the lactating women in rural Korea. 5) Average intake of protein was 88 grams. Only 5% of these was provided by the animal foods. 6) Mean daily intakes of niacin, thiamin and ascorbic acid exceeded the recommended allowances. But vitamin A intake was 1171 IU-about 33% of the RDA-and the riboflavin intake was 0.92 mg. which is about 54% of the recommended level for the lactators. 7) Average calcium intake was 490 mg.-41% of the RDA. The iron intake was adequate.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.240-249
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of alcohol intake on nutritional intake status among the college students. The subjects were divided three groups; no-alcohol group(n=78), alcohol group(n=113), and high-alcohol group(n=82) according to intake and frequency of alcohol. And they were observed characteristics of alcohol drinking, dietary behavior and attitude, and nutrient intakes using questionnaires. The frequency of skipping meals in breakfast in high-alcohol group were higher than in other two groups(p<0.01). There were no significant differences in frequency of skipping meals of lunch and supper, reason why skipped meals, and total score of dietary attitude among three groups. However, the score of dietary attitude about no heavy drinking and smoking in high-alcohol group was higher than in other two groups(p<0.01). There were significant difference in vitamin B2 intake, alcohol intake, and energy intakes from carbohydrate, lipid, and alcohol among three groups(p<0.05, p<0.05, p<0.01, p<0.05, p<0.05). Compared energy intake of high-alcohol group with other two groups, intake from carbohydrate was low and intakes from lipid and alcohol were high. In the nutrient density, plant protein and carbohydrate in no-alcohol group, lipid and vitamin B2 in alcohol group, and animal lipid in high-alcohol group were highest among three groups. NAR and MAR were not significant difference among three groups except that NAR of P in alcohol group is highest among three groups(p<0.05). In conclusion, students high consuming alcohol have unhealty dietary behaviors in the light of high frequency of skipping breakfast, undesirable dietary attitude of alcohol drinking and smoking, and low energy inake from diet. Therefore, this results should be considered in meal management and nutritional education for student of high alcohol consumption.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.1211-1218
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• 1997

This study was performed to assess the consumption of various seasonings (SNG), which are usually omitted from food frequency questionnaire(FFQ), and their contributions to nutrient intake levels. A dietary survey with FFQ , which surveyed the intake of 65 mainly uncooked food items, was conducted for 493 adults over 30 years of age from 373 households in a rural area of Korea. Household consumption of major SNG items-garlic , red pepper powder, fermented soy bean paste, oil, soy sauce , salt, etc- were estimated by a questionnaire completed by the housewives of the survey participants. The daily consumption of SNG items by each subject was determined by 3 methods ; dividing daily household consumption by \circled1 the number of household members. \circled2 the number of household members over 10 years of age and \circled3 the weighted number of houshold members calculated by the ratio of the RDA for energy. All three methods for calculating the daily personal consumption of seasoning gave similar results, which may have been partly due to the homogenity of family age distribution of the households in the study area. Therefore, the results of method \circled1 were used to determine the contribution of SNG to nutrient intake of subjects in this study. Daily intake of all nutrients were significantly increased by including SNG consumption in the measurements as compared to measuring intake by FFQ alone (p0.01). Percentages of total daily nutrient intake from SNG ranged from 2.3% in carbohydrate to 34.4% in fat. Nutrients with higher contributions from SNG were energy (8.4%), fat (34.4%), Fe(20.55) and $\beta$-carotene(17.9%). These results indicate that SNG consumption can contribute significantly to the intake of several nutrients and must be considered in surveys using FFQ.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.309-320
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• 2019

Objectives: This study was undertaken to compare dietary life of the elderly living alone and in a family, and to compare differences based on gender, for the 2013-2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Methods: The subjects included 2,612 elderly people aged over 65 years who participated in the health survey, health examination and nutrition survey. Subjects on a diet therapy were excluded. This study analyzed the general characteristics, dietary habits, daily energy and nutrient intakes, CPF ratio, estimated average requirement (EAR), nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) and mean adequacy ratio (MAR), index of nutrient quality (INQ), and food consumption of the elderly living alone and in a family. We also compared the differences based on gender. Results: Daily intake of food, water, dietary fiber, potassium, retinol, and riboflavin were low in the male elderly subjects living alone. The elderly living with family revealed higher NAR and MAR as compared to the elderly living alone. Although all MAR values were <1, the elderly living alone had lower values. Considering the intake of food, the consumption of seaweed, fish and shellfish, and oils (animal) was higher in elderly men living with families, whereas women living with families consumed more vegetables, fruits, seaweeds and seafood, as compared to their counterparts living alone. Furthermore, analyzing the foods consumed by the elderly people living alone, female subjects consumed more seaweed, milk and animal oil as compared to male subjects. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that the elderly living alone have poor nutrient intake as compared to the elderly living with families. Based on this research data, we recommend that it is necessary to improve the health and nutritional status of the elderly living alone.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.251-262
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• 2004

The aim of this study was to assess the nutrient intakes from infant formula and supplemental foods of 246 healthy infants fed infant formula, aged from 5 to 18 months. Subjects were devided into two groups depending on supplemental food type for weaning, Domestic supplemental foods (mainly home-made, n = 129) and Delivery supplemental foods (mainly commercially-delivered, n = 117). Four subgroups were assigned to 5-6 months, 7-8 months, 9-11 months, and 12-18 months by ages, respectively. Dietary assessment was carried out using 24-hour-recall method. Formula intakes in the delivery group tended to decrease accordingly with the ages. However, in the domestic group, formula intakes up to 8 months were similar and decreased after 9 month. Energy, protein, calcium and iron intakes from infant formula and supplemental foods were assessed. Energy intake at 12-18 months were lower than the RDA in both groups. Daily intake of protein and calcium at all ages were much higher than the RDA in both groups. Therefore, protein and calcium overnutrition were elucidated. Especially, protein intake at 5-6 months, calcium intake at all ages from infant formula was higher than the RDA in both groups. Iron intake at 5-6 months from infant formula were higher than the RDA. Consequently, as for infant formula, it was suggested that not only formula intakes but also nutrient content in formula should be reconsidered. On the other hand, nutrient intakes from supplemental foods in the domestic group tended to be higher than that of the delivery group. Especially at 9-11 months, significant differences between the two groups were observed. This may be due to high dependency on commercial powdered baby food in the domestic group. This study revealed that daily nutrient intakes of formula-fed infants are desirable but nutrient intakes from infant formula are too high. Conclusively, this study suggests that as the age of infants increases, formula intakes should be controlled and various supplemental foods besides commercially powdered baby food should be appropriately provided.