• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.245-251
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of different nutrient databases in estimating nutrient intake. A nutrient survey with Food Frequency Questionnaire containing 65 food items was conducted with 2,426 subjects over 30 years of age living in Yeonchon-gun, Kyungki province. The nutrient intakes were first estimated by using one (A) nutrient database which was based on the Korean Food Composition Table, 4th edition. With the other (B) nutrient database which was based on the Korean RDA(Recommended Dietary Allowances) 6th edition, it was reestimated and two resu1ts were compared. For most nutrients except carbohydrate, calcium, vitamin C and $eta$-carotene, mean nutrient intake level estimated from database B was significantly higher than that from database A(p<0.05). Mean intake level of most nutrients from two databases were significantly correlated by Pearson's correlation coefficients(p<0.001). Results from the ranking of nutrient intake levels of the subjects by two databases were highly correlated ( P >0.9, p<0.001). Weighted kappa values representing measures of agreement ranged from 0.55 databases ranged from 45% for vitamin C to 96% for carbohydrate. This result implies that different nutrient database may produce substantial differences in estimating the absolute nutrient intake but may not be crucial in ranking or classifying individuals with regard to specific nutrient intake.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.500-506
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Food composition databases are necessary for assessing dietary intakes. Developing and maintaining a high quality database is difficult because of the high cost of analyzing nutrient profiles and the recent fast-changing food marketplace. Thus, priorities have to be set for developing and updating the database. We aimed to identify key foods in the Korean diet to set priorities for future analysis of foods. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The food consumption data of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2013-2014 were used. We modified the US Department of Agriculture's key food approach. First, major foods were analyzed, contributing to 75%, 80%, 85%, or 90% of each nutrient intake. Second, the cumulative contributions to nutrient intakes were compared before and after excluding the foods least commonly consumed by individuals. Third, total nutrient score for each food was calculated by summing all percent contributions times 100 for nutrients. To set priorities among the foods in the list, we sorted the score in descending order and then compared total percent contributions of foods, within the 100, 90, 85, 80, and 75 percentiles of the list. Finally, we selected the minimum list of foods contributing to at least 90% of the key nutrient intake as key items for analysis. RESULTS: Among the 1,575 foods consumed by individuals, 456 were selected as key foods. Those foods were chosen as items above the 80 percentile of the total nutrient score, among the foods contributing at least 85% of any nutrient intake. On an average, the selected key foods contributed to more than 90% of key nutrient intake. CONCLUSIONS: In total, 456 foods, contributing at least 90% of the key nutrient intake, were selected as key foods. This approach to select a minimum list of key foods will be helpful for systematically updating and revising food composition databases.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 2002

This study was reviewed databases and outcomes of national/international off-line and on-line(Internet) nutrition softwares to identify the present conditions of nutrition softwares, and investigated user's needs and determine which component should be included in nutrition software. The most frequently used databases for the national programs were the food composition table provided from the National Rural Living Science Institution in Rural Development Administration and the food composition table and the nutrient contents of foods provided from the Korean Nutrition Society. For international programs, the food composition table from the USDA was commonly used. The analysed outcomes included the degree of obesity, nutrient analysis and nutrient intake compared with RDA, food intake from each by food group, food habits and the frequency of food consumption. As to the result of needs assessment for the Internet nutrition softwares, it was suggested that the needs of the Internet nutrition softwares were high because most of the respondents replied that 3-point('it is needed') or 4-point('it is necessary') on 4-points likert scale. As to the databases, the needs of 'food composition analysis' and 'the suggestion of the Korean RDA' were high. For the basic information for foods, the respondents replied that 'the classification of foods', 'foods codes', 'the amount of ingredients' and 'nutrient analysis' should be included. The needs of 'nutrient analysis of meal', 'diet therapy' and 'meal plan by caloric requirements' were high. As for utilizing the Internet meal planning programs, the respondents replied that 'it should be easy to use' most and demand for 'data saving and the saved data should be usable later' and 'meal planning education tools' were high. In conclusion, the Internet nutrition software that satisfies various needs of users should be developed for policy making that promote public health, nutritional care and self-supporting of foods.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.100-115
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• 1999

With the growing number of nutrient calculation software packages on the market, there are need to compare each programs. Since each program use different nutrient databases, the result of calculation may be different in value. In this study, we use three(A, B, C) most popular program package to compare the result of nutrient calculation. For the analysis, 24hour recall data from 97 preschool children, 66 university students and 95 aged persons were used. For the calculation if subjects gave the complete recipe, recipes from the subjects were used. Otherwise, recipe from the program database were used. Common 15 nutrients of which all program can give results, are analyzed and compared for mean nutrient intake and nutrient intake for food groups. Ten nutrients among 15 nutrients which have RDA were analyzed for % of RDA and the distribution of RDA. Mean nutrient intake of Fe, vitamin A, Na were statistically different among results of the calculation using three programs(p<0.001). The distribution of Fe, vitamin A and vitamin $B_2$, niacin were statistically different among three results of the calculation using three program(p<0.001, p<0.05). Nutrient intakes of food groups were statistically different in cereal and products, bean and products, vegetables, fruits, fishes and shellfishes, milk and products, beverages, and seasonings(p<0.0001). It is hard to say that the difference among three program are coming from the difference from nutrient database or recipe database in this study. With these result, we conclude that it is necessary to evaluate nutrient database and recipe database as the foremost consideration in selecting nutrient calculation software. Those differences should be considered when interpreting results, comparing results with other studies, and when developing treatment plans in the clinical settings.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.797-808
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• 2001

To determine folate intake and food sources in Korea college students, dietary survey was conducted in March, 1999. Dietary data were collected by trained interviewers using the method of 24-hour recalls for 3 consecutive days. The data of 44 male and 62 female students were analyzed with two different nutrient databases in Recommended Dietary Allowances for Korean on the 6th and 7th revisions, and the results were compared. The intakes of energy and nutrients except vitamin A and folate were lower when analyzed with the 7th database than the 6th database. Mean daily folate intakes with the 6th and 7th databases were 172.9$\mu\textrm{g}$, 221.6$\mu\textrm{g}$ for male students while 125.1$\mu\textrm{g}$, 168.0$\mu\textrm{g}$ for female students, respectively. The results showed significantly higher estimates of folate intake with the 7th database, and significantly higher intake in males than females analyzed with both the 6th and 7th databases. Daily folate intake per 1,000kcal (folate density) was 71.1$\mu\textrm{g}$/1000kcal for males and 67.6$\mu\textrm{g}$/1000kcal for females with the 6th database, and 97.9$\mu\textrm{g}$/1000kcal for males and 95.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/1000kcal for females with the 7th database. The differences in folate density between the two databases were signficant, but the differences between the gender were not significant. The proportions of the subjects who consumed more than the RDA of 250$\mu\textrm{g}$ with the 6th and 7th databases were only 4.6%, 29.6% of males and 1.6%, 9.7% of females, respectively. The biggest food source of folate was Kimchi, contributing 17.9% for male and 13.7% for female students with 7th database. Laver, spinach, Ramyon, rice, and Ko Chu Jang together with Kimchi contributed 41.9% for male and 32.4% for females students with the 7th database. These results imply that folate intake reported in the reported inthe previous studies using the 6th database was underestimated. However, the 7th database seems to be still incomplete since 20.5% of 2,932 foods in the database were derived from the other sources, and the rest were imputed from similar foods. Therefore, in order to accurately estimate folate intake of Koreans, folate contents in major contributing foods need to be measured using an appropriate assay method.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.886-894
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• 2013

The National Standard Food Composition Table published by the Rural Development Administration (RDA) provides the foundations in research, nutrition monitoring, policy and dietary practices in Korea. This databases consists of several sets of data including food descriptions, nutrients, portion weights, and source of data. The National Standard Food Composition Table have been published since 1970 and, recently, new version (8th edition) of Food Composition Table which has quantitative and qualitative nutrient data is released in 2011. In addition, the User-friendly Food Composition Table is divided into adult, children, and elderly categories depending on the subjects because we need different nutrients according to various ages. The Tables of Food Functional Composition is firstly edited in 2009. RDA published the minerals and fatty acids composition table, tables of amino acid, fat-soluble vitamin composition table, and the cholesterol table. The resulting database will be widely used. The users of the databases are from diverse fields, includeing federal agencies, the food industry, health professionals, restaurants, software application developers, academia and research organizations, international organizations, and foreign governments ect. Therefore, consistent improvements of the database is important, so that people can better address such health challenges by providing reliable and accurate data.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.548-558
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to develop a computer software program for nutritional assessment using a Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQFFQs) and the 24-hour Recall Method. The software for the SQFFQ was divided into input, output, and database. For dietary analyses, recipe and food databases were used. The recipe database included 25 items and the food database was divided into 18 food groups. The food database was composed of 19 general nutrient items, 33 fatty acids, and 18 amino acids. The software developed in this study can be summarized as follows: 1) input items related to the individual s ages information, lifestyle, biological values, and dietary habits; 2) individualized data in percent of the Korean RDA, the energy ratios of carbohydrates, proteins and fats, the ratio of animal to plant source intakes, and the distribution of food group intakes; 3) Statistical data on the individual's information, lifestyle, biological values, and dietary intakes including the frequency of intake of cooked foods, the amounts of food, and the number of food groups, and nutrients. In the 24-hour Recall Method, the input and output consisted of the individual s information and cooked dish intakes. The individual s report included the amounts of nutrient intake according to number of meal and days, in comparison to the Korean RDA, the energy ratio for carbohydrates, proteins and fats, the ratio of animal to plant source intakes, and the distribution of food group intakes. The statistical report presented the number of food groups and foods, and the nutrient intakes. To evaluate the validity of the SQFFQ, the Spearman Rank Order Correlation and kappa values were used. As a result, correlation coefficients comparing the 24-hour Recall Method appeared to be more than 0.5, except for vitamin $B_1, B_2$, niacin, and vitamin E. The kappa values for energy and carbohydrate intakes were both 0.7, and protein, fat, vitamin C, folate, Ca, and iron intakes ranged from 0.3 to 0.7.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.181-188
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• 1994

The purpose of this study is to evaluate nutritional status of ascorbic acid in 96 Korean female college students. Dietary intake level was estimated with three day diet records. Serum ascorbic acid were analyzed with fasting blood. Nutrient intakes was calculated using three different food composition databases ; analysis data of cooked food items ; analysis data of raw foods ; published food composition table. Ascorbic acid intake levels calculated with different food composition databases differed by 15% Using analysis data of cooked foods resulted in the lowest intake level 49.26 mg per day. Main sources of ascorbic acid investigated were Cheju mandarin orange juice and hard persimmon orange juice and Kimchi. Mean value of serum ascorbic acid level was 1.04 mg/dl and 4.2% of subjects were in marginal risk or deficient range. It was found to significantly correlate asscorbic acid intake with serum ascorbic acid content. Correlation coefficient with results calculated using analyzed data was higher than that using published data. Serum levels and mean daily intake levels of ascorbic acid in the subjects were significantly correlated. From these results it is concluded that ascorbic acid content of cooked foods should be included in the Food Composition Tables in Korea. Korean female college students were in lower risk of ascorbic acid deficiency.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.352-365
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• 2018

Objectives: The Korean Food Composition Table (KFCT) was first published in 1970, and has since been updated every five years by the Rural Development Administration (RDA). This study was conducted to introduce the development strategies, features, and challenges of the $9^{th}$ revision of the KFCT. Methods: Due to the increasing demands of nutrient database users and generators, the RDA started a new research project in 2013 to improve the quantity and quality of data for the $9^{th}$ revision of the KFCT. Over 1,000 food items frequently consumed in Korea were selected as key foods using the results of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. About 200 raw materials and processed food items were collected and analyzed every year. Target nutrients that were analyzed by collaborative labs, such as, sugars, selenium, iodine, and biotin, were increased from 22 to 43. Analytical sample handling procedures and data quality evaluation systems were also established in collaboration with 10 contracted labs. Data were evaluated for data quality according to the FAO/INFOODS, CODEX, and AOAC guidelines. Results: The $9^{th}$ revision contains data on 3,000 food items and up to 43 and 140 food nutrients for the printed table and the excel database file, respectively. Overall, 1,485 data items were newly added, 973 of which were provided by the RDA and 512 were cited from foreign nutrient databases. The remaining 1,515 food items were maintained as in the $8^{th}$ revision. Conclusions: The KFCT provides the basic infrastructure for food and nutrition policy, research, and dietary practice in South Korea. The use of the KFCT has increased exponentially in the past few years in both public and private sectors; accordingly, increased efforts should be paid to the preparation, improvement, and maintenance of KFCT.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.323-329
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• 2006

To more accurately estimate vitamin A and vitamin E intake of Koreans, food composition databases of the tocopherol and carotenoid contents of Korean foods are needed. In this study, the tocopherol $(\alpha-,\;\gamma-,\;and\;\delta-)$ and carotenoid ($\alpha-carotene,\;\beta-carotene,\;\beta-ctyptoxanthin$, lutein, and zeaxanthin) contents of 12 Korean cooked combination foods commonly consumed by children in Kwangju, Republic of Korea, were determined using reversed-phase HPLC. All samples were obtained from 3 different households in Kwangju during summer, 2005. All cooked foods in this study had detectable quantities of $\alpha-tocopherol,\;\gamma-tocopherol$ except for shoegogimugook, and $\delta-tocopherol$ except for myulchibokkeum Doejigogibokkeum had the highest $\alpha-tocopherol$ content (0.64 mg/l00 g edible portion), and $\gamma-tocopherol\;and\;\delta-tocopherol$ contents of gimbab were the highest among the foods (1.01 and 0.26 mg/l00 g edible portion). $\beta-carotene$ was found in all food samples. Gimbab had the highest contents of $\alpha-carotene,\;\beta-carotene$, and lutein among Korean cooked combination foods (158.3, 266.6, and $375.4{\mu}g/100g$ edible portion). Miyukgook contained only $\beta-carotene$ ($2.5{\mu}g/100g$ edible portion). Considerable sample-to-sample variability in tocopherol and carotenoid compositions were observed in several Korean cooked combination foods included in this study. Some of these carotenoids $(\alpha-carotene,\;\beta-carotene,\;and\;\beta-cryptoxanthin)$ are vitamin A precursors. The findings of this study may be valuable for use in Korean databases as well as nutrient consumption research for vitamin A and vitamin E.