• 한국가금학회지
• /
• 제35권3호
• /
• pp.225-240
• /
• 2008

Marek's disease virus(MDV) is a highly cell-associated, lymphotropic $\alpha$-herpesvirus that causes paralysis and neoplastic disease in chickens. The disease has been controlled by vaccination which was provided the first evidence for a malignant cancer being controlled by an antiviral vaccine. Marek's disease pathogenesis is complex, involving cytolytic and latent infection of lymphoid cells and oncogenic transformation of $CD4^+$ T cells in susceptible chickens. MDV targets a number of different cell types during its life cycle. Lymphocytes play an essential role, although within them virus production is restricted and only virion are produced. Innate and adaptive immune responses develop in response to infection, but infection of lymphocytes results in immunosuppressive effects. Hence in MDV-infected birds, MDV makes its host more vulnerable to tumour development as well as to other pathogens. All chickens are susceptible to MDV infection, and vaccination is essential to protect the susceptible host from developing clinical disease. Nevertheless, MDV infects and replicates in vaccinated chickens, with the challenge virus being shed from the feather-follicle epithelium. The outcome of infection with MDV depends on a complex interplay of factors involving the MDV pathotype and the host genotype. Host factors that influence the course of MD are predominantly the responses of the innate and adaptive immune systems, and these are modulated by: age at infection and maturity of the immune system; vaccination status; the sex of the host; and various physiological factors.

• 생약학회지
• /
• 제47권2호
• /
• pp.143-149
• /
• 2016

Grateloupia elliptica has been reported to have the proliferation effect of dermal papilla cells (DPCs), which play important roles in the regulation of hair cycle. In the present study, we examined in vitro and in vivo hair growth-promoting effect of Grateloupia elliptica. When isolated rat vibrissa follicles were treated with extract of G. elliptica, the hair-fiber lengths of the vibrissa follicles significantly increased. Furthermore, the G. elliptica extract accelerated the telogen-angen transition in C57BL/6 mice. To investigate the molecular mechanisms of the G. elliptica extract on the proliferation of DPCs, we examined the activation of $wnt/{\beta}$-catenin signaling which is known to regulate hair follicle development, differentiation and hair growth. The G. elliptica extract activated $wnt/{\beta}$-catenin signaling via the increase of ${\beta}$-catenin and phospho-$GSK3{\beta}$. In addition, the G. elliptica extract increased the level of cyclin E and CDK2, while the level of $p27^{kip1}$ was decreased. These results suggest that the the G. elliptica extract may induce hair growth by proliferation of DPCs via cell-cycle progression and the activation of $Wnt/{\beta}$-catenin signaling.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• 제14권4호
• /
• pp.379-388
• /
• 2011

The mechanism by which gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and dopamine (DA) control gonadotropin (GTH) release was studied in male and female rainbow trout using cultured pituitary cells obtained at different reproductive stages. The mechanisms of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) release by GnRH and DA could not be determined yet. However, basal and salmon-type GnRH (sGnRH)- or chicken-II-type GnRH (cGnRH-II)- induced luteinizing hormone (LH) release increased with gonadal maturation in both sexes. LH release activity was higher after sGnRH stimulation than cGnRH-II stimulation at maturing stages in both sexes. The GnRH antagonist ([Ac-3, 4-dehydro-$Pro^1$, D-p-F-$Phe^2$, D-$Trp^{3,6}$] GnRH) suppressed LH release by sGnRH stimulation in a dose-dependent manner, although the effect was weak in maturing fish. The role of DA as a GTH-release inhibitory factor differs during the reproductive cycle: the inhibition of sGnRH-stimulated LH release by DA was stronger in immature fish than in maturing, ovulating, or spermiated fish. DA did not completely inhibit sGnRH-stimulated LH release, and DA alone did not alter basal LH release. Relatively high doses ($10^{-6}$ or $10^{-5}M$) of domperidone (DOM, a DA D2 antagonist) increased LH release, which did not change with reproductive stage in either sex. The potency of DOM to enhance sGnRH-stimulated LH release was higher in maturing and ovulated fish than in immature fish. These data suggest that LH release from the pituitary gland is controlled by dual neuroendocrine mechanisms by GnRH and DA in rainbow trout, as has been reported in other teleosts. The mechanism of control of FSH release, however, remains unknown.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
• /
• 제19권4호
• /
• pp.197-207
• /
• 2015

This study investigated structure and function of the reproductive system in Aplysia kurodai by means of anatomical, histological, and histochemical observation. Reproductive system of this species is consisted of ovotestis, small hermaphroditic duct, ampulla, accessory genital mass and large hermaphroditic duct. The ovotestis is composed of a large number of follicles, and both oocytes and spermatocytes matured in the same follicle. The small hermaphroditic duct is a single tube and contains a swelling, the ampulla, which functions as a storage organ for endogenous sperm and an oviduct. The accessory genital mass is connected to both the small and large hermaphroditic duct, and consisted of three glands: albumen, membrane (winding) and mucus gland. The albumen gland is consisted of granular cells producing basophilic and neutral mucopolysaccharides. The membrane and mucus gland are consisted of granular cells producing acidophilc and sulfated mucopolysaccharides. The large hermaphroditic duct is a single tubular gonoduct linking the accessory genital mass to the common genital aperture but is consisted of two parallel compartments. Internally, these two compartments are incompletely divided by internal septum or fold, which are called as the red hemiduct and white hemiduct, respectively. The red hemiduct functions as an oviduct and the white hemiduct functions as a copulatory duct. The reproductive system of A. kurodai is externally comprised a single tube, i.e., monaulic type. However, internal structure of duct is incompletely divided into oviduct and copulatory duct, i.e., the oodiaulic type.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제34권4호
• /
• pp.327-335
• /
• 2010

We reported previously that the administration of Korean red ginseng water extract (KRG-WE) protected the guinea pig testis against damage induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (a potent endocrine disruptor). We also found that crude saponin from ginseng was the active ingredient responsible for this protection. Here, we examined the biological role of KRG-WE in an animal model of age-induced dysfunction of spermatogenesis. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley (six 2-month-old and eighteen 12-month-old) rats were used. The young and old control groups received only vehicle. The ginseng saponin (GS)- and KRG-WE-treated groups received GS (40 mg/kg body weight/day) and KRG-WE (200 mg/kg body weight/day), respectively, for 4 months. The number of cells, Sertoli cell index, Johnsen's score, and sex hormone levels decreased significantly with age. However, the administration of KRG-WE and GS markedly improved the number of germ cells, seminiferous tubular size, and Johnsen's score in the old rats. Ginseng produced a distinct testicular histological improvement in old rats. KRG-WE and GS elevated testosterone levels, while attenuating the aberrant increase in follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone levels. Sperm kinematics evaluated by a computer-assisted sperm analyzer demonstrated improvement in the percentage of motile sperm, progressive sperm motility, and curvilinear velocity associated with sperm quality, supporting the beneficial role of red ginseng in senile spermatogenesis. Overall, the total water extract had a more potent effect than the corresponding saponin fraction. In conclusion, Korean red ginseng rejuvenated age-induced testicular dysfunction. Additionally, the total water extract was more potent than the corresponding saponin fraction.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.15-22
• /
• 2003

Fas는 세포자연사를 유도하는 세포 표면 수용체 단백질로서 면역계에서 중요한 역할을 한다. 이러한 Fas mRNA는 림프조직뿐만 아니 라 비 림프조직에서도 발현한다. 한편 대다수의 난포들은 세포자연사와 연관된 기 작을 통해 난포폐쇄로 진행되는 것으로 알려지고 있으나, 난포폐쇄에 관한 기작은 아직 규명되지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 먼저 생쥐의 난소의 과립세포와 난자에서 Fas와 Fas ligand의 발현 여부를 알아보고, Fas와 Fas ligand발현과 난포폐쇄와의 상관 관계를 알아보고자 하였다. RT-PCR을 수행한 결과, 난소내 과립세포와 난자에서 Fas와 Fas ligand mRNA가 모두 발현하는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 면역조직화학적 염색 결과 또한, 원시 난포를 제외한 모든 발달 중인 난포의 과립세포와 난자들에서 Fas와 Fas ligand가 검출되는 것을 확인하였고, 특히 폐쇄를 보이는 난포에서 강한 발현을 보였다. 한편, 난소에서 세포자연사를 확인하기 위해 TUNEL 염색을 수행한 결과, TUNEL 양성을 보이는 과립세포와 난자의 수는 건강한 정상 난포에 비해 폐쇄난포에서 증가하는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. 이상의 결과들은 난소내 과립세포와 난자에서 Fas와 Fas ligand 발현과 난포폐쇄와 상관 관계가 있음을 보여주고 있으며, 이러한 Fas와 Fas ligand가 생쥐 난소내 난포폐쇄 유발에 관여하고 있을 것으로 사료된다

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제40권2호
• /
• pp.185-195
• /
• 2016

Background: To investigate the effect of pectinase-treated Panax ginseng (GINST) in cellular and male subfertility animal models. Methods: Hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)-induced mouse spermatocyte GC-2spd cells were used as an in vitro model. Cell viability was measured using MTT assay. For the in vivo study, GINST (200 mg/kg) mixed with a regular pellet diet was administered orally for 4 mo, and the changes in the mRNA and protein expression level of antioxidative and spermatogenic genes in young and aged control rats were compared using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Results: GINST treatment ($50{\mu}g/mL$, $100{\mu}g/mL$, and $200{\mu}g/mL$) significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited the $H_2O_2$-induced ($200{\mu}M$) cytotoxicity in GC-2spd cells. Furthermore, GINST ($50{\mu}g/mL$ and $100{\mu}g/mL$) significantly (p < 0.05) ameliorated the $H_2O_2$-induced decrease in the expression level of antioxidant enzymes (peroxiredoxin 3 and 4, glutathione S-transferase m5, and glutathione peroxidase 4), spermatogenesis-related protein such as inhibin-${\alpha}$, and specific sex hormone receptors (androgen receptor, luteinizing hormone receptor, and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor) in GC-2spd cells. Similarly, the altered expression level of the above mentioned genes and of spermatogenesis-related nectin-2 and cAMP response element-binding protein in aged rat testes was ameliorated with GINST (200 mg/kg) treatment. Taken together, GINST attenuated $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress in GC-2 cells and modulated the expression of antioxidant-related genes and of spermatogenic-related proteins and sex hormone receptors in aged rats. Conclusion: GINST may be a potential natural agent for the protection against or treatment of oxidative stress-induced male subfertility and aging-induced male subfertility.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.17-22
• /
• 1999

이온화방사선이 동물 생식세포에 미치는 생화학적 및 형태학적 영향을 알아보기 위해 본 연구를 시행하였다. 미성숙 생쥐 (ICR, 3 주령)에 $\gamma$선을 선량 $LD_{80(30)}$으로 전신조사하였다. 방사선 조사 후 6 시간, 12 시간, 1 일, 그리고 2 일 후에 난소를 적출하였다. 난소에서 추출한 과립세포의 세포주기를 DNA에 대한 유세포 분석으로 분석하였다. 세포자연사를 확인할 수 있는 $A_0$ 세포주기는 이온화방사선이 조사된 실험군에서 대조군에 비해 현저히 높은 값을 보였다. 이온화방사선을 조사한 후 6 시간 군에서 TUNEL 면역조직화학 염색도를 나타낸 난포의 수가 대조군에 비해 현저히 증가하였다. 따라서, 본 실험의 결과 방사선 조사에 의해 유발되는 난포의 퇴화는 6 시간 이내에 급성으로 진행되는 과립세포의 세포자연사에 의해 매개됨을 알 수 있었다. 유세포분석기를 이용한 세포주기 평가는 방사선에 의해 유발되는 세포자연사 기작의 이해와 퇴화난포의 정량화를 위한 수단이 될 수 있다.

• 한국가축번식학회지
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.265-274
• /
• 1997

The purpose of this study was attempted to investigate the a, pp.arences of healthy or artretic follicles in ovaries following repeats of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin(PMSG) treatments for superovulation in nulliparous rats. Thirty two rats(Sprague-Dawely, about 200-250 gm) were randomized into 4 groups. Control group rats were sacrified at estrus phase confirmed by vaginal smear. PMSG-treated group 1 rats, PMSG-treated group 2 rats and PMSG-treated group 3 rats were sacrified at 48 hrs after injection once with PMSG 25 IU, after 2 repeated injection by a week interval, and 3 repeated injection, respectively. The ovaires of rats were removed and then sections by paraffin embedding were stained with H-E or immunohistochemical staining using proliferating cell nuclear antigen monoclonal antibody (PCNA m Ab) and apoptotic kit. The criteria of follicle classification was based as small follicles with preantral follicles with 2~4 layers of granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte, as secondary follicles with more than 5 layers of granulosa cells and early signs of antral cavity or with small clefts on either side of the oocytes, and as tirtiary follicles with a single medium sized antral cavity or large well-formed antral cavity, respectively. The proportions of atretic follicles from small and middle follicles in immunohistochemical staining using PCNA m Ab were 17.9% and 21.3% in control group, 15.5% and 23.5% in PMSG-treated group 1, 24.3% and 26.7% in PMSG-treated group 2, 18.1% and 30.2% in PMSG-treated group 3, respectively. Groups with atretic follicles of higher proportion were ordered as PMSG-treated group 3, PMSG-treated group 2, PMSG-treated group 1 and control group. The proportions of positive cells in small, middle and large follicles were 31.1%, 33.5% and 28.5% respectively. The follicles with positive cells of higher proportion were ordered middle, small and large follicles. In immunohischemical staining using apoptotic kits, small follicles in all 4 groups did not contain positive cells, and proportions of atretic follicles from middle and large follicles were 24.9, 30.7, 33.8 and 40.1% in control, PMSG-treated gruop 1, PMSG-treated group 2 and PMSG-treated group 3, respectively. These results suggested that repeats of PMSG treatment increased proportion of atretic follicles in ovaries, and middle follicles are more quickly developing than small or large follicles.

• 공업화학
• /
• 제32권6호
• /
• pp.647-652
• /
• 2021

본 연구에서는 에탄올과 노말헥산을 이용하여 당목향 뿌리 추출물을 제조하고, 인체 모유두세포의 세포증식 및 모발성장 관련 신호전달에 미치는 영향을 평가하였다. 당목향 뿌리 추출물의 세포증식 효과는 MTT assay를 실시하였으며, ERK, Akt, Wnt/𝛽-catenin 신호 경로, 5𝛼-reductase의 발현을 western blot 분석을 통해 측정하였다. 당목향 뿌리 추출물은 인체 모유두세포의 증식을 유의하게 증가시켰고, 세포증식에 관여하는 ERK와 Akt의 인산화를 촉진하였으며, 당목향 뿌리 추출물에 의해 증가된 ERK, Akt 인산화 촉진과 세포증식은 MEK/ERK 억제제 PD98059와 PI3K/Akt 억제제 LY294002에 의해 유의하게 감소되었다. 또한 당목향 뿌리 추출물은 GSK-3𝛽 (Ser9)의 인산화를 통한 𝛽-catenin(Ser552, 675)의 인산화를 촉진함으로써 핵 내의 𝛽-catenin 축적을 유도하였고, 5𝛼-reductase type I, II의 활성을 억제하였다. 종합적으로 당목향 뿌리 추출물은 모유두세포의 ERK, Akt 경로의 활성화를 통해 세포의 증식을 유도하며, 𝛽-catenin 신호 경로 활성화 및 5𝛼-reductase 활성 억제를 통해 탈모 예방 및 모발 성장 효과를 나타냄으로써 헤어케어제품의 소재로 응용가능성이 있음을 시사한다.