• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.234-238
• /
• 2006

Changes in the contents of total phenolic compounds in as Orostachys japonicus well as their antioxidant capacity according to the control of night-break, day-length control, variation in luminosity and amount of fertilizer used were examined. The results were compared with those obtained from wild Orostachys japonicus. The contents of the total phenolic compounds in Orostachys japonicus were roughly proportional to the increasing level of irradiation and nitrogen fertilization. The total content of phenolic compounds in the wild Orostachys japonicus of was higher than cultivated under various conditions. The antioxidant capacities of the Orostachys japonicus were increased roughly with increasing level of irradiation and nitrogen fertilization. Overall, the total content of phenolic compounds of Orostachys japonicus and their antioxidant capacity were not significantly affected by the amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer used.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
• /
• 2005.11a
• /
• pp.49-66
• /
• 2005

Panax ginseng has been useful for the treatment of diverse disease in oriental countries for thousands of years. In addition, a folk medicine prescribed by seven herbal drugs including Panax ginseng has been antinarcotics in the treatment of morphine-dependent patients. Many articles have been reported on these works. Therefore, we review the protective effects of Panax ginseng on the neurotoxicity induced by abuse drugs. Ginseng total saponins (GTS) extracted and isolated by Panax ginseng antagonized Morphine-induced analgesia, and inhibited the development of analgesic tolerance to and physical dependence on morphine. GTS inhibited morphine-6 dehydrogenase, which catalyzes production of mophinone from morphine, and increased hepatic glutathione level responsible to toxicity. Therefore, we hypothesized that these dual actions of ginseng can be associated with the detoxication of morphine. In addition, the inhibitory or facilitated effects of GTS on electrically evoked contraction in guinea pig ileum ($\mu$-receptors) and mouse vas deferens($\delta$-receptors) were not mediated through opioid receptors, suggesting non-opioid mechanisms. On the hand, antagonism of U-50,488H ($\kappa$-agonist)-induced antinociception is mediated by serotonergic mechanisms. GTS also inhibited hyperactivity, reverse tolerance (sensitization) and conditioned place preference-induced by psychostimulants such as methamphetamine, cocaine and morphine. On the other hand, GTS reduced the dopamine levels induced by methamphetamine. Moreover, GTS blocked the development of dopamine receptor activation, showing antidopaminergic effect. We suggest that GTS Prevent the methamphetamine-induced striatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity. In addition, Ginsenoside also attenuates morphine-induced cAMP signaling pathway. These results suggested that GTS might be useful for the therapy of the adverse actions of drugs with abuse liability.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
• /
• v.11 no.2
• /
• pp.127-134
• /
• 2003

One hundred sixty species among Korean medicinal plants were tested on their antioxidative potentials. Antioxidants are useful materials which could be expected into development as food preservatives, health foods, cosmetics and drugs. Korean peninsula have many potential in antioxidant source which includes various medicinal herbs. It grounded on the fact that Korean medicinal plants have been used as folk therapy for long time and still do in oriental medicine. From the study, effective free radical scavengers compared with ${\alpha}-tocopherol\;of\;13.5{\mu}g/ml\;in\;RC_{50}$ were Geranium sibiricum, Geum japonicum, Geranium nepalense subsp. thunbergii and Paulownia coreana which showed $19.3{\mu}g/ml,\;22.5{\mu}g/ml,\;23.9{\mu}g/ml,\;and\;27.2{\mu}g/ml$, respectively, Acer mono and 38 plants showed strong potential in inhibition rate on linoleic acid oxidation (above 90%). In conclusion, we expect that the selected medicinal plants must be more studied as antioxidant and then developed as many industrial materials.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2000.10a
• /
• pp.114-115
• /
• 2000

Aralia elata is found in mountain areas all over Korean peninsula. Aralia elata is the scientific name for Japanese angelica tree. The tree belongs to the family Araliaceae, commonly known as ginseng family. Bud sprouts from apical shoot tip of the plants are rich in flavor and thus mainly used for both folk medicine and vegetable. The stalks with apical buds are gathered in the early spring and planted in sandy soil or water in the greenhouse. The sprouting buds are then collected and sold as fresh vegetable. Although the plants have been used for food, they have been cultivated in a very small scale. In spring, local farmers just go around mountain areas to search the trees and gather the stalks as much as they get and sell them to the market. No conservation efforts have been made to stop the exploitation or to save the dwindling population. We tried to provide local farmers with the plants that may be used as an alternative to stalks from wild populations. This will bel! p conserve the wild populations. However, it is hard to propagate them either by conventional cuttings or by seed germination in a short period of time. Mass propagation using tissue culture systems have shown a great promise with several woody plants. Recently we developed a mass propagation technique via somatic embryogenesis system using mature and/or juvenile explants for Aralia elata. Several factors affecting somatic embryogenesis system including SE(somatic embryo) induction, embryogenic callus proliferation, SE germination, plant regeneration and transplanting to field frill be presented. And some problems arising for the somatic embryogenesis system will be also discussed.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
• /
• 2014.10a
• /
• pp.21-21
• /
• 2014

The importance of utilizing biological resources has become magnified and it has been a big issue to share the benefit among nations as Nagoya Protocol began in 2010. This study was conducted to research the diversity and distribution of wild mushrooms, and to survey the traditional mushroom knowledge of the people in Jejudo which is a volcanic island having a distinctive climate and forest environment. The research sites were Dongbaekdongsan, Keuneonggot, Hallasan National Park, Muryeongarioreum, Saryeonisupgil and other important area where mushrooms are growing spontainously in Jejudo. A total of 511 species comprising 2 phylums, 8 classes, 20 orders and 74 genera were identified from 1600 specimens collected from 2006 to 2012. In previous studies, a total of 561 species comprising 69 families and 99 genera were investigated. As a result, a total of 755 species comprising 23 orders, 87 families and 263 genera were documented in Jejudo. In this study, 137 species were newly identified as unrecorded species in Jejudo and 9 species, Amanita gemmata, Tricholoma aurantiipes, Panellus violaceofulvus, Leucopaxillus septentrionalis, Bondarzewia montana, Psilocybe argentipes, Boedijnopeziza insititia, Sarcoscypha occidentalis for. occidentalis and Morchella patula var. semilibera were the first record for Korea. Also, 7 species, Amanita gemmata, Tricoloma aurantiipes, Panellus violaceofulvus, Leucopaxillus septentrionalis, Boedijnopeziza insititia, Sarcoscypha occidentalis for. occidentalis and Morchella patula var. semilibera were known as only growing in Jejudo. The traditional knowledge was collected from visiting and questionnaire survey in 50 villages in Jejudo. A total of 23 mushrooms were found in which 12 species were used for food, 2 species were poisonous, 6 species were medicinal, 2 species were used for folk religion and 3 species were used for play purposes. Macrolepiota procera was the most commonly used as an edible mushroom and Chlorophyllum neomastoidea was the most well known poisonous mushroom. Also, 267 cases of traditional knowledge about using mushrooms as a food and medicine were collected. This study has significance for supplementing previous studies about distribution of wild mushrooms in Jejudo and documenting unrecorded species in Korea. Also, it is valuable by providing important data of traditional knowledge for using mushrooms since old times.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
• /
• v.16 no.1 s.26
• /
• pp.51-56
• /
• 1980

Phytolaccae Radix (PR), Brunella Herba (BH), Akebiae Lignum (AL) and Atractylis Rhizoma (AR) are some of the diuretic agents used in Chinese medicine and folk remedy. Water or methanol extracts of them (100mg/kg) were intravenously injected to rabbits in order to re-evaluate the effects on renal function. PR water extract elicited moderate diuresis while water extracts of BH, AL and methanol extract of AR had antidiuretic effects. Influence of PR on renal hemodynamics and $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase activity in rabbit kidney were observed in vivo and in vitro. The results were as follows: 1) Clearances of inulin and p-aminohippuric acid increased significantly after 15 minutes following the administration of PR water extract, but Na+ reabsorption rate was not changed. 2) The increase of $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase activity in renal cortex, outer and inner medulla was observed at 15 minutes after PR water fraction was given intravenously, and the change was most prominent in cortical area. 3) More than 50% of decrease in $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase activity in renal tissues was observed with PR water fraction $(10^{-2}g/ml)$ in vitro experiments. However, the inhibition of $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase activity was reversed with lower concentrations $(10^{-4}g/ml,\;10^{-6}g/ml)$ of PR water fraction in outer and inner medullary zone. These results suggest the diuretic effect of PR is due to improved renal hemodynamics, and contradictory reults concerning $Na^+-K^+$-ATPase activity require further investigation.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2000.10b
• /
• pp.16-17
• /
• 2000

Aralia elata is found in mountain areas all over Korean peninsula. Aralia elata is the scientific name for Japanese angelica tree. The tree belongs to the family Araliaceae, commonly known as ginseng family. Bud sprouts from apical shoot tip of the plants are rich in flavor and thus mainly used for both folk medicine and vegetable. The stalks with apical buds are gathered in the early spring and planted in sandy soil or water in the greenhouse. The sprouting buds are then collected and sold as fresh vegetable. Although the plants have been used for food, they have been cultivated in a very small scale. In spring, local farmers just go around mountain areas to search the trees and gather the stalks as much as they get and sell them to the market. No conservation efforts have been made to stop the exploitation or to save the dwindling population. We tried to provide local farmers with the plants that may be used as an alternative to stalks from wild populations. This will hel! p conserve the wild populations. However, it is hard to propagate them either by conventional cuttings or by seed germination in a short period of time. Mass propagation using tissue culture systems have shown a great promise with several woody plants. Recently we developed a mass propagation technique via somatic embryogenesis system using mature and/ or juvenile explants for Aralia elata. Several factors affecting somatic embryogenesis system including SE(somatic embryo) induction, embryogenic callus proliferation, SE germination, plant regeneration and transplanting to field will be presented. And some problems arising for the somatic embryogenesis system will be also discussed.lso discussed.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.27 no.6
• /
• pp.660-670
• /
• 2014

The Korean plum yew (Cephalotaxus koreana Nakai) is a shade-tolerant, coniferous shrub. The seeds have been used as a folk medicine in Korea, and an alkaloid extract (HTT) is known to have anticancer properties. We estimated the genetic diversity of 429 trees in 16 populations in South Korea using 194 polymorphic amplicons from seven combinations of AFLP primer-restriction enzymes. The average number of effective alleles and the percentage of polymorphic loci were 1.37 and 79.4%, respectively. Shannon's diversity index and the expected heterozygosity were 0.344 and 0.244, respectively. We divided 16 populations into four groups on the UPGMA dendrogram and the PCA biplot. The first two principal components explained 84% of the total genetic variation. Genetic differentiation between populations explained 14% of total genetic variation, and the remaining 86% came from difference between individuals within populations, as determined by an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). However, the genetic differentiation did not correlate with the geographic distance between populations from the Mantel test. The Bayesian statistics, which are comparable to Wright's $F_{ST}$ and Nei's $G_{ST}$, were ${\theta}^I=0.406$ and ${\theta}^{II}=0.172$, respectively. The population genetic diversity was slightly lower, and the strength of genetic differentiation was much weaker, than the average of those plants having similar life histories, as assessed using arbitrary marker systems. We discuss strategies for the genetic conservation of the plum yew in Korea.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.189-193
• /
• 2004

Clerodendron trichotomum Thunberg Leaves (CTL) have been used for centuries in Chinese folk medicine for their anti-inflammatory properties. We have studied the anti-inflammatory effects of CTL extracts in rats, mice and in Raw 264.7 cells. 1 mg/kg solutions of the 30％ and 60％ methanol extracts of CTL were used and a 1 mg/kg of indomethacin was used as a positive anti-inflammatory standard; these were then administrated to rats. Carrageenan was injected subcutaneously to induce hind paw edema in rats. The result of carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema showed that a 1 mg/kg of the 30％, and 60％ methanol fraction of CTL and 1 mg/kg of indomethacin inhibited the hind paw edema by 19.5％, 23.0％, and 20.5％ respectively. The effect of CTL on inflammation in mice by a capillary permeability assay was examined by detecting Evans blue leakage from capillaries after the intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid, a potent inflammatory stimulus. The 60％ methanol fraction of CTL inhibited Evans blue dye leakage by 47.0％, which was 10％ higher than that of the inhibition of 1 mg/kg of indomethacin. Also, the 60％ methanol fraction of CTL suppressed the prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) generation in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells after treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by as much as the inhibition of 1 mg/kg of indomethacin and this led to the synthesis of $PGE_2$ by COX-2 induction. The inhibition of the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema, vascular permeability and the $PGE_2$ generation demonstrates that the 60％ methanol fraction of CTL contains a potent anti-inflammatory activity.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.163-174
• /
• 1978

Plantaginis seed has been applied in Chinese medicine a as well as in folk remedy. It was advocated that Plantaginis S Semeη exerts good therapeutic effects as anti-inflammatory, antitussive, obstipant and diuretic agent in some cases of alimentary, respiratory a and renal disorders. This study was carried out in order to r re-evaluate the pharmacological action, especially the hypotensive a action of Plantaginis Semen and to elucidate the mechanism of its a action, making use of Plantaginis Semen methanol extract (PME), because its basic pharmacological action, i. e., hypotensive action is n not clear. 1) PME, when administered into intravenous route, elicited the h hypotensive response dependent on the dose of PME given to the rabbit anesthetized with urethane. 2) This hypotensive response of P PME was inhibited by atropine and potentiated by physostigmine, but not influ$\varepsilon$need by vagotomization. 3) Depressor effect of PME was blocked by chlorisondamine, phentolamine, and bethanicline, while not altered by cyproheptadine, diphenhydramine and propran¬olol. 4) The secondary pressor response after blocking the depressor e effect of PME by chlorisondamine was produced, but this pressor response was deminished by atropine. 5) PME augmented the pressor e effect of norepinephrine and angiotensin, on the other hand, reduced b blood pressure elevated by carotid occlusion reflex. 6) These observa¬t tions suggest that PME may induce the hypotensive response via dual mechanisms of parasympathomimetic and sympatholytic action, that the positions of this action are cholinergic peripheral site and sympathetic ganglia respectively, and that PME may possess the pressor activity caused by stimulation of "atropine-sensitive site" which seems to existsin the sympathetic ganglia.