• Title/Summary/Keyword: fluidized beds

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Conceptual Design of 50 kW thermal Chemical-Looping Combustor and Analysis of Variables (열량기준 50kW급 매체순환식 가스연소기의 개념설계 및 변수해석)

  • 류호정;진경태
    • Journal of Energy Engineering
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    • v.12 no.4
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    • pp.289-301
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    • 2003
  • To develop a chemical-looping combustion technology, conceptual design of 50 kW thermal chemical-looping combustor, which is composed of two interconnected pressurized circulating fluidized beds, was performed by means of mass and energy balance calculations. A riser type fast fluidized bed was selected as an oxidizer and a bubbling fluidized bed was selected as a reducer by mass balance for the chemical-looping combustor. Calculated values of bed mass, solid circulation flux, and reactor dimension by mass and energy balance calculations were suitable for construction and operation of chemical-looping combustor. It is concluded from the comparison of the design results and operating values of commercial circulating fluidized bed that the process outline is realistic. Moreover, the previous results support that oxygen carrier particle, NiO/bentonite, fulfills the conversion rates needed for the proposed design. The effects of system capacity, metal oxide content in a oxygen carrier particle, amount of steam input, gas velocity, and solid depth on design values were investigated and the changes in the system performance can be estimated by proposed design tool.

Analysis of Flow Regimes by Using Chaos Parameters in Gas-Solid Fluidized Beds (기체-고체 유동층에서 Chaos 파라메타에 의한 흐름영역의 해석)

  • Song, Pyung-Seob;Choi, Wang-Kye;Jung, Chong-Hun;Oh, Won-Zin;Kang, Suk-Hwan;Son, Sung-Mo;Kang, Yong
    • Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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    • v.17 no.1
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    • pp.93-99
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    • 2006
  • Methods to distinguish flow regimes in gas-solid fluidized bed have been investigated by adopting the concept of chaos theory. Pressure fluctuations have been chosen as a state variable for the analysis of the system. Pressure fluctuations obtained from differential pressure transducer have been investigated using the chaos analysis (Correlation dimension and Kolmogorov entropy) as well as the average and standard deviation. As a result, fluidization regimes in gas-solid fluidized bed can be distinguished by statistics methods as the average and standard deviation. Also, Correlation dimension and Kolmogorov entropy could be used to classify the fluidization regimes.

Hydrodynamic Properties of Interconnected Fluidized Bed Chemical-Looping Combustors (상호 연결된 유동층 매체 순환식 연소로의 수력학적 특성)

  • Son, Sung Real;Go, Kang Seok;Kim, Sang Done
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • v.48 no.2
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    • pp.185-192
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    • 2010
  • The chemical-looping combustion(CLC) has advantages of no energy loss for separation of $CO_2$ without $NO_x$ formation. This CLC system consists of oxidation and reduction reactors where metal oxides particles are circulating through these two reactors. In the present study, the reaction kinetic equations of iron oxide oxygen carriers supported on bentonite have been determined by the shrinking core model. Based on the reactivity data, design values of solid circulation rate and solids inventory were determined for the rector. Two types of interconnected fluidized bed systems were designed for CLC application, one system consists of a riser and a bubbling fluidized bed, and the other one has a riser and two bubbling fluidized beds. Solid circulation rates were varied to about $30kg/m^2s$ by aeration into a loop-seal. Solid circulation rate increases with increasing aeration velocity and it increases further with an auxiliary gas flow into the loop-seal. As solid circulation rate is increased, solid hold up in the riser increases. A typical gas leakage from the riser to the fluidized bed is found to be less than 1%.

CPFD Simulation of Bubble Flow in a Bubbling Fluidized Bed with Shroud Nozzle Distributor and Vertical Internal (CPFD 시뮬레이션을 통한 Shroud 노즐 및 수직 구조물이 설치된 기포 유동층 반응기 내에서의 기포 흐름 해석)

  • Lim, Jong Hun;Bae, Keon;Shin, Jea Ho;Lee, Dong Ho;Han, Joo Hee;Lee, Dong Hyun
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • v.54 no.5
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    • pp.678-686
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    • 2016
  • The effect of internal and shroud nozzle distributor to bubbling fluidized beds which has the size of $0.3m-ID{\times}2.4m-high$ column was modeled by CPFD (Computational Particle-Fluid Dynamics). Metal-grade silicon particles (MG-Si) were used as bed materials which have $d_p=149{\mu}m$, ${\rho}_p=2,325kg/m^3$ and $U_{mf}=0.02m/s$. Total bed inventory and static bed height were 75 kg and 0.8 m, respectively. Effect of vertical internal on the bubble rising velocity was investigated. Bubbles were split by internal when the axial position of the internal from the distributor, z = 0.45 m. Bed pressure drop and axial solid holdup were not affected by internal. However, in the case that axial distance of internal from distributor was too close to jet penetration length, bubbles were not separated and bypassed internal, and faster than without internal or z = 0.45 m.

Performance Estimation and Process Selection for Chemical-Looping Hydrogen Generation System (금속매체 순환식 수소생산 시스템의 성능예측 및 공정선정)

  • Ryu, Ho-Jung;Jin, Gyoung-Tae
    • Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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    • v.16 no.3
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    • pp.209-218
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    • 2005
  • To find a suitable metal component in oxygen carrier particles for chemical-looping hydrogen generation system(CLH), oxygen transfer capacities of metal components were compared and Ni has been selected as the best metal component. The proper operating conditions to achieve high hydrogen generation rate have been investigated based on the chemical-equilibrium composition analysis for water splitting reactor. Moreover, suitable compositions of syngas from gasifier of heavy residue to achieve high energy efficiency have been investigated by calculation of heat of reaction. Based on the selected operating conditions, the best configuration of two interconnected fluidized beds system for the chemical-looping hydrogen generator has been investigated as well.

Selection of Process Configuration and Operating Conditions for SEWGS System (회수증진 수성가스화 시스템의 공정구성 및 조업조건 선정)

  • Ryu, Ho-Jung
    • Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.168-178
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    • 2009
  • To check feasibility of SEWGS(Sorption Enhanced Water Gas Shift) system, conceptual design and sensitivity analysis of operating variables have been investigated based on a design program of two-interconnected fluidized bed. Based on the conceptual design results, the optimum configuration for SEWGS was considered. Among three configurations, bubbling beds system was selected as the best configuration. Process design results indicate that the SEWGS system is compact and feasible. Based on the selected operating conditions, the effects of variables such as pressure, $CO_2$ capture capacity, solid inventory, CO conversion and $CO_2$ capture efficiency have been investigated as well.

An Experimental Study for Fluidized Bed Behaviour with Temperature Change. (유동층(流動層)의 온도변화(溫度變化)에 따른 유동특성(流動特性)에 관한 실험적(實驗的) 연구(硏究))

  • Baek, Ko-Kil;Seo, Jeong-Yun
    • Solar Energy
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    • v.6 no.1
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    • pp.3-11
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    • 1986
  • Minimum fludizing velocities and voidages were investigated for closely sized sand and magnesia particles with mean diameters in the range of $297-841\;{\mu}m$ over the temperature between 15 and $1.000^{\circ}C$. Boundaries between changing behaviour at $Re_{mf}=14$ and Ar=17,000 were observed. In beds of fine particles in Geldart's group "B", the minimum fluidizing velocity ($U_{mf}$) decreased as temperature increased, but not as much as expected on account of the gas viscosity increase, furthermore the increase in the minimum fluidizing voidage (${\in}_{mf}$). With larger particles in group "D", $U_{mf}$ increased, first, with temperature increase because of reduced gas density, and depending on the particle size, $U_{mf}$ reduced as flow conditions moved from turbulent to laminar. Among the correlations predicting $U_{mf}$, Ergun equation agreed best with the experimental data providing that the change in ${\in}_{mf}$ according to temperature is allowed for.

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Origin of limestone conglomerates in the Choson Supergroup(Cambro-Ordovician), mid-east Korea

  • Kwon Y.K.;Chough S.K.;Choi D.K.;Lee D.J.
    • 한국석유지질학회:학술대회논문집
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    • autumn
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    • pp.63-65
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    • 2001
  • The Chosen Supergroup (Cambro-Ordovician), mid-east Korea consists mainly of shallow marine carbonates and contains a variety of limestone conglomerates. These conglomerates largely comprise oligomictic, rounded lime-mudstone clasts of various size and shape (equant, oval, discoidal, tabular, and irregular) and dolomitic shale matrices. Most clasts are characterized by jigsaw-fit (mosaic), disorganized, or edgewise fabric and autoclastic lithology. Each conglomerate layer is commonly interbedded with limestone-dolomitic shale couplets and occasionally underlain by fractured limestone layer, capped by calcareous shale. According to composition, characteristic sedimentary structures, and fabric, limestone conglomerates in the Hwajol, Tumugol, Makkol, and Mungok formations of Chosen Supergroup can be classified into 4 types: (1) disorganized polymictic conglomerate (Cd), (2) horizontally stratified polymictic conglomerate (Cs), (3) mosaic conglomerate (Cm), and (4) disorganized/edgewise oligomictic conglomerate (Cd/e). These conglomerates are either depositional (Cd and Cs) or diagenetic (Cm and Cd/e) in origin. Depositional conglomerates are interpreted as storm deposits, tidal channel fills, or transgressive lag deposits. On the other hand, diagenetic conglomerates are not deposited by normal sedimentary processes, but formed by post-depositional diagenetic processes. Diagenetic conglomerates in the Chosen Supergroup are characterized by autoclastic and oligomictic lithology of lime-mudstone clasts, jigsaw-fit (mosaic) fabric, edgewise fabric, and a gradual transition from the underlying bed (Table 1). Autoclastic and oligomictic lithologies may be indicative of subsurface brecciation (fragmentation). Consolidation of lime-mudstone clasts pre-requisite for brecciation may result from dissolution and reprecipitation of CaCO3 by degradation of organic matter during burial. Jigsaw-fit fabric has been considered as evidence for in situ fragmentation. The edgewise fabric is most likely formed by expulsion of pore fluid during compaction. The lower boundary of intraformational conglomerates of depositional origin is commonly sharp and erosional. In contrast, diagenetic conglomerate layers mostly show a gradual transition from the underlying unit, which is indicative of progressive fragmentation upward (Fig. 1). The underlying fractured limestone layer also shows evidence for in situ fragmentation such as jigsaw-fit fabric and the same lithology as the overlying conglomerate layer (Fig, 1). Evidence from the conglomerate beds in the Chosen Supergroup suggests that diagenetic conglomerates are formed by in situ subsurface fragmentation of limestone layers and rounding of the fragments. In situ subsurface fragmentation may be primarily due to compaction, dewatering (upward-moving pore fluids), and dissolution, accompanying volume reduction. This process commonly occurs under the conditions of (1) alternating layers of carbonate-rich and carbonate-poor sediments and (B) early differential cementation of carbonate-rich layers. Differential cementation commonly takes place between alternating beds of carbonate-rich and clay-rich layers, because high carbonate content promotes cementation, whereas clay inhibits cementation. After deposition of alternating beds and differential cementation, with progressive burial, upward-moving pore fluid may raise pore-pressure in the upper part of limestone layers, due to commonly overlying impermeable shale layers (or beds). The high pore-pressure may reinforce propagation of fragmentation and cause upward-expulsion of pore fluid which probably produces edgewise fabric of tabular clasts. The fluidized flow then extends laterally, causing reorientation and further rounding of clasts. This process is analogous to that of autobrecciation, which can be analogously termed autoconglomeration. This is a fragmentation and rounding process whereby earlier semiconsolidated portions of limestone are incorporated into still fluid portions. The rounding may be due mainly to immiscibility and surface tension of lime-mud. The progressive rounding of the fragmented clasts probably results from grain attrition by fluidized flow. A synthetic study of limestone conglomerate beds in the Chosen Supergroup suggests that very small percent of the conglomerate layers are of depositional origin, whereas the rest, more than $80\%$, are of diagenetic origin. The common occurrence of diagenetic conglomerates warrants further study on limestone conglomerates elsewhere in the world.

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An Experimental Study on the Promotion of the Waste-Heat Recovery in the Fluidized Beds used in Reclamation of Foundry Sand (주물사 재생 유동층내 폐열회수 증진에 관한 실험적 연구)

  • Baek, Ko-Kil;Park, Jong-Suen;Lee, Eun-Pyo;Choi, Sung-Ill;Choi, Guk-Gwang;Jeon, Sung-Taek
    • Solar Energy
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    • v.18 no.2
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    • pp.145-152
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    • 1998
  • In this experimental study, for obtaining the data to be used in the increased recover rate of waste heat from the recirculated sand, the furan foundry sand were used as the fluidized particle in the fluidized bed in which the smooth, spiral and finned tubes($Do={\varphi}12.7$) were horizontally installed and used as the heat-transfer tubes. The heat transfer experiments were performed in the conditions of water Reynolds number of inside tubes in the range of 4,000 to 18,000 and particle Reynolds number of outside tube in the range of 0.8 to 7.5. The heat-transfer coefficients(ho) increase as the higher inside temperature of the fluidized bed and the maximum heat-transfer coefficients can be obtained in the range of 3.5 to 5.5 of particle Reynolds number in the all tubes. The maximum Nu numbers of smooth, spiral and finned tubes are figured as about 1:1.5:3 in order even if the ratios show little different as the temperatures of bed.

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Solid Flow Rate and Gas Bypassing with Operating Variables of J-valve in Multistage Annular Type Fluidized Beds (다단 환원형 유동층에서 J-valve의 운전변수에 따른 고체 흐름량 및 기체 우회)

  • Hong, Yoon-Seok;Kang, Gyung-Soo;Park, Joo-Sik;Lee, Dong-Hyun
    • Clean Technology
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    • v.17 no.1
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    • pp.62-68
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    • 2011
  • Hydrodynamic characteristics in multistage annular type fluidized bed (riser: $0.01{\times}0.025{\times}2.8m^3$, J-valve: $0.009{\times}0.015m^2$)were investigated. Glass beads ($d_p=101{\mu}m$, ${\rho}_b=1,590kg/m^3$, $U_{mf}=1.25{\times}10^{-2}m/s$, Geldart classification B) was used as a bed material. Accumulated weight by the electronic balance was measured to determine the solid flow rate in batch-type. In circulation condition, we measured the accumulated weight of particle transported from riser. At the steady state condition, solid circulation rate was calculated from time interval of the heated bed material passing between two thermocouples. Solid flow rate increased with increasing inlet gas velocity ($1.2-2.6U_{mf}$) and the static bed height (z, 0.24-0.68 m) from 2.2 to 23.4 kg/s. However, mean residence time decreased with increasing inlet gas velocity ($1.2-2.6U_{mf}$) and the static bed height (z, 0.24-0.68 m) from 1,438 to 440 s. The solid holdup in the riser was determined by measuring pressure differences according to the riser height. These results showed a similar trend to that of simple exponential decay type except for the top section of the riser. To verify the gas bypassing from top bubbling beds to middle bubbling beds, $CO_2$ gas was injected by tracer gas in constant ratio, and then was measured $CO_2$ concentration in outlet gas by gas chromatography. Gas bypassing occurred below 2.6% which is negligible value.