• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.37-47
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• 1982

To evaluate fetal sex-hormonal status before delivery, testosterone and follicle stimulating normone(FSH) levels were measured in 64 amniotic fluid samples at midgestation by radioimmunoassay method. The mean concentration of testosterone in amniotic fluid of 37 cases carrying male fetus was 90.7 pg/ml and 27 cases carrying female fetus was 62.3 pg/ml. The mean :amniotic fluid FSH concentration of male fetus was 1.15 mIU/ml and of female fetus was 11.98 mIU/ml. The amniotic fluid testoserone and FSH concentrations had statistical difference between male and female fetuses. The ratio of testosterone over FSH in the amniotic fluid was 231.2 in male, 9.8 in female respectively and very significant difference was noticed. The levels of testosterone/FSH greater than 25 were found over 92% of male fetus and lesser than 25 were found over 92% female fetus. Measurement of testosterone and FSH especially testosterone/FSH ratio in amniotic fluid in midgestation may be an adjunct to other method of fetal sex determination.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권12호
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• pp.1711-1715
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• 2003

The experiment was designed on 42 non pregnant Black Bengal goat. Out of which 18 were subjected to a superovulatory treatment comprising of eCG and hCG for embryo transfer study. The remaining 24 goats received no treatment and served as control for parameter studied as well as recipient for embryo transfer studies. Important biochemical constituents such as acid and alkaline phosphatase, total protein and cholesterol and inorganic phosphorus were estimated in the follicular fluid of control and treated group and the values were separately recorded for small medium and large size follicle. The results indicated a significant effect on acid phosphotase activity due to size of follicle. The value increased progressively from small to medium and from medium to large follicles. Alkaline phosphotase activity showed reverse trend. Alkaline phosphotase decreased progressively as size increased. The concentration of inorganic phosphorus did not reveal any significant difference between the control and treatment groups and also between the different size follicles. The concentration of protein decreased significantly from small to medium and from medium to large, although no difference was observed between the control and treatment groups. The concentration of Cholesterol in the follicular fluid indicated a significant increase from small to medium and to large follicle. Here also no difference was observed due to treatment. Similar in the composition of follicular fluid in the respect of above mentioned constituents indicated no of super ovulatory treatment on follicular fluid composition.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.32-40
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• 2005

This paper presents the analytical approaches to predict cutting fluid aerosol formation characteristics in machining process. The prediction model which is based on the rotary atomization theory analyzes aerosol behaviors in terms of size and concentration. Experiments were tarried out to verify the aerosol formation prediction model under various operational conditions. The experimental results which are obtained by Dual-PDA measurement show resonable agreement with prediction results of aerosol concentration. This study can be provided as a basis to estimate and control the hazardous cutting fluid aerosol in machining process in view of environmental consciousness.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.21-41
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• 1982

Viscosity, especially characteristic among various properties of visco-elastic fluids such as high polymer solutions, is affected mainly by temperature and concentration. Hence, it is important for fluid engineering to express, by some equations, how the fluid characteristics vary with the change of temperature and concentration and to analyze them to obtain consistent viscous characteristics. High polymer solutions, synthetic products of modern chemical industry, suggest many interesting investigations because they are typical visco-elastic materials. Experimentation was made to derive some useful fluid characteristic equations of SEPARAN-NP10 (polyacylamide) expressed by n (flow behavior index) and K' (consistency index) when it is given temperature and concentration variation. To measure viscosity, capillary viscometer was adopted and the range of experimentation is 0-2,000 P.P.M. in concentration and 15-55 .deg.C in temperature. The experimental results are summarized as follows: The flow behavior index n 1) has nearly constant results irrespective of temperature variation at same conentration and the results are shown in (Table. 4-4-3) 2) has following equation, regardless of temperature, for the variation of concentration. n=-1.0765*10$^{-4}$ P+0.9915 (P:P.P.M.) The consistency index K' 1) has different results for the variation of temperature at same concentration and the results are given in (Table.4-7-2) 2) has following equation for the variation of concentration at same temperature. log 10$^{4}$K' =6.4785*10$^{-4}$ P-1.0529 (P:P.P.M)

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.99-107
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• 2007

A nanofluid is a mixture of solid nanoparticles and a common base fluid. Nanofluids have shown great potential in improving the heat transfer properties of liquids. However, previous studies on the characteristics of nanofluids did not adequately explain the enhancement of heat transfer. This study examined the distribution of particles in a fluid and compared the mechanism for the enhancement of heat transfer in a nanofluid with that in a general microparticle suspension. A theoretical model was formulated with shear-induced particle migration, viscosity-induced particle migration, particle migration by Brownian motion, as well as the inertial migration of particles. The results of the simulation showed that there was no significant particle migration, with no change in particle concentration in the radial direction. A uniform particle concentration is very important in the heat transfer of a nanofluid. As the particle concentration and effective thermal conductivity at the wall region is lower than that of the bulk fluid, due to particle migration to the center of a microfluid, the addition of microparticles in a fluid does not affect the heat transfer properties of that fluid. However, in a nanofluid, particle migration to the center occurs quite slowly, and the particle migration flux is very small. Therefore, the effective thermal conductivity at the wall region increases with increasing addition of nanoparticles. This may be one reason why a nanofluid shows a good convective heat transfer performance.

• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.147-155
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• 2006

The drag reduction (DR) and heat transfer efficiency reduction (ER) of non-ionic surfactant were investigated as a function of fluid velocity, temperature, and surfactant concentration. An experimental apparatus consisting of two temperature controlled water storage tanks, pumps, test specimen pipe and the piping network, two flow meters, two pressure gauges, a heat exchanger, and data logging system was built. From the experimental results, it was concluded that existing alkyl ammonium surfactant (CTAC Cethyl Trimethyl Ammonium Chloride) had DR of $0.6{\sim}0.8$ at $1,000{\sim}2,000ppm$ concentration with fluid temperature ranging between $50{\sim}60^{\circ}C$. However, the DR was very low when the fluid temperature was $70{\sim}80^{\circ}C$. The new amine oxide and betaine surfactant(SAOB Stearyl Amine Oxide + Betaine) had lower DR at fluid temperatures ranging between $50{\sim}60^{\circ}C$ compared with CTAC. However, with fluid temperature ranging between $70{\sim}80^{\circ}C$ the DR was $0.6{\sim}0.8$ when the concentration level was $1,000{\sim}2,000ppm$.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.615-622
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• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate the odor reduction efficacy of the dip injection wet scrubber (DIWS) using tap water as washing fluid. The $NH_3$ and $H_2S$ removal efficiency of 7 day batch operated DIWS was evaluated twice over a total of 14 days of experiment. The $NH_3$ removal efficiency ranged from 26 to 37%. The $H_2S$ removal efficiency was between 22 and 30%. The pH of the washing fluid maintained below 8 and the $NH_4{^+}$ concentration tended to keep constant around 350 ppm after 5 days of washing-fluid replacement. Therefore, the 5-day washing fluid replacement interval is more preferable than the 7-day interval. The $NH_4{^+}$ concentration and the electrical conductivity (EC) showed a high correlation. The EC measurement can be used as an alternative to conventional $NH_4{^+}$ concentration measurement method for real time monitoring of washing fluid condition.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• 제23권4E호
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• pp.140-145
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• 2004

A laboratory study was carried out to investigate the change of ultrasonic velocity as a function of temperature for fluid mud (i.e., suspension). Pulse transmission technique with ultrasonic wave was used for ultrasonic velocity measurement. The five samples for fluid mud were prepared for concentration range of $30.6{\%}\;(1.24\;g/cm^{3}\;in\;density),\;23.3{\%}\;(1.19\;g/cm^{3}),\;11.5{\%}(1.10\;g/cm^{3}),\;7.8{\%}\;(1.08\;g/cm^{3}),\;and\;3.8{\%}\;(1.05\;g/cm^{3})$ by weight. The ultrasonic velocity in fluid mud was investigated to increase $(approximately\;2.83\;to\;4.95\;m/s/^{\circ}C)$ with increasing temperature, due to the effect of viscosity and compressibility of water with changing temperature. But the increasing rate tends to decrease at temperature higher than $30^{\circ}C,$ caused by the effect of viscosity. The concentration of fluid mud more affect to the ultrasonic velocity at higher temperature range than that at lower temperature. Overall the temperature effect on the ultrasonic velocity in fluid mud was a similar rate as for distilled water and seawater, suggesting fluid mud significantly depends on the behavior of water.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제15권1_2호
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• pp.1-5
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• 1979

Previous studies concerning the usefulness of pleural fluid glucose levels in differentiating causes of pleural effusions have been conflicting. Gelenger and Wiggers (1949), Calnan et al(1951) and Barber et al(1957) concluded that the lower the level of pleural fluid glucose, the more likely was tuberculosis, and that tuberculosis was unlikely if the pleural fluid glucose level was more than 80 mg/100 ml. Light and Ball(1973), however, reported that in the great majority of tuberculous pleural fluids the glucose concentration was high rather than low, concluded that the pleural fluid glucose levels were not useful in the differential diagnosis of pleural effusion. In this study, pleural fluid glucose was determined in 46 pleural effusions from various causes to evaluate the usefulness in the differential diagnosis of pleural effusion. In addition, the protein concentration and the electrophoretic patterns of protein and amylases in pleural fluid was compared with that of serum. And the results were as follows. 1. The mean glucose concentration of pleural fluid was 80.8 mg/100 ml in 22 tuberculous origin, 92.5 mg/100 ml in 12 cancer patient and 70.4 mg/100 ml in 10 undiagnosed cases. In 2 cases of paragonimiasis the pleural fliud glucose levels were low (mean, 32.0 mg/100 ml). The percentage of pleural fluid protein to serum is about 75% in all disease groups and the protein level of tuberculous pleural fluid was significantly correlated with that of serum. 2. The disc eletrophoretic patterns of pleural fluid were almost similar with that of serum in all disease groups but the prealbumin fraction was not observed in pleural fluid. 3. With the isoelectric focusing, 4 to 7 isoamylase was observed in serum and the isoelectric point was ranged from pH 5.8 to 7.8 and isoelectic point of main fracticn is pH 7.2. The isoelectic focusing patterns of amylase of pleural fluid were identical to that of serum in all disease group. With the above results it is concluded that the pleural fluid is exudate of serum and that the glucose levels of pleural fluid are not useful in the differential diagnosis of pieural effusions.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2004

This paper presents a prediction model for the aerosol generation of cutting fluid in turning process. Experimental studies have been carried out in order to identify the characteristics of aerosol generation in non-cutting and cutting cases. The indices of aerosol generation was mass concentration comparable to number generation, which is generally used fur environment criterion. Based on the experimental data, empirical model for predicting aerosol mass concentration of cutting fluid could be obtained by a statistical analysis. This relation shows good agreement with experimental data.