• Molecules and Cells
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• v.46 no.11
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• pp.710-724
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• 2023

The plant defense responses to microbial infection are tightly regulated and integrated with the developmental program for optimal resources allocation. Notably, the defense-associated hormone salicylic acid (SA) acts as a promoter of flowering while several plant pathogens actively target the flowering signaling pathway to promote their virulence or dissemination. Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum inject tens of effectors in the host cells that collectively promote bacterial proliferation in plant tissues. Here, we characterized the function of the broadly conserved R. pseudosolanacearum effector RipL, through heterologous expression in Arabidopsis thaliana. RipL-expressing transgenic lines presented a delayed flowering, which correlated with a low expression of flowering regulator genes. Delayed flowering was also observed in Nicotiana benthamiana plants transiently expressing RipL. In parallel, RipL promoted plant susceptibility to virulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae in the effector-expressing lines or when delivered by the type III secretion system. Unexpectedly, SA accumulation and SA-dependent immune signaling were not significantly affected by RipL expression. Rather, the RNA-seq analysis of infected RipL-expressing lines revealed that the overall amplitude of the transcriptional response was dampened, suggesting that RipL could promote plant susceptibility in an SA-independent manner. Further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underpinning RipL effect on flowering and immunity may reveal novel effector functions in host cells.

• Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Korea Conference
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• 1996.07a
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• pp.4-9
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• 1996

The majority of plants sense environmental signals, such as day length or temperature, to select their transition timing from vegetative growth t flowering. Here, we report the identification of a regulatory gene, OsMADS1, that controls the photoperiod sensitivity of flowering time. Constitutive expression of OsMADS1 in a long-day flowering plant, Nicotiana sylvestris, resulted in flowering in both short-day long-day conditions. Similarly, ectopic expression of the gene in a short-day flowering plant, N. tabacum cv. Maryland Mammoth, also induced flowering regardless of the day length. The transition time was dependent on the level of the OsMADS1 transcript in transgenic plants. These suggest that OsMADS1 is a key regulatory factor that determines the transition from shoot apex to floral meristem and that it can be used for controlling flowering time in a variety of plant species.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.113-117
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• 2006

To identity the effect of sowing dates on flowering and maturity of sesame, some agronomic traits including days to flowering and days to maturity were investigated under five different sowing dates. Plant height, days to flowering, days to maturity, days from flowering to maturity and number of capsules per plant were showed significantly different by years, sowing dates and varieties. Interaction between sowing dates and varieties affected to days to flowering, days to maturity, days from flowering to maturity and number of capsules per plant. Plant height, days to flowering and days to maturity decreased significantly as sowing dates were delayed, but number of capsules and seed weight per plant showed highest at the sowing date of May 10. At the regression analysis of shortness degree of growth period by the response of days to flowering and days to maturity under different sowing dates, sesame varieties with earlier flowering habit were much less affected by day length rather than ones with later flowering habit. $R^2$ and gradient value on the days to maturity regression graph were smaller indicating that maturity was much less sensitivity than flowering to the change of day length and temperature in the move of sowing dates. Therefore, it would be concluded that early maturity sesame varieties have higher potential adaptability to various sesame cropping systems in view of their less sensitivity to day length changes under different sowing dates.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.50
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• pp.190-199
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• 2023

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.: Arecaceae) is a dioecious species where only female trees bear fruits. In their natural state, date palms produce dates once a year. However, in Thailand, some trees were observed to produce dates during the off-season, despite no variations in morphology. The availability of such off-season fruits can significantly increase their market value. Interestingly, most female off-season date palms investigated in this study were obtained through micropropagation. Hence, there is an urgent need for genetic markers to distinguish female offseason flowering plantlets within tissue culture systems. In this study, we aimed to develop random amplification of polymorphic DNA-sequence characterized amplified region (RAPD-SCAR) markers for the identification of female off-season flowering date palms cultivated in Thailand. A total of 160 random decamer primers were employed to screen for specific RAPD markers in off-season flowering male and female populations. Out of these, only one primer, OPN-02, generated distinct genomic DNA patterns in female off-season flowering (FOFdp) individuals compared to female seasonal flowering genotypes. Based on the RAPD-specific sequence, specific SCAR primers denoted as FOFdpF and FOFdpR were developed. These SCAR primers amplified a single 517-bp DNA fragment, predominantly found in off-season flowering populations, with an accuracy rate of 60%. These findings underscore the potential of SCAR marker technology for tracking offseason flowering in date palms. Notably, a BLAST analysis revealed a substantial similarity between the SCAR marker sequence and the transcript variant mRNA from Phoenix dactylifera encoding the SET DOMAIN GROUP 40 protein. In Arabidopsis, this protein is involved in the epigenetic regulation of flowering time. The genetic potential of the off-season flowering traits warrants further elucidation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.269-272
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• 1981

To know the characteristics of flowering in rape, flower numbers, flowering speed, flowering period, pod numbers, pod formation period, and oil content were examined by individual plant and by each of branches per plant. The results are; 1) plant had in average 1, 400 to 1, 500 flowers, 2) completion of flowering per plant took 30 days, 3) pod numbers per plant was ranged from 560 to 630, 4) plant had 18 to 20 primary branches, 5) five days were needed for pod formation, 6) no difference in flowering speed by the position of branches, 7) flowering period was shortened by 0.5 days per branch by going to upper part, 8) oil content of seeds was significantly higher on the upper and lower part than on the middle part branches.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1988

This experiment were carried out to study the heritability, genotypic, pheno-typic and environmental correlation in four edible oil crops. Heritabilities of flowering date, maturing date, plant height and weight of 1, 000 grains in rape were high. A highly significant positive correlation was found between flowering date and maturing date, plant hight and ear length, number of pods per ear and flowering date, maturing date and plant hight, The number of seed per pod showed also significant positive correlation with flowering or maturing date as well as with the relationship between weight of 1, 000 grains and plant height or ear length inrapeseed, respectively. Heritabilities of maturing date, length of stem with eapsule and number of seed per capsule were high, in sesame. Genotypic correlation between plant height and length of stem with capsule, length of stem with capsule and number of capsule per plant, number of capsule per plant and weight of 1, 000 grains, weight of 1, 000 grains and yield were highy positive in sesame. Heritabilities of flowering date, length of main stem, weight of 100 grains and number of shells per square meter in peanut were high, There was positive genotypic correlation between length of main stem and yield, number of shells per quare meter and matured seed ratio, number of shells per square meter and yield, 100 grains weight and yield. On the other hand, a significant negative correlation appeared between flowering date and yield. Heritabilities of days to flowering, stem length, stem diameter and weight of 1, 000 grains in perila were high. There was positive genotypic correlation between stem length and stem diameter, number of pods per plant, stem weight etc, between number of internodes and number of pods per plant, stem weight, number of valid branches and number of pods plant as well, respectively. While, a significant negative correlation was observed between number of valid branches and weight of 1, 000 grains, between number of pods per plant and weight of 1, 000 grains.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.323-328
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• 2012

This paper describes the potential use of deep sea water to stimulate seed germination in both common and Tartary buckwheat. Treatment of 10% deep sea water at $25^{\circ}C$ would slightly enhance germination of buckwheat seeds compared to non-DSW treatment and other temperature. In this study, the significant effects of photoperiod and temperature on seedling growth were also found in the HL treatment for the number of leaf, plant height, and plant fresh weight and LL treatment for root length and leaf size. Common buckwheat (Suwon No.1) showed higher rate (93%) of flowering plants in the HS and LL (93% of flowering rates) than those revealed in the HS and LS treatment, while the low percentage(67%) of plant flowering plants was shown in the LS treatment. All plants (100%) of a Korean landrace, Ahndong-jaerae showed flowers in the HS and LS treatment. HL and LL treatment status did not occur in the plant's flowering. Any Tartary buckwheat (KW45) plant did not yet flowered when it was 21 days-old.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.5-10
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• 2011

In case of using rapid vacuum-freeze drying for high quality dry flower of flowering plant, the morphological and physiological characteristics of dry rose showed as the following. The dry ratio of about 82% presented after 1 day in case of using rapid vacuum-freeze drying and it was reached that the optimum storage water content of general dry products was 18%. The dry ratio of about 89% presented after 4 days. This result indicates very short dry time comparing with natural dry time of 12 days. Also, the morphological characteristics of flowering plant in case of vacuum-freeze drying showed similar shape with real flower. The contraction decreased about 9% comparing with real flower under dry time of 72 hours. But the contraction in case of natural dry decreased 36% and showed noticeable difference. The brightness which affects physiological characteristics of dry flowering plant showed lower values according to the dry process and chromaticity was thick. After 4 days, natural dry was thick with about 2 times comparing with vacuum-freeze drying. In case of vacuum-freeze drying, the quantity of anthocyanin and chlorophyl which affect discoloration and bleaching of dry flowering plant showed the clear difference comparing with natural dry method due to the sublimation by vacuum after rapid freeze with short initial time.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.368-372
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• 2008

Recent molecular and genetic studies in rice, a short-day plant, have elucidated both conservation and divergence of photoperiod pathway genes and their regulators. However, the biological roles of rice genes that act within the autonomous pathway are still largely unknown. In order to better understand the function of the autonomous pathway genes in rice, we conducted molecular genetic analyses of OsFVE, a rice gene homologous to Arabidopsis FVE. OsFVE was found to be ubiquitously expressed in vegetative and reproductive organs. Overexpression of OsFVE could rescue the flowering time phenotype of the Arabidopsis fve mutants by up-regulating expression of the SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CO1 (SOC1) and down-regulating FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) expression. These results suggest that there may be a conserved function between OsFVE and FVE in the control of flowering time. However, OsFVE overexpression in the fve mutants did not rescue the flowering time phenotype in in relation to the response to intermittent cold treatment.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.568-573
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• 2001

The effects of foliar spray and soil drench application of triazole chemicals (diniconazole, myclobutanil, difenoconazole, tebuconazole, bitertanol, hexaconazole) on growth and flowering control in zinnia were investigated. For foliar spray application of tebuconazole, diniconazole and bitertanol on 'Dream Land Rose', plant height was decreased but tebuconazole gave the best result for dwarfing. Diameter, fresh and dry weights of flower were markably decreased at high concentration of tebuconazole. However, days to flowering was not affected by chemicals tested. For 'Dream Land Scarlet', plant height was decreased with all chemical treatments. Tebuconazole severely decreased plant height, in particulas. Diniconazole hastened flowering. For soil drench of 'Dream Land Rose', plant height was decreased by diniconazole and mycrobutanil, but diniconazole was more effective for plant height decrease. Flowering was hastened by diniconazole in both 'Dream Land Rose' and 'Dream Land Scarlet'. Plant height of 'Dream Land Scarlet' was decreased by all chemicals tested. Flowering was not occurred at $300mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ myclobutanil with severe suppression of stem growth.