• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.420-428
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• 2015

The majority of cultivated varieties of grape have perfect flowers that are clustered in an individual inflorescence. Grape flower has a single pistil, five stamens, a protective flower cap (calyptra), and a calyx. After fertilization, an individual flower develops into a single berry. Although there are a number of reported studies focusing on berry formation, berry enlargement, and sugar accumulation in grape, the morphological studies of flower, including gametophyte morphogenesis and structural change in floral organs, have not yet been studied in detail. In this study, we investigated the flower structure and development characteristics of grape using microscopy and defined the floral development stages 9 to 13 based on microspore or male gametophyte development stage from tetrad to mature pollen. We used seeded diploid table grapes 'Campbell Early' (Vitis labruscana) and 'Tamnara' (V. spp.) as plant materials. At floral development stage 9, pollen mother cells develop to tetrads. During floral development stages 10 to 11, unicellular microspore develop to mid bicellular pollen. At the end of floral stage 12, male gametophyte develops to mature tricelluar pollen. In floral stage 13, the flower cap falls off and flower bud opens. During floral development stages 9 to 12, there were no major changes in calyx length, whereas the length of the flower cap continuously increased. The flower cap-to-calyx length ratio was 2.0, 3.0, 4.5, and 6.5 at floral stages 9, 10, 11, and 12, respectively. The flower cap-to-calyx length ratio was consistent in the two grape cultivars, suggesting that the ratio is a morphological character representing floral development stage. This study provides a reference for determining floral development stage of the two grape cultivars. It will be useful for the determination of optimum time for microspore culture needed to generate doubled haploid lines and appropriate gibberellic acid treatment needed to induce parthenocarpic fruit development in 'Tamnara' grape.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.78-83
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• 2024

This study was carried out to analyze the effect of changes in the light environment caused by the daylight disturbance on the growth, flowering, and cut flower quality of spray chrysanthemums. The spray chrysanthemum 'Yellow Cap' and 'Pitch PangPang' cultivars for cut flowers were artificially shaded to interfere with 66% of sunlight compared to the non-shading, and then the growing and flowering characteristics, and cut flower yield were investigated accordingly. There was no significant difference in the cut flower yield per unit area between the shading and the non-shading treatments. However, the number of days to flowering was 72.1 days for the 'Yellow Cap' and 65.2 days for the 'Pitch PangPang', which were delayed by 14.1 and 8.9 days, respectively, compared to the non-shading light. In the shading treatment, the flower diameter and the number of flowers also decreased by 10% and 15%, and 30% and 28% for both 'Yellow Cap' and 'Pitch PangPang', respectively. The stem length also decreased by 10% and 20%, the stem diameter by 23% and 37%, and fresh weight by 32% and 33%, respectively. The shading treatment delayed the flowering of chrysanthemums and reduced the growth such as flower diameter, number of flowers, and the length and weight of cut flowers. Based on these results, the daylight disturbance by artificial buildings is expected to reduce the productivity and quality of cut flowers by limiting the light intensity needed for chrysanthemum growth, flower bud differentiation, and flower development. Therefore, further research is needed on the rate of decrease in yield and market value according to the degree of shading to relieve damage to chrysanthemum growers caused by the daylight disturbance.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.204-220
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• 2007

The background of Korean Ethnical Costume was originated from those northern mounted nomadic groups, which was Scythe style Costume Culture. Through the antique records and paintings of tombs bequests hereby describe the forms of Scythian Cotume (1) Headgear : There was Conical Cap(or Pointed Cap), Feathered Cap, and Crown. (2) Clothes : Both Men and Women wore Jacket as upper garment with leftsided collars, narrow sleeves to the length of the hip line. As lower garment, they wore the tight Trousers and Kungo(:窮袴)that was attached with gusset. (3) Belts and Boots : On the upper garment bound the leather Belts that was hanged a hook that was shaped of animal form at the end. Scythian Buckles was divided into six groups, animal-shaped, animal's head shaped, animal fight-shaped, rectangle-shaped, rectangle openwork-shaped, genre scene shaped Buckle. To the Boots, they wore leather boots. (4) Ornaments : Ornaments divided into Dress Trimming(:Gold plaques), Earrings, Necklaces(;Torques), Bracelets, Rings. Scythian Gold Plaques were divided into several types according to the shape, animal style(curved beast shape, profile shape, head reversed over its back shape), round shape, quadrilateral form, star shape, flower shape, crescent shape, bundle shape, human appearance. Earrings consisted of a plain ring and pendant ring was a middle ornament hung from it to a pendants which hung was made of heart shaped leaves of the tree, beads-linked. Scythian Torques were divided into several types according to the shape, Torque with Terminal style, Spiral style, Layers style, Crescent-shaped pectoral style, Crown style. Scythian Bracelet were divided into 4 styles according to the shape, Bracelets with ends shaped like beasts style, Spiral style, Layers style, Crown with openwork style. Rings were rhomb-shaped and animal shaped styleRings (5) Animal motifs used in Scythian ornaments appears that in some cases the work was intended to be purely ornamental, while many times the motifs had symbolic meaning (such as the successful dominance of the aggressor over the victim portrayed in the attack scenes). Magical use of symbols may have been inten-ded to guarantee the power of the aggressor.