• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.2089-2094
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• 2003

The flow around a circular cylinder was controlled by attaching O-rings to reduce drag force acting on the cylinder. Four experimental models were tested in this study; one smooth cylinder of diameter D (D=60mm) and three cylinders fitted with O-rings of diameters d=0.0167D, 0.05D and 0.067D with pitches of PPD=1D, 0.5D and 0.25D. The drag force, mean velocity and turbulent intensity profiles in the near wake behind the cylinders were measured for Reynolds numbers based on the cylinder diameter in the range of $Re_D=7.8{\times}10^3{\sim}1.2{\times}10^5$. At $Re_D=1.2{\times}10^5$, the cylinder fitted with O-rings of d=0.0167D in a pitch interval of 0.25D shows the maximum drag reduction of about 5.4%, compared with the smooth cylinder. The drag reduction effect of O-rings of d=0.067D is not so high. For O-ring circulars, as the Reynolds number increases, the peak location of turbulence intensity shifts downstream and the peak magnitude is decreased. Flow field around the cylinders was visualized using a smoke-wire technique to see the flow structure qualitatively. The size of vortices and vortex formation region formed behind the O-ring cylinders are smaller, compared with the smooth cylinder.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제24권7호
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• pp.647-659
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• 2023

Objective: The study was conducted to investigate the effect of correct occlusion of the left atrial appendage (LAA) on intracardiac blood flow and thrombus formation in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) using four-dimensional (4D) flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and three-dimensional (3D)-printed phantoms. Materials and Methods: Three life-sized 3D-printed left atrium (LA) phantoms, including a pre-occlusion (i.e., before the occlusion procedure) model and correctly and incorrectly occluded post-procedural models, were constructed based on cardiac computed tomography images from an 86-year-old male with long-standing persistent AF. A custom-made closed-loop flow circuit was set up, and pulsatile simulated pulmonary venous flow was delivered by a pump. 4D flow MRI was performed using a 3T scanner, and the images were analyzed using MATLAB-based software (R2020b; Mathworks). Flow metrics associated with blood stasis and thrombogenicity, such as the volume of stasis defined by the velocity threshold ($\left|\vec{V}\right|$ < 3 cm/s), surface-and-time-averaged wall shear stress (WSS), and endothelial cell activation potential (ECAP), were analyzed and compared among the three LA phantom models. Results: Different spatial distributions, orientations, and magnitudes of LA flow were directly visualized within the three LA phantoms using 4D flow MRI. The time-averaged volume and its ratio to the corresponding entire volume of LA flow stasis were consistently reduced in the correctly occluded model (70.82 mL and 39.0%, respectively), followed by the incorrectly occluded (73.17 mL and 39.0%, respectively) and pre-occlusion (79.11 mL and 39.7%, respectively) models. The surfaceand-time-averaged WSS and ECAP were also lowest in the correctly occluded model (0.048 Pa and 4.004 Pa^-1, respectively), followed by the incorrectly occluded (0.059 Pa and 4.792 Pa^-1, respectively) and pre-occlusion (0.072 Pa and 5.861 Pa^-1, respectively) models. Conclusion: These findings suggest that a correctly occluded LAA leads to the greatest reduction in LA flow stasis and thrombogenicity, presenting a tentative procedural goal to maximize clinical benefits in patients with AF.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.295-302
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• 2009

The flow in the draft tube cone of Francis turbines operated at partial discharge is a complex hydrodynamic phenomenon where an incoming steady axisymmetric swirling flow evolves into a three-dimensional unsteady flow field with precessing helical vortex (also called vortex rope) and associated pressure fluctuations. The paper addresses the following fundamental question: is it possible to compute the circumferentially averaged flow field induced by the precessing vortex rope by using an axisymmetric turbulent swirling flow model? In other words, instead of averaging the measured or computed 3D velocity and pressure fields we would like to solve directly the circumferentially averaged governing equations. As a result, one could use a 2D axi-symmetric model instead of the full 3D flow simulation, with huge savings in both computing time and resources. In order to answer this question we first compute the axisymmetric turbulent swirling flow using available solvers by introducing a stagnant region model (SRM), essentially enforcing a unidirectional circumferentially averaged meridian flow as suggested by the experimental data. Numerical results obtained with both models are compared against measured axial and circumferential velocity profiles, as well as for the vortex rope location. Although the circumferentially averaged flow field cannot capture the unsteadiness of the 3D flow, it can be reliably used for further stability analysis, as well as for assessing and optimizing various techniques to stabilize the swirling flow. In particular, the methodology presented and validated in this paper is particularly useful in optimizing the blade design in order to reduce the stagnant region extent, thus mitigating the vortex rope and expending the operating range for Francis turbines.

• 한국전산유체공학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.62-66
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• 2006

High-speed flight vehicle have various cavities. The supersonic cavity flow is complicated due to vortices, flow separation, reattachment, shock waves and expansion waves. The general cavity flow phenomena includes the formation and dissipation of vortices, which induce oscillation and noise. The oscillation and noise greatly affect flow control, chemical reaction, and heat transfer processes. The supersonic cavity flow with high Reynolds number is characterized by the pressure oscillation due to turbulent shear layer, cavity geometry, and resonance phenomenon based on external flow conditions. The resonance phenomena can damage the structures around the cavity and negatively affect aerodynamic performance and stability. In the present study, we performed numerical analysis of cavities by applying the unsteady, compressible three dimensional Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes(RANS) equations with the ${\kappa}-{\omega}$ turbulence model. The cavity model used for numerical calculation had a depth(D) of 15mm cavity aspect ratio (L/D) of 3, width to spanwise ratio(W/D) of 1.0 to 5.0. Based on the PSD(Power Spectral Density) and CSD(Cross Spectral Density) analysis of the pressure variation, the dominant frequency was analyzed and compared with the results of Rossiter's Eq.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제22권12호
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• pp.1735-1745
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• 1998

Oil-film surface flow visualizations and three-dimensional flow measurements using a straight five-hole probe have been conducted for a circular impinging jet which is normally oriented to the crossflow in a channel. Throughout the experiments, the ratio of channel height to injection hole diameter, H/D, is fixed to be 1.0, and blowing ratio is varied to be 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0. From the surface flow visualizations for both top wall(target plate) and bottom wall, impinging jet region on the target plate can be clearly identified, and for the small value of H/D = 1.0, presence of the bottom wall changes the near-hole flow structure, significantly. The three-dimensional flow measurements show that in the dawnstream region of the injection hole, there exist a pair of counter-rotating vortices, called "scarf vortices", and the strength of the vortices strongly depends on the blowing ratio. In addition, a new flow model in the flow symmetry plane has been proposed for H/D = 1.0.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제28권8호
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• pp.1185-1194
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• 2004

Virtual images for PIV are produced for the construction of a benchmark test tool of PTV systems, Camera parameters obtained by an actual experiment are used to construct the virtual images, LES(Large Eddy Simulation) data sets of a channel flow are used for generation of the virtual images, Using the virtual images and the camera's parameters. three-dimensional velocity vectors are obtained for a channel flow. The capabilities of a 3D-PTV algorithm are investigated by comparing the results obtained by the virtual images and those by an actual measurement for the channel flow.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제5권2_3_4호
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• pp.379-392
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• 2002

Numerical flow computations around an aeroelastic 3D square cylinder immersed in the turbulent boundary layer are shown. Present computational code can be characterized by three numerical aspects which are 1) the method of artificial compressibility is adopted for the incompressible flow computations, 2) the domain decomposition technique is used to get better grid point distributions, and 3) to achieve the conservation law both in time and space when the flow is computed a with moving and transformed grid, the time derivatives of metrics are evaluated using the time-and-space volume. To provide time-dependant inflow boundary conditions satisfying prescribed time-averaged velocity profiles, a convenient way for generating inflow turbulence is proposed. The square cylinder is modeled as a 4-lumped-mass system and it vibrates with two-degree of freedom of heaving motion. Those blocks which surround the cylinder are deformed according to the cylinder's motion. Vigorous oscillations occur as the vortex shedding frequency approaches cylinder's natural frequencies.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2006년도 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.1661-1665
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• 2006

실제 자연하천은 사행의 외측과 내측에 따라서 하도의 단면형이 변화한다. 일반적으로 만곡부의 외측은 수심이 깊어지고, 내측은 얕게 된다. 사행에 따른 이러한 단면의 횡단적 변화는 베타분포에 의해서 설명될 수 있다. 본 연구의 흐름 모의는 주흐름과 이차류의 양상을 살피는 것을 주목적으로 하여, 3차원 수치모의 되었다. 흐름의 3차원 모의는 범용 프로그램인 FLOW-3D 모형을 이용하여 이루어졌으며, LES 방법을 사용하였다. 베타 분포를 이용한 자연수로의 횡단형에 모르타르, 자갈, 식생 등으로 하상이 피복되어 있는 상태를 가정하여 조고를 대입하고, 유량과 수위가 다른 조건에서 3차원 흐름모의를 실시하고, 그 결과를 이용하여 수로내의 주흐름도, 이차류의 형태 등을 정량적으로 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 수로에서의 주흐름은 만곡부의 정점을 약간 지난 지점에서 가장 만곡부 외측으로 치우치는 특성을 확인할 수 있었다. 이차류의 경우에는 흐름이 만곡부 외측 하상 근처에서 회전하고, 이 부근에서의 유속이 가장 큰 값을 나타냄을 확인할 수 있었다. 이를 통해 하상 및 저수호안의 재료가 만곡부 외측에서 침식되어 만곡부 내측에서 퇴적되는 현상을 이해할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.63-69
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• 2013

Objective: To assess the effect of vitamin D administration on the skin blood flow response to occlusion and heat. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Twenty age matched subjects; 10 who had diabetes and 10 who were controls were administered 4,000 IU of vitamin D3 for 3 weeks at breakfast. The function of the endothelial cells was evaluated in 2 ways; first, the response to 4 minutes of vascular occlusion of the skin was measured with a laser Doppler flow meter. Second, the skin blood flow response to local heat at 42 degrees C for 6 minutes was examined. Results: The results of the experiments showed that the blood flow response to heat was reduced after 3 weeks administration of vitamin D in the subjects with diabetes and in the control subjects (p<0.05). The response to occlusion was not significantly different within each group before and after vitamin D administration, but the group with diabetes had a significantly lower blood flow response to occlusion than did the controls (p<0.05). Conclusions: Acute doses of vitamin D may impair nitric oxide production and reduce blood flow to tissue during stressors in people with diabetes.

• 한국방재안전학회논문집
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2023

기후변화는 외수침수와 연관이 있는 하천제방 안전성에도 영향을 미친다. 제방의 안전성을 높이기 위해 비탈면 보강에 대한 연구가 활발히 수행되어왔다. 특히 최근에는 순환자원을 재활용하여 호안블록을 제작하는 기술 등이 개발되고 있다. 그러나 호안블록의 재료적인 측면의 연구와 더불어 블록 형상에 의해 제외지의 흐름특성에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 것이 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 호안블록의 형상에 따라 호안면의 유속 등 수리학적 특성의 영향을 3차원 수치모의를 통해 수행하였다. 호안 블록 형상은 3가지 형상을 제안하였고, 이상적인 하천 수로에 블록을 설치하여 수치해석을 수행하였다. 3차원 수치해석은 FLOW-3D를 사용하였고, 호안블록의 형상에 따른 최대유속, 호안부의 바닥유속, 최대 전단응력의 변화를 분석하였다. 그 결과, 자연석형 식생블록인 블록 A가 요철의 크기와 규모가 불규칙하여 호안에 연결하여 설치할 경우 호안 블록 B, C보다 호안 설치구간의 유속변화가 가장 큰 것으로 분석되었다. 향후 하천의 지형적 특성을 고려한다면 현장적용성을 고려한 호안블록 설계를 수행할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.