• The KSFM Journal of Fluid Machinery
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• v.5 no.4 s.17
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• pp.54-60
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• 2002

Experimental study was conducted to obtain the air velocity profiles in turbulent pipe flow. The acrylic smooth pipe (${\phi}=80mm$) was used for the test section of the flow loop. It was known that the velocity profiles of turbulent flow were different with Reynolds numbers and the viscous sublayer was usually quite thin. The following conclusions were drawn from the experimental investigations. Maximum velocity of the pipe center and flow-rate are useful for the duct design on the spot. The velocity profiles of high Reynolds number was flatter than those of low Reynolds number. It was known that the exponent, n, for power-law velocity profiles was $6{\sim}9$ depending on Reynolds number ranging from $10^4$ to $10^5$ in the turbulent flow, However, in this experiment study, it was $9{\sim}14$ depending on Reynolds number ranging from 17,000 to 123,727 in the turbulent flow, and $1.7{\sim}3.5$ depending on Reynolds number ranging from 2,442 to 4,564 in the transition region.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.136-142
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• 2015

The shell and tube heat exchanger is an essential part of a power plant for recovering transfer heat between the feed water of a boiler and the wasted heat. The baffles are also an important element inside the heat exchanger. Internal materials influence the flow pattern in the bed. The influence of baffles in the velocity profiles was observed using a three-dimensional PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) around baffles in a horizontal circular tube. The velocity of the particles was measured before the baffle and between them in the test tube. Results show that the velocity vectors near the front baffle flow along the vertical wall, and then concentrate on the upper opening of the front baffle. The velocity profiles circulate in the front and rear baffle. These profiles are related to the Reynolds number (Re) or the flow intensity. Velocity profiles at lower Re number showed complicated mixing to obtain the velocities and concentrate on the lower opening of the rear baffle as front wall. Numerical simulations were performed to investigate the effects of the baffle and obtain the velocity profiles between the two baffles. In this study, a commercial CFD package, Fluent 6.3.21 with the turbulent flow modeling, k-${\epsilon}$ are adopted. The path line and local axial velocities are calculated between two baffles using this program.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.2675-2685
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• 1994

A study has been conducted to provide the experimental information for the velocity and temperature profiles of steam-air mixutre and to investigate their roles on the film condensation with wavy interface. Saturated gas mixture of steam-air was made to flow through the nearly horizontal$(4.1^{\circ})$ square duct of 0.1m width and 1.56m length at atmospheric pressure, and was condensated on the bottom cold plate. The air mass fraction in the gas mixture was changed from zero(W =0, pure steam) to one(W =1, pure air), and the bulk velocity was varied from 2 to 4 m/s. Water film was injected concurrently to investigate the effect of wavy interface on the condensation. The velocity and temperature profiles were measured by LDA system and thermocouples along the three parameters ; air mass fraction, mixture velocity and film flow rate. The profiles moved toward the interface with increasing steam mass fraction, mixture velocity and film flow rate. The Prandtl and Schmidt numbers were near one in the present experimental range, however there was no complete similarity between the velocity and temperature profiles of gas mixture. And the heat transfer characteristics and interfacial structure were coupled with each other.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.1309-1320
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• 2006

The linear instability of reacting shear flow is analyzed with special emphasis on the effects of the heat release and variable transport properties. Both analytic profiles and laminar solutions of the boundary-layer equations are used as base flows. The growth rates of the instabilities are sensitive to the laminar profiles, differing by more than a factor of 2 according to which profile is used. Thus, it is important to base the analysis on accurate laminar profiles. Accounting for variable transport properties also changes the mean profiles considerably, and so including them in the computation of the laminar profiles is equally important. At larger heat release, two modes that are stronger in the outer part of the shear layer have the highest growth rates; they also have shorter wavelengths than the center mode.

• Proceedings of the Korea Association of Crystal Growth Conference
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• 1996.06a
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• pp.179-200
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• 1996

The intrinsic instabilities of fluid flow occurred in the melt of the Czochralski crystal growth system Czochralski method, asymmetric flow patterns and temperature profiles in the melt have been studied by many researchers. The idea that the non-symmetric structure of the growing equipment is responsible for the asymmetric profiles is usually accepted at the first time. However further researches revealed that some intrinsic instabilities not related to the non-symmetric equipment structure in the melt could also appear. Ristorcelli had pointed out that there are many possible causes of instabilities in the melt. The instabilities appears because of the coupling effects of fluid flow and temperature profiles in the melt. Among the instabilities, the B nard type instabilities with no or low crucible rotation rates are analyzed by the visualizing experiments using X-ray radiography and the 3-D numerical simulation in this study. The velocity profiles in the Silicon melt at different crucible rotation rates were measured using X-ray radiography method using tungsten tracers in the melt. The results showed that there exits two types of fluid flow mode. One is axisymmetric flow, the other is asymmetric flow. In the axisymmetric flow, the trajectory of the tracers show torus pattern. However, more exact measurement of the axisymmetrc case shows that this flow field has small non-axisymmetric components of the velocity. When fluid flow is asymmetric, the tracers show random motion from the fixed view point. On the other hand, when the observer rotates to the same velocity of the crucible, the trajectory of the tracer show a rotating motion, the center of the motion is not same the center of the melt. The temperature of a point in the melt were measured using thermocouples with different rotating rates. Measured temperatures oscillated. Such kind of oscillations are also measured by the other researchers. The behavior of temperature oscillations were quite different between at low rotations and at high rotations. Above experimental results means that the fluid flow and temperature profiles in the melt is not symmetric, and then the mode of the asymmetric is changed when rotation rates are changed. To compare with these experimental results, the fluid flow and temperature profiles at no rotation and 8 rpm of crucible rotation rates on the same size of crucible is calculated using a 3-dimensional numerical simulation. A finite different method is adopted for this simulation. 50×30×30 grids are used. The numerical simulation also showed that the velocity and flow profiles are changed when rotation rates change. Futhermore, the flow patterns and temperature profiles of both cases are not axisymmetric even though axisymmetric boundary conditions are used. Several cells appear at no rotation. The cells are formed by the unstable vertical temperature profiles (upper region is colder than lower part) beneath the free surface of the melt. When the temperature profile is combined with density difference (Rayleigh-B nard instability) or surface tension difference (Marangoni-B nard instability) on temperature, cell structures are naturally formed. Both sources of instabilities are coupled to the cell structures in the melt of the Czochralski process. With high rotation rates, the shape of the fluid field is changed to another type of asymmetric profile. Because of the velocity profile, isothermal lines on the plane vertical to the centerline change to elliptic. When the velocity profiles are plotted at the rotating view point, two vortices appear at the both sides of centerline. These vortices seem to be the main reason of the tracer behavior shown in the asymmetric velocity experiment. This profile is quite similar to the profiles created by the baroclinic instability on the rotating annulus. The temperature profiles obtained from the numerical calculations and Fourier transforms of it are quite similar to the results of the experiment. bove esults intend that at least two types of intrinsic instabilities can occur in the melt of Czochralski growing systems. Because the instabilities cause temperature fluctuations in the melt and near the crystal-melt interface, some defects may be generated by them. When the crucible size becomes large, the intensity of the instabilities should increase. Therefore, to produce large single crystals with good quality, the behavior of the intrinsic instabilities in the melt as well as the effects of the instabilities on the defects in the ingot should be studied. As one of the cause of the defects in the large diameter Silicon single crystal grown by the

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.862-870
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• 1998

In this paper an experimental investigation of characteristics of developing transitional unsteady flows in a square-sectional 180。 curved duct are presented. The experimental study using air is carried out to measure axial velocity profiles secondary flow velocity profiles and entrance length by using Laser Do ppler Velocimeter(LDV) system. The flow development is found to depend upon Dean number dimensionless angular frequency velocity amplitude ration and cur-vature ratio. Of special interest is the secondary flow generated by centrifugal effects in the plane of the cross-section of the duct. The secondary flows are strong and complicate at entrance region. The entrance length of transitional pulsating flow is obtained to 120。 of bended angle of duct in this experimental conditions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2008.03a
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• pp.790-798
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• 2008

Counter-rotating axial flow fan(CRF) consists of two counter-rotating rotors without stator blades. CRF shows the complex flow characteristics of the three-dimensional, viscous, and unsteady flow fields. For the understanding of the entire core flow in CRF, it is necessary to investigate the three-dimensional unsteady flow field between the rotors. This information is also essential to improve the aerodynamic characteristics and to reduce the aerodynamic noise level and vibration characteristics of the CRF. In this paper, experimental study on the three-dimensional unsteady flow of the CRF is performed at the design point(operating point). Flow fields in the CRF are measured at the cross-sectional planes of the upstream and downstream of each rotor using the $45^{\circ}$ inclined hot-wire. The phase-locked averaged hot-wire technique utilizes the inclined hot-wire, which rotates successively with 120 degree increments about its own axis. Three-dimensional unsteady flow characteristics such as tip vortex, secondary flow and tip leakage flow in the CRF are shown in the form of the axial, radial and tangential velocity vector plot and velocity contour. The phase-locked averaged velocity profiles of the CRF are analyzed by means of the stationary unsteady measurement technique. At the mean radius of the front rotor inlet and the outlet, the phase-locked averaged velocity profiles show more the periodical flow characteristics than those of the hub region. At the tip region of the CRF, the axial velocity is decreased due to the boundary layer effect of the fan casing and the tip vortex flow. The radial and the tangential velocity profiles show the most unstable and unsteady flow characteristics compared with other position of rotors. But, the phase-locked averaged velocity profiles of the downstream of the rear rotor show the aperiodic flow pattern due to the mixture of the front rotor wake period and the rear rotor rotational period.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.235-242
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• 1993

The flow characteristics of developing turbulent pulsating flows are investigated experimentally in the entrance region of a square duct ($40mm{\times}40mm$ and 4,000mm). Mean velocity profiles, turbulence intensity and entrance length are measured by using a hot-wire anemometer system together with data acquisition and processing systems. It is found that the velocity waveforms are not changed in the fully developed flow region where that $x/Dh{\geq}40$. For turbulent pulsating flow, the turbulent components in the velocity waveforms increase as the dimensionless transverse position approaches the wall. Mean velocity profiles of the turbulent steady flows follow the one-seventh power law profile in the fully developed flow region. Turbulence intensity increases as the dimensionless transverse position increases from the center to the wall of the duct, and is slightly smaller in the accelerating phase than in the decelerating phase for the turbulent pulsating flows. The entrance length of the turbulent pulsating flow is about 40 times as large as the hydraulic diameter under the present experimental conditions.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.569-578
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• 2003

In the present steady the flow characteristics of turbulent steady flows were experimentally investigated in the exit region of join stream. The experimental was carry out to measure the velocity profiles of air in a square duct. For the measurement of velocity profiles, a hot-wire anemometer was used. The experimental results shows that the velocity profiles do not change behind the fully developed flow region , which is defined as dimensionless axial direction x/Dh=50. In addition, the gradient of shear stress distribution became stable as the flow reached progress downstream.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1567-1572
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• 2004

Although accurate measurement of velocity profiles, multiple velocity vectors, and shear stress in arteries is important, there is still no easy method to obtain such information in vivo. This study shows the utility of combining ultrasound contrast imaging with particle image velocimetry (PIV) for non-invasive measurement of velocity vectors. The steady flow analytical solution and optical PIV measurements (for pulsatile flow) were used for comparison. When compared to the analytical solution, both echo PIV and optical PIV resolved the steady velocity profile well. Error in shear rate as measured by echo PIV (8%) was comparable to the error of optical PIV (6.5%). In pulsatile flow, echo PIV velocity profiles agreed well with optical PIV profiles. Echo PIV followed the general profile of pulsatile shear stress across the artery but underestimated wall shear at certain time points. These studies indicate that echo PIV is a promising technique for the non-invasive measurement of velocity profiles and shear stress.