• 비파괴검사학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.295-301
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• 2010

원자력발전소 탄소강 배관의 유체가속부식은 주요 경년열화 현상이며 발전소의 성능 및 안전성을 저해할 수 있다. 유체가속부식 검사는 보온재 제거 및 설치로 상당한 비용이 수반되므로 최근에 보온재 제거가 필요 없고 원거리 검사가 가능한 유도초음파에 대한 관심이 점점 증가되고 있다. 유체가속부식 검출에 유도초음파 적용이 가능하다면 검사 비용 절감이 예상된다. 본 연구의 목적은 유체가속부식 손상 유무를 확인하고 결함 검출능을 결정하기 위함이다. 본 연구에서는, 실제 유체가속부식 손상 시험편의 엘보우 첫 번째 용접부와 두 번째 용접부의 진폭 감쇄비를 측정하기 위하여 3가지 검사 기법을 사용하였다. 연구 결과, 유체가속부식 손상을 검출하기 위한 최적의 검사 기법과 최소 결함 검출능을 도출하였다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회 논문집 반도체재료
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• pp.79-83
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• 2001

In order to compare the barrier properties of Ta-N/Si(001) with those of Ta-N/Ta/Si(001), we studied structural properties of films grown by RF magnetron sputtering with various $Ar/N_2$ ratios. To evaluate the barrier properties, the samples were annealed in a vacuum chamber. Ex-situ x-ray scattering measurements were done using an in-house x-ray system. With increasing nitrogen ratio in Ta-N/Si(001), the barrier property of Ta-N/Si(001) was enhanced, finally failed at $750^{\circ}C$ due to the crystallization and silicide formation. Compared with Ta-N/Si(001), Ta-N/Ta/Si(001) forms silicides at $650^{\circ}C$. However it does not crystallize even at $750^{\circ}C$. With increasing nitrogen composition in Ta-N/Ta/Si(001), the formation of tantalum silicide was reduced and the surface roughness was improved. To observe the surface morphology of Ta-N/Ta/Si(001) during annealing, we performed an in-situ x-ray scattering experiment using synchrotron radiation of the 5C2 at Pohang Light Source(PLS). Addition of Ta layer between Ta-N and Si(001) improved the surface morphology and reduced the surface degradation at high temperatures. In addition, increasing $N_2/Ar$ flow ratio reduced the formation of tantalum silicide and enhanced the barrier properties.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.68-76
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• 2006

실험실 규모의 반연속 흐름 2단 토양컬럼을 이용하여 사염화에틸렌(PCE)에서 에틸렌으로의 혐기성 환원 탈염소화 반응특성을 조사하였다. 국내의 TCE로 오염된 현장에서 토양을 채취하여 컬럼 반응조에 충진하고, lactate(전자공여체 그리고/혹은 탄소원으로서)와 PCE를 함유한 현장 지하수를 컬럼 반응조로 주입하였다. 운전초기 약 50일 경과기간 동안 유입 lactate와 PCE의 질량비는 620:1이었는데, 이때 PCE에서 cis-DCE로의 불완전한 환원성 탈염소화가 관찰되었다. 그러나 유입 lactate와 PCE의 질량비를 5,050:1로 증가시킨 두번째 운전기간동안 PCE에서 ethylene로의 완벽한 탈염소화를 관찰할 수 있었는데, 이는 초기 운전기간 동안의 적절한 전자공여체의 공급의 중요성을 보여 주었다. PCE에서 cis-DCE로의 탈염소화율은 $0.62{\sim}1.94\;{\mu}mol$ PCE/L pore volume/d이었고, cis-DCE에서 ethylene으로의 탈염소화율은 $2.76\;{\mu}mol$ cis-DCE/L pore volume/d으로 나타났다. 전체 시스템에서의 PCE에서 ethylene으로의 전환율은 $1.43\;{\mu}mol$ PCE/L pore volume/d이었다. 본 실험에서 PCE에서 cis-DCE로의 분해단계에서 수소의 농도는 $10{\sim}64\;mM$, 그리고 cis-DCE에서 에틸렌으로의 분해단계에서 수소의 농도는 $22{\sim}29\;mM$이었다. 본 연구에서의 이러한 긍정적인 실험 결과는 본 연구에서 조사된 TCE로 오염된 지하수의 현장 생물학적 복원을 위해 혐기성 환원 탈염소화 공정의 적용 가능성을 보여준다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2005

[ $TiO_2$ ]박막은 DC 마그네트론 스퍼터링법을 이용하여 다양한 스퍼터링 파라미터(전력 $0.6{\sim}5.2\;kw$, 기판온도 실온${\sim}350^{\circ}C$, 산소량 $0{\sim}50\;sccm$($O_2+Ar$ 90 sccm, 압력은 약 1 mtorr))를 통하여 증착되었다. TiO-N박막도 가스의 유량비를 제외하고는 $TiO_2$박막과 같은 스퍼터링 조건하에서 증착되었다. 이러한 스퍼터링 파라미터에서 증착된 박막의 전기적 특성을 분석하기 위하여 시트저항을 측정하였고, 박막의 두께(${\alpha}$-step), 표면 거칠기(AFM), 형성 조직(FE-SEM, XRD)을 분석하여 최적 스퍼터링 파라미터를 도출하였다. 최적 스퍼터링 파라미터에서 제조된($TiO_2$, TiO-N)박막을 이용하여 광활성도를 평가하기 위하여 VOCs물질 중 toluene, 반응성 염료인 Suncion Yellow를 대상 물질로 선정하여 적용성 연구를 수행하였다. 실험에서 광촉매 박막은 적용물질에 대해서 광활성을 양호하게 보였으며, 특히 TiO-N광촉매 박막은 가시광 영역에서도 최대 33%의 톨루엔(5 ppm) 제거 효율을 나타내었다.

• 청정기술
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2022

미활용 저급자원인 석유코크스를 대상으로 고순도의 수소 생산을 위한 수성가스전이반응에 적용가능성을 확인하기 위하여 Cu/ZnO/MgO/Al₂O₃ (CZMA) 촉매를 공침법을 사용하여 제조하였다. 제조된 촉매는 BET, H₂-TPR을 사용하여 분석되었다. 촉매의 반응성 테스트는 고농도의 CO를 포함하는 합성가스로부터 단일 Low Temperature Shift 반응을 거치는 경우와 High Temperature Shift 반응을 거친 후 스팀의 응축 없이 즉시 LTS 반응을 거치는 두 가지의 경우를 비교 및 분석하였다. 두 조건에서 steam/CO 비, 유량 및 유속, 온도에 따른 반응특성을 확인하였다. 전환된 저농도의 CO와 스팀이 응축 없이 LTS로 즉시 주입되는 경우 많은 양의 스팀이 존재함에도 불구하고 대부분의 조건에서 다소 낮은 CO 전환율을 나타냈다. 또한 steam/CO비, 온도 및 유속에 대한 영향이 크게 나타나 최적의 조업조건을 결정하기에 추가적인 분석이 요구되었다. 반면, 고농도의 CO 기체를 포함하는 조건에서는 탄소침적 또는 촉매의 활성 저하가 나타나지 않았으며 대부분의 조건에서 높은 CO 전환율을 나타내었다. 결론적으로 Cu/ZnO/MgO/Al₂O₃ 촉매를 적용하여 고농도의 CO를 포함하는 합성가스 조성에서 적절한 조업조건을 적용시키면 단일 LTS 반응을 적용해도 고농도의 CO를 CO₂로 충분히 전환 가능함을 확인하였다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.59-59
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• 2017

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important crop and its yield must be improved to feed the increasing global population. Recently developed high-yielding varieties with extra-large sink capacity often have a problem in unstable grain-filling. Therefore, understanding limiting factors for improving grain-filling and controlling them are essential for further improvement of rice grain yield. However, since grain-filling rate was determined by complex sink-source balance, the ability of grain-filling was very difficult to evaluate. Source ability for 'grain' was not only determined by the ability of carbon assimilation in leaves, but also that of carbon translocation from leaves to panicles. Sink strength was determined by the complex carbon metabolism from sucrose degradation to starch synthesis. Hence, to evaluate the grain-filling ability and determine its regulatory steps, the whole picture of carbon flow from photosynthesis at leaves to starch synthesis at grains must be revealed in a metabolite level. In this study, the yield and grain growth rate of three high-yielding varieties, which show high sink capacity commonly, were compared. Momiroman showed lower grain filling rate and slower grain growth rate than the other varieties, Hokuriku 193 and Tequing. To clarify the limiting point in the carbon flow of Momiroman, $CO_2$ labeled by stable isotope ($^{13}C$) was fed to three varieties during ripening period. The ratio of $^{13}C$ left in the stem was higher in Momiroman 24 hours after feeding, suggesting inefficient carbon translocation of Momiroman. More interestingly, $^{13}C$ translocation from soluble fraction to insoluble one in the grain seemed to be slower in Momiroman. To get the further insight in a metabolite level, we are now trying the $^{13}C$ labeling metabolome analysis in the developing grains.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.255-260
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• 2008

This study was conducted to analyse the effects of the UFCA for treating polluted water in a reservoir. The UFCA mixes water by circulation of surface and bottom water layers. The circulation supplies oxygen to bottom of the reservoir, resulting in water quality improvement. With a UFCA in use, we surveyed the changes of temperature, pH, transparency, depth, conductivity, DO, COD, BOD, T-N, T-P and Chlorophyll-a for 7 months from Feb. to Aug. in 2004 in our experimental reservoir. There was little difference in the surface and bottom temperatures of the reservoir because of water mixing by the UFCA. However, pH was changed from 7 to 9. The transparency of water was about 80 cm through the all periods. Conductivity was $150\;{\mu}S/cm$ in early Feb., but increased to $270\;{\mu}S/cm$ in early March. Little change was seen in DO with depth, but it was maintained above 6 mg/l in June and July. BOD increased from 2.1 to 12.2 mg/l. The study reservoir did not undergo any eutrophication during the period of our experiment, but the comparison reservoir had an algae-bloom. The COD in the experimental reservoir increased from 5.4 to 14.5 mg/l. The COD concentration of the experimental reservoir was higher than comparison reservoir at the beginning of the study but in August this situation was reversed. SS concentration increased from 13.5 to 23.5 mg/l in Feb., but it fell from between 8.5 to 11.2 mg/l in July. T-N was increased from 1.3 to 4.9 mg/l. It increased up to 3 times in the rainy season as compared to other components. However the comparison reservoir increased up to 40 times higher than the experimental reservoir in the same period. T-P increased from 0.04 to 0.17 mg/l. The ratio of T-N to T-P increased from 20:1 to 40:1 which means that T-P was a growth limiting factor for algae and aquatic plants. Chlorophyll-a increased from 20 to 120 mg/l, and its concentration was correlated with T-P, such that Chlorophyl-a concentration increased with increased of T-P concentration. The concentrations of COD, T-N, T-P and other parameters were higher in the experimental reservoir than in the comparison reservoir but this situation was reversed in July, when the most severe eutophication occurred. The results show that overall the experimental reservoir was greatly remedied by UFCA. The UFCA accelerated the degradation of aquatic organic materials through effective supply of air with up-flow and circulation of water. We conclude that the UFCA can be very effective in aspect of the remediation of water quality incontaminated reservoirs and lakes.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.132-137
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: In this study, the apoptogenic activity and mechanisms of cell death induced by hexane extract of aged black garlic (HEABG) were investigated in human leukemic U937 cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazoliumbromide) assay. Apoptosis was detected using 4,6-diamidino-2-phenyllindile (DAPI) staining, agarose gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry. The protein levels were determined by Western blot analysis. Caspase activity was measured using a colorimetric assay. RESULTS: Exposure to HEABG was found to result in a concentration- and time-dependent growth inhibition by induction of apoptosis, which was associated with an up-regulation of death receptor 4 and Fas legend, and an increase in the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression. Apoptosis-inducing concentrations of HEABG induced the activation of caspase-9, an initiator caspase of the mitochodrial mediated intrinsic pathway, and caspase-3, accompanied by proteolytic degradation of poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase. HEABG also induced apoptosis via a death receptor mediated extrinsic pathway by caspase-8 activation, resulting in the truncation of Bid, and suggesting the existence of cross-talk between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways. However, pre-treatment of U937 cells with the caspase-3 inhibitor, z-DEVD-fmk, significantly blocked the HEABG-induced apoptosis of these cells, and increased the survival rate of HEABG-treated cells, confirming that HEABG-induced apoptosis is mediated through activation of caspase cascade. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the overall results, we suggest that HEABG reduces leukemic cell growth by inducing caspase-dependent apoptosis through both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, implying its potential therapeutic value in the treatment of leukemia.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.93-104
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• 1999

본 연구는 기존의 소멸화장치를 개선하여 에너지절감과 동시에 탈취효과를 극대화시키면서 유기물의 분해능력을 극대화시키는 장치를 개발하기 위하여 실시되었다. 기존의 장치와 비교하여 3차에 걸친 열교환을 통하여 백금촉매탑에서 발생하는 폐열을 회수하여 이용하게 하였으며, 배기가스의 65%정도를 재순환하게 하였다. 또한 장치전체에 대해서는 감압을 유지하게 하여 수분의 증발을 원활하게 하였다. 미생물제재에 의하여 반응을 안정적으로 유지하는 것이 가능했으며, 또한 분해매체제는 기존의 처리용량의 20배용적을 사용했으나, 본장치에서는 15배용적에 있어서도 미생물활성화가 가능하며, 호기성분위기를 효율적을 유지하는 것이 가능했다. 배기가스의 내부순환을 시스템을 사용함에 따라 얻어지는 효과에 대하여 검토한 결과, 내부의 악취물질인 암모니아가스농도를 감소시키는 것이 가능했으며, 탈취탑으로 유입되는 배기가스가 경감됨에 따라 전력비가1/3선으로 절감되는 효과가 확인되었다. 이러한 내순환에 따라 최적공기량은 100kg처리용량에 대하여 $0.44m^3$로, 이 공기량의 변화에 따라 전력비가 비례하여 변화하는 현상이 확인되었다.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.71-77
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• 2016

Purpose : The energy saving in a residential building (apartment) sector is known as one of the effective solution of energy reduction. In South Korea, the government has recently reinforced regulations associated with the energy performance of buildings. However, there is a lack of research on the methods for the energy performance diagnosis that is used to analyze the wall thermal performance of the existing apartments. Because a reliable diagnosis is necessary to save the building energy, this study analyzed wall thermal performance of an existing apartment in Seoul. Method : This paper applied two methods for analysis of the thermal insulation performance; HFM(Heat Flow Meter) method and ASTR(Air-Surface Temperature Ratio) method. The HFM method is suggested by ISO9869-1 code to measure the thermal performance. The ASTR method is proposed by this study for the simplified In-situ measurement and it uses three temperature data (interior wall surface, interior and exterior air) and the overall heat transfer coefficient. This study conducted the experiment of an existing apartment in Seoul using these methods and analyzed the results. Furthermore, the energy simulation tool of the building was used to suggest retrofit of the building based on the results of measurements. Result : The error rate of HFM method and ASTR method was analyzed in about 17 to 20%. As the results of comparison between the initial design values of the wall and the measured values, the 26% degradation of insulation thermal performance was measured. Lastly, the energy simulation tool of the building shows 10.8% energy savings in accordance with the construction of suggested retrofit.