• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.133-138
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• 2004

A lot of cultured flounders died by ascitic disease blooming during the summer season in 2002, southern parts of Korea. This study was conducted to investigate the microbial flora for the ascitic cultivated olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) which were collected in the Koe-je island in the southern of Korea from July 2002 to October 2003. Three Genera (Vibrio, Photobacterium and Edwardsiella), seven species of bacteria (V. harveyi, V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus, V. carcariae, V. metschenikovii, P. damsela and E. tarda) and a fish pathogenic birnavirus (marine birnavirus, MABV) were isolated from the liver, dropsy, spleen and identified by biochemical and molecular biological characterization.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.224-231
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• 2009

Volatile components in Olive Flounder fed diets containing 0, 2,5, 5.0, and 7.5% yuza (Citrus junas Sieb ex Tanaka) for 4 months were investigated. Samples were extracted by solid-phase micro extraction and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Among 89 compounds detected, 82 were positively identified. Volatile compounds of Olive Flounder fed the unsupplemented diet comprised 12 acids, 10 alcohols, eight aldehydes, five aromatic compounds, nine esters, 12 hydrocarbons, four ketones, two monoterpenes, and one miscellaneous compound. Compounds identified in Olive Flounder fed the yuza-supplemented diets consisted of 10 esters, 11 monoterpenes, 13 sesquiterpenes, and two miscellaneous compounds, with the other compounds being the same as in the control. The most abundant class of compounds in flounders fed the yuza-supplemented diet was the monoterpenes, which included limonene, $\beta$-terpinene, $\beta$-trans-ocimene, and $\alpha$-terpinolene. Of the 13 sesquiterpenes identified in flounder fed the yuza-supplemented diet, bicyclogermacrene was the major volatile compound followed by allo-aromadendrene, trans-caryophyllene, and $\delta$-cadinene. Bicyclogermacrene and germacrene D content increased significantly as the yuza supplementation increased.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.406-412
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• 2014

To evaluate the influence of burrowing substrate on the rearing performance and ambicoloration of cultured flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, we compared the daily food intake (DFI), feed efficiency (FE), survival, growth, proportion of pigmented skin on the blind side, and proportion of ambicolored fish. We reared juvenile flounders [total length (TL) $4.46{\pm}0.06cm$, body weight (BW) $0.77{\pm}0.03g$] in dark-green fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) aquariums without (control) or with gravel substrate at a density of 200 fishes/ton for 120 days. While there was no difference in survival rate or growth, the DFI was lower and FE higher in the group raised with substrate than in the control. The proportions of pigmented area on the blind side and ambicolored fish were significantly higher in the control tank. Therefore, the supplement of substrate on the aquarium bottom positively affects the feeding efficiency, and inhibits abnormal pigmentation on the blind side in flounder farming at high density.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.317-323
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• 2009

Waste products were biologically estimated from juvenile flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) on three diet types-raw fish-based moist pellets, moist pellets, and extruded pellets. Total solid and soluble wastes were estimated by determining nutrient digestibility and accumulation in juvenile flounders through growth trials. Total solid wastes produced were 20%-23% of the organic matter supplied. Soluble excretions ranged from 45% to 49%. Soluble nitrogenous excretions ranged from 36.4% to 46.2%. These results indicate that about 30.2%-35.9% of supplied feed is retained in the fishes' bodies while the remainder of feed is excreted into culture systems or the surrounding environment.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.291-294
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• 2006

$Parallux^{TM}$, a solid-phase fluorescence immunoassay(SPFIA) developed for antibiotics residue detection in milk, was applied for analysis of fish muscle. The recommended therapeutic dose of ampicillin(100 mg/kg body weight, withdrawal period 7 days) was orally administered to a group of 25 olive flounders(Paralichthys olivaceus) for consecutive five days. Muscle was sampled after drug treatment 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th day. The concentration of ampicillin in muscle, determined by SPFIA, was compared with that of internal standard(10 ppb as ampicillin). The absorbance ratio of sample to internal standard(Bs/Bo) was employed as an index to determine the muscle residue in olive flounder. To investigate the recovery rate, the standard solutions were added to muscle samples to give final concentrations in muscle of 10 and 50 ng/ml. The recovery rates of all spiked samples were > 89% of the spiked value. Ampicillin was detected in muscle of fishes treated until the 3rd day of withdrawal period. The present study showed that the SPFIA can be easily adopted in predicting tissue residues for ampicillin in farmed fishes.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.219-224
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• 2002

This study was carried out to examine the effects of bis (tribytyltin)oxide (TBT), endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs). on the changes of survival, growth and oxygen consumption rate in the oliver flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Oliver Flounders were exposed to sublethal concentration of TBT (0, 1.67, 3.20, 6.30 and 12.50 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L) during 6 weeks. Survival rate was decreased in a concentration and exposure period-dependent way and suddenly the reduction of more than 20% occurred at TBT concentration greater than 3.20 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L. after exposure 6 weeks. Growth rate and feed efficiency significantly decreased at concentration greater than 3.20 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L. Oxygen consumption rate was also decreased in a concentration-dependent way and significantly decreased to 17,48 and 67％ than that of the control at the TBT concentration of 3.20, 6.32 and 12.50 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L, respectively. This study revealed that high TBT concentration ($\geq$3.20 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L) reduced growth and oxygen consumption rates of the juvenile oliver flounder suggesting potential influence on the natural mortality of Paralichthys olivaceus in the coastal areas.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 2002

This study was examined the microbiological adequacy of fish feed treated with high-dose irradiation (5 kGy). 125 flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) were grouped into 5 and then the fishes were fed the following feeds for 28 days: (1)standard feed; (2)standard feed, inoculated with Edwardsiella tarda ($1{\times}10^8-1{\times}10^9CFU/g$ of feed); (3)standard feed, inoculated with Vibrio anguilarum ($1{\times}10^8-1{\times}10^9CFIT/g$ of feed); (4)standard feed, inoculated with Streptococcus faecalis ($1{\times}10^8-1{\times}10^9CFU/g$ of feed); (5)standard feed, inoculated with Edwardsiella tarda, Vibrio anguillarum and Streptococcus faecalis, and then irradiated the mixed feed to 5 kGy. The flounders feed the mixed diet with Edwardsiella tarda, Wbrio anguillarum or Streptococcus faecalis inoculated feed were showed severe cumulative mortalities of 60, 48 and 52% respectively. The gross and histological changes were observed on the fishes. However, fishs fed with the feed of bacteria inoculation before irradiation demonstrated excellent protection against the bacteria-related disease. The results from experiments with bacteria inoculated feed indicated that the irradiation methods employed were capable of preventing contamination of the fishs with pathogenic bacteria.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.107-115
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• 2014

Cardiovascular system is the primary organ to develop and reach a functional state, which underscores the essential role of the vasculature in the developing embryo. The vasculature is a highly specialized organ that functions in a number of key physiological works including the carrying of oxygen and nutrients to tissues. It is closely involved in the formation of heart, and hence it is essential for survival during the hatching period. The expression of genes involved during vascular development in the olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in the days after hatching is not fully understood. Therefore, we examined the expression patterns of genes activated during the development of flounder. Microscopic observations showed that formation of blood vessels is related to the expression of the vimentin gene. Also, the temporal expression patterns of this vimentin-like gene in the developmental stages and in the normal tissues of olive flounder. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression patterns of vimentin in normal tissues of the olive flounder and during the development of the vascular system in newly hatched olive flounders and HIF-1 plays a vital role in the formation of blood vessels during development. Vimentin expression was strong at the beginning of the development of blood vessels, and was present throughout all developmental stages. Our findings have important implications with respect to the roles of vimentin and HIF-1 in the development and evolution of the first blood vessels in olive flounder. Further studies are required to elucidate the vimentin-mediated hypoxic response signal transduction and to decipher the functional role of vimentin in developmental stages.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.59-64
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• 2013

This study aimed to develop an algorithm to determine the optimal injection position in olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus when a vaccine is injected into the fish by using a vision-based automatic equipment measruing the total length (TL), width and weight of the fish. Over a 5-month period, 500 olive flounders were examined to analyze the relation of the fish size and to the shape and location of its abdomen, using radiography, a ruler plate and scale. There were significant correlations between the TL and the shape and location of the abdomen. The abdomen was located 0.232TL - 2.7221 mm ($R^2$=0.8787) from the end of the mouth of the fish. The height and width of the abdomen in the fish were 0.1292TL + 1.8768 mm ($R^2$=0.7935) and 0.183TL-5.9791 mm ($R^2$=0.8641), respectively. The injection point in the abdominal region avoiding organs was determined by calculating the center of gravity of the abdomen volume. This can be expressed as g (0.2759TL - 2.0965, 0.1295TL - 4.2325) on the basis of TL line coordinates. The injection point by the expressed coordinates had errors for the x and y axes as 12.15 mm and 8.28 mm, respectively. These were enough to use the algorithm to injection for the equipment. This automated method to determine the position of any part in the fish can also be used for other purposes, for example, intramuscular injection or auto-tagging of fish.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.171-177
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• 2004

This study was performed to investigate the effects of prolonged immersion vaccination in a dilute vaccine on the farmed olive flounder, Pararlichthys olivaceus. Juvenile olive flounders were immersed in the several diluted ($10^0$, $10^{-1}$, $10^{-2}$ and $10^{-3}$) commercial edwardsiellosis bacterins (5㎎/ℓ) for 2min (short immersion, SI) and 24 h (prolonged immersion, PI). After immunization, fish were analyzed to investigate on non-specific (serum lysozyme and bactericidal activity), specific immune responses (antibody agglutinin titer) and resistances against Edwardsiella tarda infection. The PI of the commercial vaccine diluted with $10^{-1}$ and $10^{-2}$ showed better results over the untreated control in terms of serum lysozyme, bactericidal activities and resistance against E. tarda infection. These results suggest that the prolonged treatments of the diluted vaccine might be a new approach improving the vaccination potential.