• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.323-334
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• 2003

For performance-based design using nonlinear static analysis, it is required to predict the inelastic behavior of structural members accurately. In the present study, a nonlinear numerical analysis was peformed to develop the method describing the moment-curvature relationship of structural wall with boundary confinement. Through the numerical analysis, variations of behavioral characteristics and failure mechanism with the arrangement of vertical reinforcement and the length of boundary confinement were studied. According to the analysis, the maximum moment-carrying capacity of structural walls with adequately confined boundary elements is developed at the moment the unconfined concrete reaches the ultimate compressive strain. Walls with flexural re-bars concentrated on the boundaries fails in a brittle manner. As vortical re-bars in the web increases, the brittle failure is prevented and a ductile failure occurs. Based on the findings, moment-curvature curves for walls with a variety of re-bar arrangement were developed. According to the proposed relationships, deformability of the structural walls wth boundary confinement increases as the compressive strength of the confined concrete increases compared to the applied compressive force.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.4 no.5
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• pp.451-470
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• 2013

It generally accepted that most building structures shall exhibit a nonlinear response when subjected to medium-high intensity earthquakes. It is currently known, however, that this phenomenon is not properly modelled in the majority of cases, especially at the design stage, where only simple linear methods have effectively been used. Recently, as a result of the exponential progress of computational tools, nonlinear modelling and analysis have gradually been brought to a more promising level. A wide range of modelling alternatives developed over the years is hence at the designer's disposal for the seismic design and assessment of engineering structures. The objective of the study presented herein is to test some of these models in an existing structure, and observe their performance in nonlinear static and dynamic analyses. This evaluation is done by the use of two of a known range of advanced computer programs: SAP2000 and SeismoStruct. The different models will focus on the element flexural mechanism with both lumped and distributed plasticity element models. In order to appraise the reliability and feasibility of each alternative, the programs capabilities and the amount of labour and time required for modelling and performing the analyses are also discussed. The results obtained show the difficulties that may be met, not only in performing nonlinear analyses, but also on their dependency on both the chosen nonlinear structural models and the adopted computer programs. It is then suggested that these procedures should only be used by experienced designers, provided that they are aware of these difficulties and with a critical stance towards the result of the analyses.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1999.11d
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• pp.894-896
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• 1999

The $\beta$-SiC+$ZrB_2$ ceramic composites were pressureless-sintered and annealed by adding 4, 8, 12wt% $Al_{2}O_{3}+Y_{2}O_{3}$(6 : 4wt%) powder as a liquid forming additives at $1800^{\circ}C$ for 4h. The relative density is over 79.3% of the theoretical density and phase analysis of the composites by XRD revealed of $\alpha$-SiC(6H, 4H), $ZrB_2$, $Al_{5}Y_{2}O_{12}$ and $\beta$-SiC(15R). Flexural strength showed the highest of 301.33MPa for composites added with 8wt% $Al_{2}O_{3}+Y_{2}O_{3}$ additives at room temperature. Owing to crack deflection and crack bridging of fracture toughness mechanism, the fracture toughness showed the highest of $3.6979MPa{\cdot}m^{1/2}$ for composites added with 8wt% $Al_{2}O_{3}+Y_{2}O_{3}$ additives at room temperature. The electrical resistivity was measured by the Pauw method from $25^{\circ}C$ to $700^{\circ}C$. The electrical resistivity of the composites showed the PTCR(Positive Temperature Coefficient Resistivity).

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.611-617
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• 2009

This paper reports an experimental study on the damage mechanism and resistance of Type I portland cement mortar and paste samples exposed to 5% sodium sulfate solution with different solution temperatures; namely, $4^{\circ}C$, $10^{\circ}C$ and $20^{\circ}C$. The resistance of mortar samples was evaluated using expansion, compressive strength and flexural strength measurements. Some microstructural observations such as x-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy were also introduced to elucidate reactants formed by sulfate attack, especially in a low temperature condition. From the results, it was found that the degree of damage in the mortar samples was significantly associated with the temperature of sulfate solution. Low temperature of the sulfate solution led to the formation of thaumasite in mortar and paste samples, and subsequently a poor resistance to sulfate attack. Thus, it is noted that when concrete structures are exposed to sulfate media in the condition of a cold region or whether, special care should be taken.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.107-113
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• 2004

A new innovative prestressed support (IPS) earth retention system has been developed and introduced. The IPS is a wale system prestressed by steel wires. The IPS consists of wale, wires, and H-beam support. The IPS provides a high flexural stiffness to resist the bending by earth pressures. The IPS earth retention system provides a larger spacing of support, economical benefit, construction easiness, good performance, and safety control. This paper explains basic principles and mechanism of new IPS system and presents a design method of IPS earth retention system. In order to investigate applicability and safety of new IPS system, field tests were performed in a trench excavation. The new IPS system applied in a trench excavation was performed successfully. The measured performances of IPS system were presented and discussed.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.92-97
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• 2000

The mechanical and electrical properties of the hot-pressed and annealed $\beta$-SiC+39vol. %ZrB2 electroconductive ceramic composites were investigated by adding 1, 2, 3wt% Al2O3+Y2O3(6:4wt%) of the liquid forming additives. In this microstructures, no reactions were observed between $\beta-SiC$ and ZrB2. The relative density is over 90.8% of the theoretical density and the porosity decreased with increasing Al2O3+Y2O3 contents. Phase analysis of the composites by XRD revealed $\alpha-SiC(6H, 4H)$, ZrB2 and $\beta-SiC$(15R). Flexural srength showed the highest of 315.5MPa for composites added with 3wt% Al2O3+Y2O3 additives as room temperature. Owing to crack deflection and crack bridging of fracture toughness mechanism, the fracture toughness showed 5.5MPa.m1/2 and 5.3MPa.m1/2 for composites added with 2wt% and 3wt% Al2O3+Y2O3 additives respectively at room temperature. The area fraction of the elongated SiC grain in the etched surface of sample showed 65% and 65.1% for composite added with 2wt% and 3wt% Al2O3+Y2O3 additives respectively. The electrical resistivity at room temperature. The electrical resistivity of the composites wall all positive temperature coefficient(PTCR) against temperature up to $700^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.221-227
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• 2001

Both strength and stiffness of RC structures strengthened by a steel plate greatly increase and however, their ductility might not be sufficient because premature failures usually occur at the adhesive-concrete interface. In this study, Mohr-Coulomb criterion was adopted to examine the bonding failure mechanism, and the diagonal shear bonding test, the direct shear bonding test, and the flexural test on RC beams strengthened by a steel plate were carried out to measure the bonding properties. It is found from the experimental and numerical results that the cohesive strengths of epoxy-concrete interfaces are ranging from 50 kgf/㎠ to 70 kgf/㎠ when the friction angle is 45°. Bonding failure loads can be predicted by applying the bonding properties to the structural analysis of RC beams strengthened by steel plate. By considering them in the design of strengthened beams, the premature failure would be effectively prevented.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2000.07c
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• pp.1545-1547
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• 2000

The mechanical and electrical properties of the hot-pressed and annealed $\beta$-Sic-$TiB_2$ electroconductive ceramic composites were investigated as function of the liquid forming additives of $Al_{2}O_{3}+Y_{2}O_3$. Phase analysis of composites by XRD revealed $\alpha$-SiC(6H), $TiB_2$, and YAG($Al_{5}Y_{3}O_{12}$). The relative density and the mechanical properties of composites were increased with increasing $Al_{2}O_{3}+Y_{2}O_3$ contents because YAG of reaction between $Al_{2}O_3$ and $Y_{2}O_3$ was increased. The Flexural strength showed the highest value of 432.5MPa for composites added with l2wt% $Al_{2}O_{3}+Y_{2}O_3$ additives at room temperature. Owing to crack deflection, crack bridging, phase transition and YAG of fracture toughness mechanism. the fracture toughness showed 7.1MPa${\cdot}m^{1/2}$. For composites added with l2wt% $Al_{2}O_{3}+Y_{2}O_3$ additives at room temperature The electrical resistivity and the resistance temperature coefficient respectively showed the lowest of 6.0${\sim}10^{-4}{\Omega}{\cdot}$ cm and 3.1${\times}10^{-3}/^{\circ}C$ for composite added with l2wt% $Al_{2}O_{3}+Y_{2}O_3$ additives at room temperature. The electrical resistivity of the composites was all positive temperature coefficient resistance(PTCR) in the temperature range of 25$^{\circ}C$ to 700$^{\circ}C$.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2000.07c
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• pp.1474-1476
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• 2000

The mechanical and electrical properties of the hot-pressed and annealed $\beta$-Sic-$ZrB_2$ electroconductive ceramic composites were investigated as function of the liquid forming additives of $Al_{2}O_{3}+Y_{2}O_{3}$. Phase analysis of composites by XRD revealed $\alpha$-SiC(6H), $ZrB_2$, and YAG($Al_{5}Y_{3}O_{12}$). The relative density of composites were increased with increasing $Al_{2}O_{3}+Y_{2}O_{3}$ contents. The flexural strength showed the highest value of 390.6MPa for composites added with 20wt% $Al_{2}O_{3}+Y_{2}O_{3}$ additives at room temperature. Owing to crack deflection, crack bridging. phase transition and YAG of fracture toughness mechanism. the fracture toughness showed the highest value of 6.3MPa${\cdot}m^{1/2}$ for composites added with 24wt% $Al_{2}O_{3}+Y_{2}O_{3}$ additives at room temperature. The electrical resistivity of the composites was all positive temperature coefficient resistance (PTCR) in the temperature range of 25$^{\circ}C$ to 900$^{\circ}C$.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.357-380
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• 2015

In this study, a simple indeterminate strut-tie model which reflects complicated characteristics of the ultimate structural behavior of continuous reinforced concrete deep beams was proposed. In addition, the load distribution ratio, defined as the fraction of applied load transferred by a vertical tie of truss load transfer mechanism, was proposed to help structural designers perform the analysis and design of continuous reinforced concrete deep beams by using the strut-tie model approaches of current design codes. In the determination of the load distribution ratio, a concept of balanced shear reinforcement ratio requiring a simultaneous failure of inclined concrete strut and vertical steel tie was introduced to ensure the ductile shear failure of reinforced concrete deep beams, and the primary design variables including the shear span-to-effective depth ratio, flexural reinforcement ratio, and compressive strength of concrete were reflected upon. To verify the appropriateness of the present study, the ultimate strength of 58 continuous reinforced concrete deep beams tested to shear failure was evaluated by the ACI 318M-11's strut-tie model approach associated with the presented indeterminate strut-tie model and load distribution ratio. The ultimate strength of the continuous deep beams was also estimated by the experimental shear equations, conventional design codes that were based on experimental and theoretical shear strength models, and current strut-tie model design codes. The validity of the proposed strut-tie model and load distribution ratio was examined through the comparison of the strength analysis results classified according to the primary design variables. The present study associated with the indeterminate strut-tie model and load distribution ratio evaluated the ultimate strength of the continuous deep beams fairly well compared with those by other approaches. In addition, the present approach reflected the effects of the primary design variables on the ultimate strength of the continuous deep beams consistently and reasonably. The present study may provide an opportunity to help structural designers conduct the rational and practical strut-tie model design of continuous deep beams.