• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.284-293
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• 2009

This study investigated chemical composition and antioxidant activity in the aerial parts or roots of Korean and Chinese Cirsium. Water was abundant in their roots than their aerial parts, and its content was similar between Korean Cirsium and Chinese one. Ash was abundant in the aerial parts of Korean one. Protein was abundant in the aerial parts of Korean one and the roots of Chinese one. Lipid content was abundant in the roots of Chinese one. Carbohydrate was abundant in the roots of Korean one while K content was abundant in the roots of Chinese one. Ca and Mg contents were abundant in the aerial parts of Korean one. P and Fe contents were abundant in the aerial parts of Korean one. Cu content was abundant in the aerial parts of Korean and Chinese ones. Vitamin A and vitamin C were not detected, but vitamin E and $\beta$-carotene were contained 5.35 IU/100 g, 1113.18 ${\mu}g$/100 g in the aerial parts of Korean one. Yield, total phenolics and total flavonoid contents were abundant in the roots of Korean one. Silymarin, cynarin, and narirutin were not detected in Korean and Chinese ones, but apigenin was identified in the aerial parts of Korean one. Acacetin was identified in the roots of Chinese one. Antioxidant activity was low in Korean and Chinese ones. These results suggest that nutrition composition, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and apigenin content in the aerial parts of Korean Cirsium was superior than those in the roots of Korean and Chinese Cirsium.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.153-160
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• 2013

The peel from seven types of citrus was extracted with 80% methanol, and their phenolic compound content, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), inhibitory activities of nitric oxide (NO), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced by LPS and t-BHP in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells were measured. Total phenolic content was high in Yungkyool, Cheonhyehyang, and Jinkyool (30.6, 30.2, and 28.2 mg GAE/g, respectively), while total flavonoid content was high in Yungkyool and Jinkyool (30.3 and 25.5 mg RE/g, respectively). ORAC was the highest at 1,076 mM TE/g in Yungkyool, followed by Cheonhyehyang (1,012), Jinkyool (984), and Hallabong (914). High inhibitory activity against NO production was shown in Cheonhyehyang, Yungkyool, and Jinkyool with $IC_{50}$ values of 215.3, 259.2, and 328.9 ${\mu}g/mL$, respectively. LPS-induced ROS production was inhibited by 16.4% and 12.8% in Hallabong and Jinkyool, while t-BHP-induced ROS production was inhibited by 28.7%, 26.1%, and 26.6% in Jinkyool, Hallabong, and Cheonhyehyang, respectively. Correlation coefficients between total phenolic, total flavonoid content, and ORAC were 0.884 and 0.855. Inhibitory activity against NO production showed higher correlation with total phenolic content than total flavonoid content. It was concluded that citrus peels had potent antioxidant activities and could be used as natural antioxidants in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.339-347
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• 2019

Background: Adlay (Coix lacryma-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf.) is an important medicinal and cereal crop that contains high levels of protein, fatty acids and crude fiber, as well as calcium, phosphorus, zinc, minerals, and essential amino acids. Despite its economic significance, little is known about biological activity in adlay sprouts. This study investigated the total free sugar, polyphenol and flavonoid content, and antioxidative activity in adlay sprouts at different growth stages. Methods and Results: The total free sugar and coixol content of germinated adlay sprouts were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The total phenolic content was measured by the Folin and Denis, and flavonoid content by the Davis method. Antioxidative activity was tested by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl method. All measured component, including total phenolic and coixol content ($2.71{\pm}0.02mg/g$ and $59.70{\pm}0.01mg/g$), and antioxidant capacity ($IC_{50}$; $453.93{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) were highest in 3 day old adlay sprouts. In contrast, total free sugar and flavonoid content (3.02% and $0.60{\pm}0.02mg/g$) were highest in sprouts at 5 days after sowing. In addition, there was a strong positive correlation between antioxidative activity and total polyphenol content (r = 0.902, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Adlay sprouts between 3 days and 5 days following germination contain high levels of functional components and free sugar. This study therefore suggests that adlay sprouts can be developed as a valuable health-promoting food and a good source of natural antioxidants.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2023

This study measured the antioxidant activity and phytochemical content of 192 Boehmeria nivea var. tenacissima (Gaudich.) Miq. collected from six regions in order to identify the possibility of its industrial application. Two antioxidant activity assay (DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS radical scavenging activity) and two phytochemical content assay (total polyphenol content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC)) of 192 samples were analyzed. The results showed that the DPPH radical scavenging activity of 192 samples was ranged from 0.02 to 1.35 mgAAE/g, and among them, the samples collected from Goheung (0.53 ± 0.37) and Ulleungdo (0.52 ± 0.28) showed the highest activity. The ABTS radical scavenging activity was showed the ranged from 0.07 to 1.81 mgAAE/g, and the samples collected at Ulleungdo (0.47 ± 0.36) showed the highest activity. The total polyphenol content of 192 samples was 18.6 to 234.8 ugGAE/g, and the samples collected at Mokpo (93.4 ± 34.7) and Jindo (90.4 ± 24.5) showed the highest content. The total flavonoid content was 0.10 to 1.22 mgQE/g and the samples collected at Ulleungdo (0.49 ± 0.31) showed the highest content. In the correlation analysis, there was no significant relationship between the environmental conditions and the antioxidant activity. The total polyphenol content showed a positive correlation with daily temperature difference, and negative correlation with average wind speed and average humidity, and total flavonoid content showed negative correlations with the average temperature, maximum temperature, and minimum temperature. This result can be used as a basic data establish the cultivation conditions of B. nivea var. tenacissima (Gaudich.) Miq. as a functional raw material to increase the usefulness of B. nivea var. tenacissima (Gaudich.) Miq..

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.129-137
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• 2020

This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of the Ultrasonication-Assisted (UA) extraction on the functionality of the herbaceous biennial plant maca (Lepidium meyenii). The specific objectives include comparison of the antioxidant activities among various maca extracts, determination of the macamide B content of the extracts, and in vitro evaluation of maca on cell viability and creatine kinase (CK) activity. The antioxidant activities of the water, ethanol, and UA extracts were compared by determining the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities, and the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) of the extracts. The macamide B content of maca extracts were analyzed by HPLC. The effects of the extracts on muscle cell viability and creatine kinase activity were also determined using C2C12 myoblasts. UA extraction significantly increased the total phenolic content (2.90 GAE ㎍/mg, p < 0.05), without affecting the flavonoid content. DPPH radical scavenging activity did not exhibit any statistical difference among the extracts. The ethanol and UA extracts exhibited significantly higher FRAP than the water extract (p < 0.05). The macamide B content of ethanol and UA extracts were 0.087 and 0.083 ㎍/mg, respectively. The water and UA extracts exhibited higher C2C12 muscle cell viability than the ethanol extract, and both extracts resulted in a significantly lower CK level than the H₂O₂-treated control group. This research suggests that the maca extract can protect muscle cells and serve as an antifatigue agent under oxidative stress conditions.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.330-338
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• 2019

Background: This study was conducted to compare the physicochemical properties of 12 different cultivars of Rehmannia glutinosa, a plant used in Korean traditional herbal medicine. Method and Results: We investigated the following 12 cultivars of R. glutinosa; Jihwang1, Goryeo, Daegyung, Gogang, Togang, Dagang, Wongang, Yeongang, Hwanggang, Dahwang, Segang and Chunggang. We measured water content, chromaticity, hardness, active components levels, and antioxidant activity. Our results showed that Togang has the lowest water content and the highest yield. The catalpol content was the highest in Togang (40.50 mg/g) and the lowest in Chunggang (22.17 mg/g). The aucubin content was the highest in Hwanggang (0.28 mg/g). Chunggang had the lowest aucubin content, but the highest level of verbascoside. Total flavonoid and total polyphenol were the highest in Daegyung and Chunggang, respectively. There was a strong correlation between the total flavonoid and total polyphenol (r = 0.89) content. Conclusions: There were significant differences in physicochemical properties among 12 cultivars. These properties will affect suitability for processing and final product quality. We therefore suggest the selection of appropriate cultivars for different uses.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.125-131
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• 2013

This study was carried out to evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of Pimpinella brachycarpa Nakai with treatments methods. Pimpinella brachycarpa Nakai was prepared with washing, blanching, and steaming. Pimpinella brachycarpa Nakai samples were analysed proximate compositions, ${\beta}$-carotene, folic acid, minerals, polyphenol and flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity. Crude protein, lipid, ash and fiber content of raw Pimpinella brachycarpa Nakai were 24.43, 9.02, 17.74, and 33.50%, respectively. pH ranged from 6.49 in blanched Pimpinella brachycarpa Nakai to 5.99 in steamed Pimpinella brachycarpa Nakai. The Hunter L value was decreased with heat treatment and a- value showed that the green color was higher in steamed Pimpinella brachycarpa Nakai. ${\beta}$-Carotene content was increased to 18% in washed Pimpinella brachycarpa Nakai, 54% in blanched Pimpinella brachycarpa Nakai, and 10% in steamed Pimpinella brachycarpa Nakai. Folic acid content of washed, raw, steamed, and blanched Pimpinella brachycarpa Nakai were 848.87, 772.16, 271.54, and 260.74 mg/100 g, respectively. Major minerals were K, Ca, Na, and Mg, and K content had the highest value of 93.13~244.38 mg/100 g with treatment. Total polyphenol and flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity were higher in the order of blanched, steamed, washed, and raw Pimpinella brachycarpa Nakai.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.333-340
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• 2021

In this study, Rosa multiflora was sampled through extraction, concentration, and freezing. The antioxidant efficacy of a mixture of R. multiflora extract and ascorbic acid was compared with a single ascorbic acid. The purpose of this study was to analyze the antioxidant efficacy through the synergistic effect of R. multiflora extract and ascorbic acid. The experiment measured electron donating ability, ABTS+ radical scavenging, SOD-like activity, xanthine oxidase inhibition activity, reducing power, FRAP, polyphenolic content measurement, and flavnoid content measurement. As a result, the complex showed higher antioxidant activity than the control group (ascorbic acid) in the electron donating ability test and the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity test. In the case of the flavonoid content experiment, it was confirmed that RMW+A (272.1 mg QE/g), RME+A (90.6 mg QE/g), and RMW+A (79.4 mg QE/g) at a concentration of 100 ㎍/mL had a higher flavonoid content than the control group (19.0 mg QE/g). Therefore, the extract and ascorbic acid complex exhibited a synergistic effect compared to the single use. Therefore, it is thought that this complex will contribute to product stabilization and skin aging inhibition when used in antioxidant cosmetics.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.331-338
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• 2020

Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the total phenol and total flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of steam-treated leaves and rhizomes of Polygonatum sibiricum Redoute. In addition, we aimed to confirm their potential use as cosmetic materials by investigating their anti-aging and skin-whitening activity. Methods and Results: The leaves and rhizomes of P. sibiricum were treated with steam at different temperatures for different durations, and the antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activity) and total phenol and total flavonoid contents of each sample were tested. The steam temperature and treatment duration siginificantly affected the antioxidant activity and, total phenol and total flavonoid content of the leaves and rhizome of P. sibiricum. Treating the P. sibiricum samples with steam at 120℃ for 12 h, yielded higher total phenol and total flavonoid contents. Comparatively, the samples treated with steam at 120℃ for 12 to 24 h showed significantly higher antioxidant activity. Further, the steamed samples of P. sibiricum demonstrated collagenase and tyrosinase inhibition activity, which indicated their anti-aging and skin-whitening properties. The samples steamed at 120℃ for 12 h, exhibited higher collagenase and tyrosinase inhibition activity. Conclusions: Leaves and rhizomes of P. sibiricum steamed at 120℃ for 12 h, showed highest antioxidant activity and, total phenol and total flavonoid contents than all other samples. Our results indicate the potential of using P. sibiricum as a cosmetic material by confirming its excellent anti-aging and whitening activity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.268-273
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• 2005

Changes in contents of phytochemical compounds (${\beta}$-carotene, ascorbic acid, chlorophylls, total flavonoid, total polyphenol) and hazardous factors (microbial counts, nitrate) of spinach (Spinacia oleracia L.) were investigated by conventional and microwave blanching methods. ${\beta}$-Carotene and chlorophylls contents of spinach were significantly increased by blanching, with conventional blanching resulting in higher contents than microwave blanching. In contrast, contents of ascorbic acid, total flavonoid, and total polyphenol of blanched spinach decreased, with microwave blanching resulting in higher ascorbic acid, total flavonoid, and total polyphenol contents than conventional blanching. Total plate count and total coliforms of blanched spinach significantly decreased, with conventional blanching showing less than 20-25% of microwave blanching. Nitrate content of blanched spinach also showed decreasing pattern, with decrease due to microwave blanching being lower, although not significantly, than that of conventional blanching.