• 제목/요약/키워드: fixed pattern

검색결과 674건 처리시간 0.036초

Revisiting the Z-R Relationship Using Long-term Radar Reflectivity over the Entire South Korea Region in a Bayesian Perspective

  • Kim, Tae-Jeong;Kim, Jin-Guk;Kim, Ho Jun;Kwon, Hyun-Han
    • 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국수자원학회 2021년도 학술발표회
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    • pp.275-275
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    • 2021
  • A fixed Z-R relationship approach, such as the Marshall-Palmer relationship, for an entire year and for different seasons can be problematic in cases where the relationship varies spatially and temporally throughout a region. From this perspective, this study explores the use of long-term radar reflectivity for South Korea to obtain a nationwide calibrated Z-R relationship and the associated uncertainties within a Bayesian regression framework. This study also investigates seasonal differences in the Z-R relationship and their roles in reducing systematic error. Distinct differences in the Z-R parameters in space are identified, and more importantly, an inverse relationship between the parameters is clearly identified with distinct regimes based on the seasons. A spatially structured pattern in the parameters exists, particularly parameter α for the wet season and parameter β for the dry season. A pronounced region of high values during the wet and dry seasons may be partially associated with storm movements in that season. Finally, the radar rainfall estimates through the calibrated Z-R relationship are compared with the existing Z-R relationships for estimating stratiform rainfall and convective rainfall. Overall, the radar rainfall fields based on the proposed modeling procedure are similar to the observed rainfall fields, whereas the radar rainfall fields obtained from the existing Marshall-Palmer Z-R relationship show a systematic underestimation. The obtained Z-R relationships are validated by testing the predictions on unseen radar-gauge pairs in the year 2018, in the context of cross-validation. The cross-validation results are largely similar to those in the calibration process, suggesting that the derived Z-R relationships fit the radar-gauge pairs reasonably well.

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일본어 합성기에서 유동 Break를 이용한 합성단위 선택 방법 (A Unit Selection Methods using Flexible Break in a Japanese TTS)

  • 송영환;나덕수;김종국;배명진;이종석
    • 한국음향학회지
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    • 제26권8호
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    • pp.403-408
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    • 2007
  • 대용량 코퍼스를 이용하는 합성단위 선택(unit selection) 기반 합성기에서 break는 자연성 및 명료성에 큰 영향을 미치는 파라미터로 unit selection 과정에서 음소 정보와 함께 중요한 특징으로 사용된다. 일본어는 피치의 상대적 높낮이로 표현되는 악센트를 가지는 언어이고, 악센트의 변화에 따라 AP(Accentual Phrase)가 결정되고 AP 경계에서 break가 형성된다. break는 규칙 기반 방식이나 통계적 방식인 J-ToBI를 이용하여 예측 할 수 있으나 다양성으로 인해 정확한 예측이 어렵다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 다양한 운율 정보를 포함하고 있는 대용량 코퍼스의 장점을 이용하기 위해 break를 고정 break와 유동 break로 나누어 합성단위 검색을 수행한다. 실험 결과 제안한 합성단위 선택 방법으로 합성음의 자연성을 향상 시킬 수 있었다.

Aircraft application with artificial fuzzy heuristic theory via drone

  • C.C. Hung;T. Nguyen;C.Y. Hsieh
    • Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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    • 제10권6호
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    • pp.495-519
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    • 2023
  • The drone serves the customers not served by vans. At the same time, considering the safety, policy and terrain as well as the need to replace the battery, the drone needs to be transported by truck to the identified station along with the parcel. From each such station, the drone serves a subset of customers according to a direct assignment pattern, i.e., every time the drone is launched, it serves one demand node and returns to the station to collect another parcel. Similarly, the truck is used to transport the drone and cargo between stations. This is somewhat different from the research of other scholars. In terms of the joint distribution of the drone and road vehicle, most scholars will choose the combination of two transportation tools, while we use three. The drone and vans are responsible for distribution services, and the trucks are responsible for transporting the goods and drone to the station. The goal is to optimize the total delivery cost which includes the transportation costs for the vans and the delivery cost for the drone. A fixed cost is also considered for each drone parking site corresponding to the cost of positioning the drone and using the drone station. A discrete optimization model is presented for the problem in addition to a two-phase heuristic algorithm. The results of a series of computational tests performed to assess the applicability of the model and the efficiency of the heuristic are reported. The results obtained show that nearly 10% of the cost can be saved by combining the traditional delivery mode with the use of a drone and drone stations.

The branching patterns and termination points of the facial artery: a cadaveric anatomical study

  • Vu Hoang Nguyen;Lin Cheng-Kuan;Tuan Anh Nguyen;Trang Huu Ngoc Thao Cai
    • 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
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    • 제25권2호
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    • pp.77-84
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    • 2024
  • Background: The facial artery is an important blood vessel responsible for supplying the anterior face. Understanding the branching patterns of the facial artery plays a crucial role in various medical specialties such as plastic surgery, dermatology, and oncology. This knowledge contributes to improving the success rate of facial reconstruction and aesthetic procedures. However, debate continues regarding the classification of facial artery branching patterns in the existing literature. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive anatomical study, in which we dissected 102 facial arteries from 52 embalmed and formaldehyde-fixed Vietnamese cadavers at the Anatomy Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Results: Our investigation revealed eight distinct termination points and identified 35 combinations of branching patterns, including seven arterial branching patterns. These termination points included the inferior labial artery, superior labial artery, inferior alar artery, lateral nasal artery, angular artery typical, angular artery running along the lower border of the orbicularis oculi muscle, forehead branch, duplex, and short course (hypoplastic). Notably, the branching patterns of the facial artery displayed marked asymmetry between the left and right sides within the same cadaver. Conclusion: The considerable variation observed in the branching pattern and termination points of the facial artery makes it challenging to establish a definitive classification system for this vessel. Therefore, it is imperative to develop an anatomical map summarizing the major measurements and geometric features of the facial artery. Surgeons and medical professionals involved in facial surgery and procedures must consider the detailed anatomy and relative positioning of the facial artery to minimize the risk of unexpected complications.

뉴스 사이트별 다크패턴(Dark Patterns) 광고 실태조사 및 분석 (Investigation and Analysis of Dark Patterns in Advertisements of News Websites)

  • 한준영;연상준;오준형
    • 정보보호학회논문지
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    • 제34권3호
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    • pp.515-525
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    • 2024
  • 다크패턴은 온라인상에서 서비스 제공자가 은밀한 속임수를 통해 필요 정보를 숨겨 사용자가 원하는 행동을 못하게 하거나, 의도하지 않은 행동을 유도하는 사용자 경험 디자인이다. 본 연구에서는 세계 상위 200개 뉴스 웹사이트를 대상으로 배너, 기사형, 팝업, 영상 광고와 같은 다크패턴의 사용 양상과 사용자에게 미치는 영향을 분석했다. 연구 결과, 배너 광고와 사용자 이탈률 및 순방문자 수 사이에는 유의미한 관련성이 없다는 결과가 나왔다. 지역별 분석 결과, 최초 화면 이동배너와 헤드라인 뉴스 화면 이동배너는 남아메리카에서, 헤드라인 뉴스 화면 고정배너는 아시아에서 가장 많이 관측되었다. 나머지 모든 분류는 유럽에서 가장 많이 관측되어 유럽 웹사이트가 가장 많은 수와 많은 종류의 다크패턴을 가지고 있다.

Superimposed Rubber Pattern법에 의한 성인 정상 및 비정상 교합자의 교합 양상에 관한 연구 (A STUDY OF THE NORMAL & ABNORMAL OCCULSAL PATERNS IN ADULTS USING THE SUPERIMPOSED RUBBER PATTERN METHOD)

  • 최대균;이성복;권영혁;최부병
    • 대한치과보철학회지
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    • 제33권3호
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    • pp.467-491
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    • 1995
  • In order to analyze the occlusin of intercuspation with maximun bite force, fifteen healthy adult subjects with the ages 23 to 27 were studied(Group1 ; 5-normal occlusion with Angle's Class1, Group2 ; 5-Angle's Class2 malocclusion, Group3 ; 5-Angle’s Class3 malocclusion). Head Position was fixed with occlusal plane paralleling to horizontal line and occlusal registration r cord was made with polyether rubber impression material(Ramitec, ESPECo. West Germany). After all subject were trained for maximum intercuspation at least 5 times, occlusal registration procedure was repeated for this study. Lower posterior rubber occlusal registration records were sliced with 1mm thickness using precision metal sliding channel(Hitachi Ind. Co., Japan). Gross sectional drawings were traced from occluding view of upper and lower posterior teeth on the rubber slices using digitizer, and superimposed for the determination of each drawing distance(Superimposed Rubber Pattern Method). Based on superimposed rubber pattern drawings, total area of occlusal view, sum of each area of the 5 divided occlusal contact provinces and its ratio, total area and number of occlusal contact area were determined to elucidate occlusal stability in the normal and abnormal occlusion groups. The data were analysed by t-test(p=0.05) to determine statistical significance. The obtained results were as follows : 1. Group1 showed the largest standard area with occlusal view of the lower posterior teeth and Group3 showed the smallest area. There was a significant difference between Group2 and Group3(p=0.025), and Gropu1 was not statistically different for both Group2 and Group3. 2. Means and ratio of the under 2.0mm area(D) and ratio showed $197.49mm^2$, 59.76% in Group1, $188,69mm^2$, 56.10% in Group2, and $174.23mm^2$, 55.76% in Group3. The results that Group1 has the most area/ratio and Group3 has the least area/ratio can be considered Group1 is the most advantageous for masticatory effective area, and Group3 is the least adnantageous. 3. Means and ratio of the under 1.0mm area(C) were $198.96mm^2$, 42.65% in Group1, 123.06$mm^2$, 46.58% in Group2, and $92.24mm^2$, 29.52% in Group3. These data means that Group1 is the most advantageous in terms of masticatory effective area and Group3 is the least. 4. Means and ratio of the under 0.5mm area(B) were $86.68mm^2$, 26.68% in Group1, $62.98mm^2$, 18.71% in Group2, and $36.44mm^2$, 11.66% in Group3. These can also be considered Group1 is the most advantageous for masticatory effective area and occlusal stability. 5. Means and ratio of the under 0.05mm area(A) were $30.92mm^2$, 9.21% in Group1, $14.31mm^2$, 4.25% in Group2, and $7.59mm^2$, 2.43% in Group3. The area ratio of the each subject group was(4.1) : (1.9) : (1)and the data of the under 0.05mm area has the intimate relationship with inter-group and intra-group data/ratio. 6. First molar showed the most occlusal contact points in all subject group and Group1 showed somewhat uniformly distributed occlusal contact point except first premolar. In Group2, all contact point in posterior teeth showed significantly reduced distribution except first molar. Group3 showed evenly distributed contace points in first and second molars.

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종양 환자의 F-18 FDG PET/CT에서 관찰된 심근 섭취의 임상적 의미 (Clinical Significance of Myocardial Uptake on F-18 FDG PET/CT Performed in Oncologic Patients)

  • 조호진;조응혁;이종두;강원준
    • Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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    • 제43권6호
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    • pp.519-525
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    • 2009
  • 목적: 심근의 F-18 FDG 섭취는 다양한 인자에 의해 영향을 받으며, 가역적인 허혈성 심질환이 있을 경우 심근에서 포도당 대사가 증가된다고 알려졌다. 이 연구에서는 허혈성 심질환의 과거력이 없는 종양 환자에서 시행한 F-18 FDG PET/CT에서 심근 섭취 정도 및 분포를 관찰하고, 심근 관류 SPECT와 비교하여 F-18 FDG 심근 섭취 소견으로 심근 허혈을 예측할 수 있는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 2005년 1월부터 2009년 6월까지 F-18 FDG PET/CT를 시행한 환자 중 3개월 이내에 Tc-99m sestamibi 심근 관류 SPECT를 시행한 환자 77명을 대상으로 후향적 분석을 시행하였다. 결과: 77명의 환자 중 F-18 FDG PET/CT에서 심근에 섭취가 증가하여 있는 경우는 55명(71.4%)이었다. 이 중 40명은 균등 심근 섭취를 보였고 15명은 국소 심근 섭취를 보였다. 균등 F-18 FDG 섭취 증가를 보인 40명의 환자 중 17명(42.5%)에서 격벽에 섭취 감소가 관찰되었으나, 심근 관류 SPECT상 유의한 관류 이상은 관찰되지 않았다. 전체 심근에 균등한 섭취를 보인 23명(57.5%) 중 1명(4.3%)에서 하벽에 가역적인 관류 결손이 관찰되었고, 1명(4.3%)에서 측벽에 비가역적인 관류 결손이 관찰되었으며, 21명(91.3%)에서는 관류 결손이 관찰되지 않았다. 국소 심근 섭취를 보인 15명 중 9명(60.0%)은 기저부에 국소 섭취 증가를 보였고, 이 중 1명에서 심첨측벽에 가역적인 관류 결손이 관찰되었다. 국소적인 심근 섭취를 보인 나머지 6명(40.0%)의 환자 중에서 4명(66.7%)의 환자에서 가역적인 관류 결손이 관찰되었다. 결론: 전신 F-18 PET/CT에서 심근에 격벽 감소나 기저부 증가를 제외한 국소적인 섭취 증가가 관찰되는 경우에는 허혈성 심질환의 가능성이 있으므로 추가적인 진단 검사가 필요하다.

VA 내생균근균, Glomus mosseae,가 뽕나무의 생장과 영양에 미치는 영향 (Responses of VA mycorrhizal Fungus, Glomus mosseae, on the Growth and Nutrition of Mulberry tree)

  • 김중채;문재곡
    • 한국잠사곤충학회지
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    • 제28권1호
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    • pp.1-14
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    • 1986
  • VA 내생균근이 뽕나무의 생장과 뽕잎증의 양육물질, 효소에 미치는 영향을 조사하고 뽕나무에 알맞는 균근을 선발하기 위하여 전국 6개 잠업주산지 뽕밭과 2개소의 산뽕나무 자생지에서 VA 내생균근을 모집, Bio-assay를 실시하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. VA 내생균근을 접종한 뽕나무는 접종하지 않은 뽕나무에 비하여 황토에서는 97%의 생장촉진 효과가 있었고 Vermiculite에서는 35%의 생장억제가 있었다. 2. VA 내생균근의 형성은 인산 60ppm 수준에서 가장 왕성하고 30ppm과 480ppm에서는 억제 됐으며 Vesicle은 인산 240ppm 이상 수준에서만 형성되었다. 3. VA 내생균근에 접종된 뽕나무는 인산 60ppm 수준 이상에서 생장이 가장 왕성하였으며 균근의 형성도 가장 왕성하였으므로 가장 알맞는 인산수준은 60ppm으로 생각된다. 4. VA 내생균근은 토양 중의 Fe-bound phosphate를 가장 잘 흡수하고 Ca-ound phosphate도 일부 흡수하였으나 Al-bound phosphate와 Al-Fe occuded phosphate는 흡수하지 못하였다. 5. VA 내생균근은 뽕잎의 인산은 약 10%, 실소는 15% 증가시켰으며 탄수화물은 22%, 단백질은 15% 증가시켰다. 6. 단백질의 전기영동상은 접종하지 않은 것은 16개의 band가 나타났으나 접종한 것은 19개의 band가 나타났다. 7. VA 내생균근은 뽕잎의 Peroxidase와 Anylase zymogram pattern을 변화시켰으며 특히 Amylase zymogram은 균근을 처리하지 않은 것과 큰 차이가 있었다. peroxidase zymogram은 균근을 접종한 것은 접종하지 않은 것에 비하여 주요 band가 한 개 더 적었고 amylase zymogram은 균근을 접종하지 않은 것은 band가 한 개이고 (-)극에 가까운 곳에 나타났으며 접종한 것은 band가 2개이었으며 (+)에 가까운 곳에 나타났다. 8. 우리나라 잠업 주산단지와 산뽕나무 Gigaspora속 3종과 Glomus속 1종을 선발하였으며 Bioassary를 한 결과 Gigaspora tricalipta와 Gigaspora Calospora가 뽕나무 생육에 가장 큰 생장촉진효과가 있었다.

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사슬운동자세와 저항강도에 따른 PNF 다리패턴이 반대측 다리의 근활성도에 미치는 영향 (Effects of the PNF Leg Pattern according to Chain Exercise Postures and Resistance Intensity on the Contralateral Leg's Muscle Activity)

  • 석힘;윤성영;허재석;이상열
    • PNF and Movement
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    • 제19권3호
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    • pp.423-433
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    • 2021
  • Purpose: Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) is a method for promoting functional movements by facilitating neuromuscular responses through the stimulation of proprioceptors in the body using spiral and diagonal patterns. Irradiation, a basic principle of PNF, is a phenomenon in which the muscle activity of a body part caused by resistance is increased or spread into muscles in other parts via their connected muscles. Resistance training can be divided by body alignment into closed and open chain exercises. Methods: In this study, 19 healthy men in their 20s and 30s were selected as subjects. They performed PNF hip flexion, abduction, and internal rotation motions on their dominant side in an open chain exercise posture in which the nondominant sole was away from the wall, and in a closed chain exercise posture in which the sole was fixed to the wall. The nondominant leg's muscle activity was measured while resistance was maintained with applied pressure at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% of the maximum muscle strength in the last range of motions. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted for a comparative analysis of the contralateral leg's muscle activity according to the chain exercise postures and the intensity of resistance intensity during PNF hip flexion, abduction, and internal rotation. In addition, an independent sample T-test was conducted for a comparative analysis of each chain exercise posture according to the intensity of resistance. A one-way ANOVA and a Scheffe post-hoc test were also performed to analyze the contralateral leg's muscle activity according to the intensity of resistance in the closed and open chain exercise postures. Results: Results of the two-way ANOVA found that the gluteus medius and the biceps femoris had statistically significant differences in both the chain exercise postures and resistance intensity (p<0.05), and that the vastus medialis and the gastrocnemius did not exhibit statistically significant differences in the chain exercise postures (p>0.05) but showed statistically significant differences in resistance intensity (p<0.05). As a result of the independent sample T-test, the application of the PNF hip flexion-abduction-internal rotation pattern led to a statistically significant difference in the contralateral gluteus medius during the closed chain exercise posture (p<0.05). According to the results of the one-way ANOVA and the Scheffe post-analysis, statistically significant differences were observed in the gluteus medius at 50%, biceps femoris at 75%, vastus medialis at 100%, and gastrocnemius at 100% during the closed chain exercise posture based on a resistance intensity of 0% (p<0.05). In the open chain exercise posture, statistically significant differences were found in the gluteus medius at 50%, biceps femoris at 50%, and vastus medialis at 75% based on the resistance intensity of 0% (p<0.05). In the same posture, there was no significant difference in the gastrocnemius's resistance intensity (p>0.05). Conclusion: When the PNF leg pattern is applied, each muscle requires effective chain exercise postures and resistance intensity to generate the contralateral leg muscle's irradiation.

종이/페놀수지가 주성분인 동박적층판(Copper Clad Laminate)의 열분해 특성 (Pyrolysis Characteristics of CCL(Copper Clad Laminate) Based Paper/Phenolic Resin Composites)

  • 송재헌;김승도;안현철;김경수;김상범;정재성;공성호;조영개
    • 대한환경공학회지
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    • 제29권9호
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    • pp.1013-1019
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    • 2007
  • 본 논문의 목적은 최근 발생량이 급속히 증가하고 있으나, 적절한 처리방법이 없는 인쇄회로기판의 원자재인 페놀수지 동박적층판(Phenol Copper Clad Laminate, 이하 p-CCL)의 재활용을 위해 열분해 적용 가능성을 조사하는데 있다. 동역학 특성은 열중량분석기(Thermogravimetric Analyzer, 이하 TGA)를 사용하였다. 또한 280, 350, $600^{\circ}C$의 온도에서 생성된 액체와 고체부산물에 대해서는 원소분석, 공업분석, 발열량 등의 일반적인 특성을 분석하였고, 액체부산물은 GC/MS, FT-IR를 이용하여 구성 성분을 분석하였다. TGA 결과에 의하면 p-CCL의 분해는 세 단계에 걸쳐 일어났다. 첫 번째는 $280^{\circ}C$ 이하의 저온 분해구간, $280\sim350^{\circ}C$의 중온분해구간, $350^{\circ}C$ 이상의 고온 분해구간으로 구분할 수 있다. 저온, 중온에서의 액체부산물의 주요 성분은 수분과 페놀인 반면에 고온에서는 가지가 있는 페놀류와 퓨란류로 나타났다. 반응온도가 높아짐에 따라 휘발성분의 양은 감소하는 반면 고정탄소의 함량은 증가하였다. 고체 부산물의 고위 발열량은 $7,400\sim7,600$ kcal/kg으로 연료로서의 활용 가능성이 있다고 여겨진다. 또한 고체부산물의 고정탄소 함량이 높고, 회분 성분 함량이 낮기 때문에 적절한 개질화 과정을 거친다면 흡착제로서도 활용 가능하다고 판단된다.