• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.303-310
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• 2011

Phylogenetic relationships of Jeju dogs to other domestic and foreign dog breeds were assessed using mtDNA D-loop sequences. Neighbor-joining trees were constructed using complete sequences (970 bp excluding the tandem repeat region) determined for five Cheju, four Jindo, four Sapsaree, five Pungsan, two of each East and West Laika dogs (Canis familiaris), two gray wolves (Canis lupus) and two coyotes (Canis latrans) and also published complete sequences for dogs. Coyote sequences were used as outgroups. In addition, a total of 214 haplotypes of 598bp D-loop sequences from 30 dog breeds were collected from GenBank and used to investigate genetic structure of population. In the analyses of full D-loop sequence variation and the phylogenetic trees constructed by neighbor-joining method, neither haplotypes nor clades specific for any domestic dog breeds were observed. The inter-species sequence variation (4.51%) between domestic dogs and wolves was much higher than the intra-species sequence variation within domestic dogs (1.63%) and wolves (3.64%). The divergence of the dog and wolf occurred approximately 1~2 million years ago based on these values. The taxa of Jeju dog breed in the phylogenetic tree are clustered separately and intermingled with other taxa of breeds, suggesting that active crossbreeding of Jeju dogs with other domestic breeds.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.21-43
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• 1977

This experiment was undertaken in order to localize the labeled dbcAMP (dibutyryl cyclic AMP) in oocytes whose development has been suppressed by cold dbcAMP for 6 or 19 hours in vitro. Mouse oocytes were obtained from the ovaries of 3-4 week old A strain female mice, by puncturing the Graafian follicles in the modified Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate salt solution under the dissecting microscope. Those oocytes which have intact germinal vesicle were cultured in the basic culture medium supplemented with 0.4% bovine serum albumin (BSA). Cultivation of the oocytes was carried out in a microtube developed by Cho (1974). The cultures were then incubated in a humidified 5% $CO_2$ incubator maintained at $37^{\circ}C$ for 6 or 19 hours (Donahue, 1968). DbcAMP was added to culture medium for a final concentration of 100ug/ml, and $^3H-dbc$ AMP (specific activity 13 Ci/mM) for a final concentration of $40{\mu}Ci/ml$ was also added to the medium. For electron microscopic autoradiography, those oocytes recovered from the culture were washed with phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), and immediately prefixed in a 2.5% glutaraldehyde overnight and postfixed for 2 hours at $4 ^{\circ}C$ in 1% osmium tetroxide in phosphate buffer with pH 7.4 (Palade, 1952). After fixation, the materials were dehydrated in graded alcohol series and embedded in Epon 812 mixture based on the standard procedures (Luft, 1961). The thin sections $600-700{\AA}$ thick were mounted on the grids of 200 meshes. The grids containing sections were coated with a nuclear emulsion Kodak NTB-3 and stored in a cold dark box (at $4^{\circ}C$) for 3 weeks. After exposure, the samples were developed with Kodak D-19 and stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. Routine observation was made with Hitachi HU-11E electron microsocope. The results of the observation were as followings: 1. It was found that the labeled dbcAMP penetrated the egg plasma membrane and dispersed at random in the cytoplasm. 2. It was also observed that most of the labeled dbcAMP was attached to microfibrillar lattices portion of the oocyte cytoplasm. There fore, it is presumed that the receptor of the dbcAMP is localized in the microfibrillar lattices of the oocyte. 3. It also seems that some other cell organells such as mitochondria, Golgi complex, cortical granules are not directly related to the action of the dbcAMP. 4. The labeled dbcAMP was neither observed in the membrane nor in the nucleus. Therefore, it seems that there is no relationship between the concentration of dbcAMP and the nuclear membranous permeability. 5. There was no difference in number of dbcAMP particles when oocytes were cultured for 6 hours and 19 hours. 6. However, it was observed that, in same of the oocytes suppressed in germinal vesicle by dbcAMP for 19 hours, cell organells were moved and concentrated to a small portion of the cytoplasm, and that the morphology of the organells greatly changed to an abnormal. form. Therefore, it is supposed that those oocytes were in the process of degeneration. From the above results, it is expected that dbcAMP penetrated the egg membrane and was bound to the receptor which seems to be located in the microfibrillar lattiees portion, and that this dbcAMP-receptor complex inhibited some enzyme system of the oocytes which are essential for the germinal vesicle breakdown.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.385-392
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• 2011

The otter (Lutra lutra) in Korea is classified as a first grade endangered species and is managed under state control. We performed a phylogenetic analysis of the otter that inhabits the Changnyeong, Jinju, and Geoje areas in Gyeongsangnamdo, Korea using mtDNA and microsatellite (MS) markers. As a result of the analysis using the 676-bp D-loop sequence of mtDNA, six haplotypes were estimated from five single nucleotide polymorphisms. The genetic distance between the Jinju and Geoje areas was greater than distances within the areas, and the distance between Jinju and Geoje was especially clear. From the phylogenetic tree estimated using the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis by the MrBays program, two subgroups, one containing samples from Jinju and the other containing samples from the Changnyeong and Geoje areas were clearly identified. The result of a parsimonious median-joining network analysis also showed two clear subgroups, supporting the result of the phylogenetic analysis. On the other hand, in the consensus tree estimated using the genetic distances estimated from the genotypes of 13 MS markers, there were clear two subgroups, one containing samples from the Jinju, Geoje and Changnyeong areas and the other containing samples from only the Jinju area. The samples were not identically classified into each subgroup defined by mtDNA and MS markers. It could be inferred that the differential classification of samples by the two different marker systems was because of the different characteristics of the marker systems used, that is, the mtDNA was for detecting maternal lineage and the MS markers were for estimating autosomal genetic distances. Nonetheless, the results from the two marker systems showed that there has been a progressive genetic fixation according to the habitats of the otters. Further analyses using not only newly developed MS markers that will possess more analytical power but also the whole mtDNA are needed. Expansion of the phylogenetic analysis using otter samples collected from the major habitats in Korea should be helpful in scientifically and efficiently maintaining and preserving them.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.385-396
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• 2001

The purpose of this experiment was to examine the histological changes and the pattern of expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA) and type I collagen in the elongated bone affected by osteodistraction of the mandibular body in an adult canine model. Seven adult male mongrel dogs weighing over 20kg were used for this experiment. The author excluded 3 animals because they died before the planned time of sacrifice. The custom-made linear extraoral device and 4 bicortical fixation screws 2.3mm in diameter, 50mm in total length, 15mm in screw length were used in each animal. The distal part of the distractor produced a 0.75mm gap between proximal and distal bony segments every $360^{\circ}$ turn of the rotation rod of the device. The mandibular body of the right side from each animal was experimental side and the left side was left intact and served as control. At the experimental side, the mandibular body was osteotomized. After 5-day latency period, the segments were distracted with a rate of 1.1mm/day and a rhythm of two/day for ensuing 7 days. The animals were sacrificed at the 4th. 17th, and 32th day after the end of the distraction. The bony specimens were decalcified, embedded in paraffin, sectioned $5{\mu}m$ thick and stained with Masson trichrome and examined under the light microscope. The immunohistochemical examinations using anti-PCNA antibody and anti-type-I collagen antibody were performed to examine the pattern of the expression of PCNA and type I collagen, respectively. Results : 1. The mean increment of the distance between the proximal and distal screw-holding parts of the distractor was 6.8mm. The average elongation of the mandible in the experimental side was 5.3mm. The loss of elongation was 1.5mm in average. 2. New bone was already observed at the 4th. day after the end of distraction. But, bony union was not completed in the distraction gap at the 32th. day after the end of distraction by radiographic and microscopic examinations. 3. The expression rate of PCNA positive cells in the distraction gap had a tendency of decrease from 35.1-68.8% initially, to 49.1%, and finally to 17.6-27.2%. But at the final period, the tissue of the elongated gap still had the ability of cell proliferation. On the other hand, the expression of PCNA positive cells in the control side were negligible through the experimental period. 4. PCNA positive cells were observed primarily both at the central fibrous zone and at the region of just adjacent to CFZ which initiated new bone formation. 5. The expression pattern of the type I collagen was not zone-specific. They were observed diffusely throughout the elongation gap. 6. The predominant mechanism of new bone formation in the distraction gap was intramembranous. But, some of the regenerated bone was formed by endochondral ossification.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.212-222
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• 2004

The application of acidulated phosphate fluoride gel(APF) and fluoride varnishes are the most common topical fluoride therapy. The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the remineralization effects of two topical fluoride agents, APF gel and fluoride varnish with microtomograph and 3D image analyzer without sample preparation and chemical fixation. For the purpose of the study, the artificial caries lesion was caused on the caries-free permanent pre molar and 48 specimens were divided into three groups each containing 16 specimens No application was performed on group 1, which acted as control group. Group 2 was treated with APF gel and was removed after a minute. Group 3 was treated with the topical application of fluoride varnish and removed after 45 minutes. Each specimen was placed into a closed container with 50ml of a artificial saliva during three months and the 3D images of the remineralization area were taken using the SkyScan each month. Using the density-measuring program in V $works^{TM}$, the density value of the remineralization area was measured. The following results were obtained: 1. All groups demonstrated an increase in the density of artificial caries lesion with time. 2. The density was significantly higher in APF gel and fluoride varnish group than control group at 1 month, 2 months, 3 months after the treatment(P<0.05). 3. The difference of the density between that "prior to treatment" and that "1 month after treatment" in Group 2 and Group 3 was significantly higher than that of Group 1 and, the difference of the density between that "1 month after treatmen" and that "2 month after treatment" in Group 3 was significantly higher than that of Group 1 and 2(P<0.05). 4. The fluoride varnish was more effective after 2 and 3 months and continuous than the APF gel.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.96-105
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• 2002

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the oncologic results and functional outcomes of limb salvage surgery performed in patients of primary bone tumors of the shoulder girdle. Materials and Methods: Twenty-nine patients who underwent limb sparing resection for shoulder girdle neoplasm between 1982 and 2001 were analyzed. Follow up periods averaged 7 years and 1 month. Mean age of the patients was 35 (11~71) years. There were 14 males and 15 females. Primary malignant bone tumors of shoulder girdle (proximal humerus 21, scapula 3, both 1) were 23 cases; osteosarcomas 7, chondrosarcoma 14, parosteal osteosarcoma 1, hemangioendothelioma 1, and giant cell tumor of proximal humerus were 6 cases. Limb salvage surgery was performed by curettage and cementing in 7 patients, by cement molding arthroplasty in 10 patients, and by tumor prosthesis in 7 patients, by other method such as resection only, bone graft, arthrodesis in 5 patients. The Musculoskeletal Tumor Society functional rating system was used to assess functional outcomes. Results: One osteosarcoma and 2 chondrosarcoma patients died, and the survival of the salvaged limb was 88.6% at the final follow-up. There were 6 local recurrences, 2 lung metastases, 2 local recurrences and lung metastases. The functional outcome was 80%. There was statistically significant difference of functional results among the patients treated by cement filling (86%), cement molding arthroplasty and IM nailing (71%), and tumor prosthesis (83%). (p=0.034) There were three complications including 1 radial nerve palsy and 1 axillary nerve palsy, and 1 wound infection. Dislodgement of vascularized fibular graft in one patient was treated by internal fixation. Conclusion: Limb salvage surgery seems to be useful method to treat bone tumors of the shoulder girdle.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.157-166
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• 2007

This experiment was performed to evaluate the ultrastructural responses of the absorptive cells in the appendix of the mouse, inoculated with Ehrlich carcinoma cells in the inguinal area, following administration of BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin). Healthy adult ICR mice weighing 25 gm each were divided into normal and experimental groups (experimental control group and BCG treated group). In the experimental groups, each mouse was inoculated with $1{\time}10^7$ Ehrlich carcinoma cells subcutaneously in the inguinal area. From next day after inoculations, 0.5mL of saline or BCG (0.5 mL/25gm B.W.: $0.03{\times}10^8{\sim}0.32{\times}10^8CFU$) were injected subcutaneously to the animals every other day. The day following the last injection, each mouse was sacrificed. Pieces of the tissue were taken from the appendix, prefixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde solution, followed by post-fixation with 1% osmium tetroxide solution. The ultrathin sections were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. In the normal control, experimental control and BCG treated mice, general morphology of the absorptive cells of appendix were similar. But myelin figures and intramitochondrial dense granules were more frequently observed in the absorptive cells of BCG treated mice than normal control ones. Above results show that BCG did show slight ultrastructural alterations in the absorptive cell of the appendix. These results that BCG may slightly suppress function of the absorptive cells of the appendix.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1979.05a
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• pp.4.4-5
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• 1979

The degree of hearing impairment of chronic otitis media will indicate the nature and severity of middle ear pathology especially condition of ossicular chain, size of ear drum perforation and location of granulation tissue in the middle ear cavity. The subjects were 189 ears of tympanoplasty for chronic otitis media and divided into four groups as follows: Normal ossicular chain with only ear drum perforation (group I), normal ossicular chain with granulation tissue only around the ossicles regardless of any other region (group II), ossicular ankylosis or fixation of handle of malleus to promontory with or without granulation tissue around the ossicle (group III) and ossicular interruption by partial or complete destruction(groupf IV). The results were concluded as follows: 1) The average hearing threshold of chronic otitis media was 44.6 dB and hearing threshold was closely related to the condition of ossicular chain. Hearing threshold became greater in order of normal ossicular chain, ankylosis and interruption. 2) The average hearing threshold of ossicular interrupted group was 49.1 dB and it was greater in the cases of total destruction than that of partial destruction. 3) The hearing loss in the cases of normal ossicular chain with only tympanic membrane perforation was within 45 dB and this level was presumed to represent normal ossicular function. The degree of hearing loss was in proportion to the size of ear drum perforation and when over 45 dB, other middle ear pathology was suggested. 4) In the cases of small ear drum perforation with normal ossicular function, the hearing threshold was within 30 dB. 5) In the type of audiogram, flat type was 30.2% and ascending type 35.4%. Descending type was more frequent in the cases of normal ossicular mobility with granulation tissue around the ossicle and flat type was observed frequently in the cases of ossicular ankylosis. 6) Carhart's notch was seen in 14 cases (7.4%) and observed mainly in ossicular ankylosis. 7) There was no relation between hearing threshold and histopathological type of granulation tissue in chronic otitis media. However the degree of hearing impairment was related to the location of granulation tissue in the middle ear cavity. 8) Authors recognized the granulation tissue compensated the function of interrupted ossicular chain.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 1985

This study is intended to find out the influence of Lignosulfonic Acid Type Admixture on compressive, tensile, flexural strength and dispersing action of mortar, and fixation of by-product of pulp industry. 1. The more Pozzolith-84 is added, the larger flow value is. The admixture of lignosulfonic acid type adhere to cement particles and the surface potential of particles is generated. On account of the repulsion among the cement particles, they are dispersed and the mortar get workable, so the production cost of precast product is curtailed and the amount of cement is reduced in a certain workability of mortar. 2. The strength of mortar is greater than plain mortar when P/C added is 0.2 and 0.4%. As time passed the potential energy is reduced and the distance of particles which lignosulfonic acid adhered to get near according as the amount of adhesion is increased. The setting and hardening reaction of morter is occurred in close state, so the strength of mortar is increased a little. The strength of mortar is less than plain mortar when amount P/C added is 0.8%. Pozzolith-84 is mainly composed of lignosulfonic acid and lignin does not influence the hardening of mortar, therefore the remained $SO_3$, $SO_3H$ are the reason of decrease of strength. 3. There is high significance between specific gravity and compressive strength. The larger specific gravity is, the more compressive strength is increased. There is high significance between 7 day's strength and 28 day's strength. The larger compressive strength is, the more tensile and flexural strength are increased. 4. Since Pozzolith-84 is a by-product of pulp industry, by using the Pozzolith-84 admixture the concreate quality is improved. The water pollusion is reduced according to fix by-products in concrete structure.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.167-176
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• 1997

The present investigation was focussed mainly on the development of the tumors and proliferating cells on the intestinal tracts of 1, 2-dimethyl-hydrazine(DMH)-treated young or adult rats. 26 rats(Wistar, 14 young rats weighting approximately 130~180gm and 12 adult rats weighting approximately 500~550gm) were given subcutaneously once weekly with 20mg of DMH/kg body weight(BW)/week for 8~22 weeks. Individual body weight were recorded weekly at the same day and time. The rats were killed at 8, 13, 15. 17, 19, 21 and 22 weeks. The intestinal tracts were opened longitudinally and carefully examined for tumors. The localization, number, and size of tumors were noted. Tumor-bearing areas were dissected out and fixed on neutral buffered 10% formalin and normal-looking mucosa from 8~22 weeks rats were also taken for fixation. Paraffin sections were stained by H-E for histopathological examination or with immunohistochemical stain for bromodeoxyuridine(Brdur) positive cells. 1. The growth proportion of body weight appeared to be decreased in the DMH-treated young rats than in control young rats and body weight of DMH-treated adult rats appeared to be 13.4% or less lower than weighted on 0 week. 2. Macroscopically, the developed tumors in the intestinal tracts were not observed as early as the 13 weeks after DMH treatment. The number of developed tumors per rat was found to be 14.3, 18.8, 22.3 in 15, 17 and 22 weeks. The numbers of tumors in intestinal regions per rat were 2.1, 4.3, 5.4, 2.5 in duodenum, jejunum, ilium and colon on 15 weeks, 2.3, 6.4, 7.8, 2.3, on 17 weeks, and 2.7, 9.3, 9.0, 1.3 on 22 weeks, respectively and the ileum and jejunum were higher in appearance rate of tumors and tumor types are dome shapes and diameter of largest tumor were 6.3mm. 3. Histopathologically, intestinal mucosa were thickened by the irregular distorted and distended crypts following hyperplasia. The tumors developed on the mucosa and submucosa and were recognized to be adenocarcinoma. 4. Immunohistochemically, the labeling index(LI) was calculated as the ratio of the number of Brdur-labeled cells to the total number of column cells of the crypts with longitudinal axis. LI of Brdur positive cells per crypt were 5.6%, 8.0% on small intestine of control and 22 week group, respectively and 3.7%, 12.7% on large intestine of control and 22 week group, respectively and were appeared to be increase in 22 week group than in control group and to be more number of proliferating cells in 22 week group than in control group. 5. LI of Brdur positive cells in 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 segments of crypt column were 11.7%, 10.7%, 3.8%, 0.6%, 0% in small intestine of control group and 23.5%, 11.8%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 0.8% in small intestine of 22 week group, and 5.4%, 7.4%, 3.8%, 1.0%, 0.4% in large intestine of control group and 29.5%, 20.3%, 5.9%, 6.3%, 1.3% in large intestine of 22 week group respectively. So results indicate that the number of proliferating cells by DMH treatment increase and were concentrated on the 1, 2 segments of crypt columns.